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Publications (8 of 8) Show all publications
Alizadeh, M., Andersson, K. & Schelén, O. (2023). Decentralized Identifiers using Distributed Ledger Technologies. In: 2023 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE): . Paper presented at IEEE CSDE 2023, 10th Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering, Yanuca Island, Fiji, December 4-6, 2023. IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Decentralized Identifiers using Distributed Ledger Technologies
2023 (English)In: 2023 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE), IEEE, 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Decentralized identification is an interesting topic for Internet-based systems. Although the use of centralized systems for identification is prevalent, there is still a need for decentralized identification systems that do not rely on a centralized entity. We propose using Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to fulfill the needs. Although DLT and Distributed Hash Table (DHT) can be used as technologies in Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs), immutability and the growth of transactions are still challenging. This paper investigates DIDs under the W3C standard and DLT-based technology as one of the solutions for verifiable data registries in DIDs. We evaluate our proposed solution by comparing three models wrt. query time for verifiable data registries. Our proposed architecture for data registry achieves better query time by concealing old transactions from the main DLT.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2023
Keywords
Blockchain, Identification, Immutability, Transactions, Query time
National Category
Computer Systems
Research subject
Cyber-Physical Systems; Cyber Security; Pervasive Mobile Computing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-104979 (URN)10.1109/CSDE59766.2023.10487778 (DOI)2-s2.0-85190575565 (Scopus ID)
Conference
IEEE CSDE 2023, 10th Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering, Yanuca Island, Fiji, December 4-6, 2023
Note

ISBN for host publication: 979-8-3503-4107-2; 979-8-3503-4108-9

Available from: 2024-04-04 Created: 2024-04-04 Last updated: 2024-06-27Bibliographically approved
Alizadeh, M., Andersson, K. & Schelén, O. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Decentralized Identity Approaches. IEEE Access, 10, 92273-92283
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparative Analysis of Decentralized Identity Approaches
2022 (English)In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 10, p. 92273-92283Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Decentralization is essential when trust and performance must not depend on a single organization. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and Decentralized Hash Tables (DHTs) are examples where the DLT is useful for transactional events, and the DHT is useful for large-scale data storage. The combination of these two technologies can meet many challenges. The blockchain is a DLT with immutable history protected by cryptographic signatures in data blocks. Identification is an essential issue traditionally provided by centralized trust anchors. Self-sovereign identities (SSIs) are proposed decentralized models where users can control and manage their identities with the help of DHT. However, slowness is a challenge among decentralized identification systems because of many connections and requests among participants. In this article, we focus on decentralized identification by DLT and DHT, where users can control their information and store biometrics. We survey some existing alternatives and address the performance challenge by comparing different decentralized identification technologies based on execution time and throughput. We show that the DHT and machine learning model (BioIPFS) performs better than other solutions such as uPort, ShoCard, and BBID.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2022
Keywords
Identification, Decentralization, Distributed hash table, Self-sovereign identity
National Category
Computer Engineering Computer Systems
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing; Cyber-Physical Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-92747 (URN)10.1109/access.2022.3202553 (DOI)000852235000001 ()2-s2.0-85137569685 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-09-12 (hanlid);

Funder: Kolarctic CBC (KO4096)

Available from: 2022-09-01 Created: 2022-09-01 Last updated: 2024-05-15Bibliographically approved
Alizadeh, M., Andersson, K. & Schelén, O. (2022). DHT- and Blockchain-based Smart Identification for Video Conferencing. Blockchain: Research and Applications, 3(2), Article ID 100066.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>DHT- and Blockchain-based Smart Identification for Video Conferencing
2022 (English)In: Blockchain: Research and Applications, ISSN 2096-7209, Vol. 3, no 2, article id 100066Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Video conferencing applications help people communicate via the Internet and provide a significant and consistent basis for virtual meetings. However, integrity, security, identification, and authentication problems are still universal. Current video conference technologies typically rely on cloud systems to provide a stable and secure basis for executing tasks and processes. At the same time, video conferencing applications are being migrated from centralized to decentralized solutions for better performance without the need for third-party interactions. This article demonstrates a decentralized smart identification scheme for video conferencing applications based on biometric technology, machine learning, and a decentralized hash table combined with blockchain technology. We store users' information on a distributed hash table and transactional events on the distributed ledger after identifying users by implementing machine learning functions. Furthermore, we leverage distributed ledger technology's immutability and traceability properties and distributed hash table unlimited storage feature to improve the system's storage capacity and immutability by evaluating three possible architectures. The experimental results show that an architecture based on blockchain and distributed hash table has better efficiency but needs a longer time to execute than the two other architectures using a centralized database.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
Keywords
Video conferencing, Blockchain, IPFS, Decentralized web hosting, Machine learning
National Category
Computer Systems
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing; Cyber-Physical Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-89406 (URN)10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100066 (DOI)000907670900007 ()2-s2.0-85134433660 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2022;Nivå 1;2022-04-13 (sofila);

Funder: Kolarctic CBC project DIT4BEARS (grant no. KO4096)

Available from: 2022-02-28 Created: 2022-02-28 Last updated: 2024-05-15Bibliographically approved
Alizadeh, M., Andersson, K. & Schelén, O. (2022). Performance Analysis of Verifiable Data Registry Solutions for Decentralized Identifiers. In: 2022 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE): . Paper presented at 9th IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE), Gold Coast, Australia, December 18-20, 2022. IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Performance Analysis of Verifiable Data Registry Solutions for Decentralized Identifiers
2022 (English)In: 2022 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE), IEEE, 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

User identification in decentralized systems is a demanding task. Identification systems should work resiliently and have efficient performance. Moreover, identification systems should protect the data that they must store against hackers and saboteurs. Keeping a system with decentralized identification without any intervention in the middle has attracted attention to improve earlier centralized identification systems. Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) constitute a solution for identification divided into different modules. The verifiable data registry is one of the main parts of this technology, which is distributed storage of identity properties. We analyze the decentralized identification data registry and compare the performance of verifiable data registry based on blockchain and the Distributed Hash Table (DHT) on different scales of systems. Our evaluation results show that DHT has better performance. Furthermore, a model based on DHT shows that in addition to immutable storage and faster query time, it makes systems handle or search in data storage with lower searching time compared to Ethereum Blockchain as another immutable secure technology. Finally, our results show that DHT is a better solution than other models in different scenarios. Although blockchain has promising results on a small scale, it still has problems with storage and query time in large-scale systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2022
Keywords
Blockchain, Distributed Hash Table, Record keeping, Immutability, Data registry
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing; Cyber-Physical Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-94951 (URN)10.1109/CSDE56538.2022.10089278 (DOI)2-s2.0-85153671577 (Scopus ID)
Conference
9th IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE), Gold Coast, Australia, December 18-20, 2022
Note

ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-1-6654-5305-9

Available from: 2022-12-21 Created: 2022-12-21 Last updated: 2024-05-15Bibliographically approved
Alizadeh, M. (2021). Blockchain and Distributed Hash Table Technology in Decentralized Systems. (Licentiate dissertation). Luleå University of Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Blockchain and Distributed Hash Table Technology in Decentralized Systems
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the popular domains in real-time analytics, ma-chine learning, ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and embedded systems where remote smart devices play notable roles in smart homes and industry. The information from emerging IoT environments like remotely-controlled objects, autonomous vehicles (AVs), and energy management can produce a huge amount of data. Moreover, under-standing the security in a scalable decentralized IoT environment is a significant issue.Decentralization has become popular again in the world since cryptocurrencies started to be a part of businesses. Therefore, researchers invested in upgrading resources to increase the reliability of these systems among people when most of the activities and human works are now managed by smart electronic devices remotely. Distributed ledgers, Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs), and blockchain technologies are proper decentralized technologies that improve system security, scalability, and trustworthiness. Blockchains contain a group of connected blocks that are digitally signed transactions stored in a decentralized fashion. The DHT technology is another decentralized solution that helps applications keep files and information immutable in a decentralized manner to mitigate the high cost of storage without memory limitations.In this thesis, we argue for a decentralized systems paradigm and, in conjunction with IoT and the blockchain. Our contributions are as follows. First, we introduce the term networks and service architectures and how it is possible to use blockchain in the real world. We consider different architectures in IoT systems and show the blockchain en-counter with the IoT and the resulting behavior. Second, we detect most of the frequent types of attacks in IoT related to using blockchain in the systems. We also describe how the blockchain works and illustrate a variety of security problems in systems. Fur-thermore, we discuss how the blockchain solves security problems by comparing different blockchains and explain how users handle their communication without third-party de-pendence. As our third contribution, we propose a novel architecture that consists of finding global identification in distributed applications and enable decentralized systems to be more secure with the help of blockchain technology. We also validate the proposed architecture and novel decentralized application development to evaluate high efficiency by combining blockchain, DHT, and biometric technologies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå University of Technology, 2021
Series
Licentiate thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1757
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86795 (URN)978-91-7790-909-5 (ISBN)978-91-7790-910-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2021-10-22, A193, Skellefteå, 14:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-08-25 Created: 2021-08-23 Last updated: 2021-10-01Bibliographically approved
Alizadeh, M., Andersson, K. & Schelén, O. (2020). A Survey of Secure Internet of Things in Relation to Blockchain. Journal of Internet Services and Information Security (JISIS), 10(3), 47-75
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Survey of Secure Internet of Things in Relation to Blockchain
2020 (English)In: Journal of Internet Services and Information Security (JISIS), ISSN 2182-2069, E-ISSN 2182-2077, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 47-75Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Distributed ledgers and blockchain technologies can improve system security and trustworthiness by providing immutable replicated histories of data. Blockchain is a linked list of blocks containing digitally signed transactions, a cryptographic hash of the previous block, and a timestamp stored in a decentralized and distributed network. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the application domains in which security based on blockchain is discussed. In this article, we review the structure and architectures of distributed IoT systems and explain the motivations, challenges, and needs of blockchain to secure such systems. However, there are substantial threats and attacks to blockchain that must be understood, as well as suitable approaches to mitigate them. We, therefore, survey the most common attacks to blockchain systems and the solutions to mitigate them, with the objective of assessing how malicious these attacks are in the IoT context.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Seoul, ​Republic of Korea: Innovative Information Science & Technology Research Group (ISYOU), 2020
Keywords
Distributed Systems, Blockchain, Internet of Things, IoT Architectures, Security, Attacks
National Category
Computer Sciences Computer and Information Sciences
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing; Cyber-Physical Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80402 (URN)10.22667/JISIS.2020.08.31.047 (DOI)2-s2.0-85090788479 (Scopus ID)
Projects
DIT4BEARS: Disruptive IT for Barents Euro-Arctic RegionsBlockchains for raw materials traceability: Dynamic identities in refinement-based value chains
Note

Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2020-09-14 (alebob)

Available from: 2020-08-13 Created: 2020-08-13 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
Altmann, P., Abbasi, A. G., Schelén, O., Andersson, K. & Alizadeh, M. (2020). Creating a Traceable Product Story in Manufacturing Supply Chains Using IPFS. In: Aris Gkoulalas-Divanis, Mirco Marchetti, Dimiter R. Avresky (Ed.), 2020 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA): . Paper presented at 19th IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA 2020), 24-27 November, 2020, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States (pp. 11-18). Boston/New York: IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Creating a Traceable Product Story in Manufacturing Supply Chains Using IPFS
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2020 (English)In: 2020 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA) / [ed] Aris Gkoulalas-Divanis, Mirco Marchetti, Dimiter R. Avresky, Boston/New York: IEEE, 2020, p. 11-18Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Evolving traceability requirements increasingly challenge manufacturing supply chain actors to collect tamperproof and auditable evidence about what inputs they process, in what way these inputs are used, and what the resulting process outputs are. Traceability solutions based on blockchain technology have shown ways to satisfy the requirements of creating a tamper-proof and auditable trail of traceability data. However, the existing solutions struggle to meet the increasing storage requirements necessary to create an evidence trail using manufacturing data. In this paper, we show a way to create a tamper-proof and auditable evolving product story that uses a decentralized file system called the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). We also show how using linked data can help auditors derive a traceable product story from such an accumulating evidence trail. The solution proposed herein can supplement existing blockchain-based traceability solutions and enable traceability in global manufacturing supply chains where forming a consortium incurs prohibitive costs and where storage requirements are high.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Boston/New York: IEEE, 2020
Series
IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, E-ISSN 2643-7929
Keywords
Blockchain, Decentralized Storage, Manufacturing Supply Chain, Traceability
National Category
Embedded Systems Computer and Information Sciences
Research subject
Cyber-Physical Systems; Pervasive Mobile Computing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81430 (URN)10.1109/NCA51143.2020.9306719 (DOI)000661912700008 ()2-s2.0-85099725489 (Scopus ID)
Conference
19th IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA 2020), 24-27 November, 2020, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Note

ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-1-7281-8326-8

Available from: 2020-11-17 Created: 2020-11-17 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
Alizadeh, M., Andersson, K. & Schelén, O. (2020). Efficient Decentralized Data Storage Based on Public Blockchain and IPFS. In: 2020 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE): . Paper presented at 7th IEEE Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE 2020), Gold Coast, Australia, December 16-18, 2020 (virtual). IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Efficient Decentralized Data Storage Based on Public Blockchain and IPFS
2020 (English)In: 2020 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE), IEEE, 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Blockchain technology has enabled the keeping of a decentralized, tamper-proof, immutable, and ordered ledger of transactional events. Efforts to leverage such a ledger may be challenging when data storage requirements exceed most blockchain protocols’ current capacities. Storing large amounts of decentralized data while maintaining system efficiency is the challenge that we target. This paper proposes using the IPFS distributed hash table (DHT) technology to store information immutably and in a decentralized manner to mitigate the high cost of storage. A storage system involving blockchain and other storage systems in concert should be based on immutable data and allow removal of data from malicious users in the DHT. Efficiency is improved by decreasing the overall processing time in the blockchain with the help of DHT technology and introducing an agreement service that communicate with the blockchain via a RESTful API. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method and conclude that the combination of IPFS and blockchain provides efficient cryptographic storage, immutable history and overall better efficiency in a decentralized manner.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2020
Keywords
Public blockchain, smart contract, distributed hash table, immutability
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing; Cyber-Physical Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-82001 (URN)10.1109/CSDE50874.2020.9411599 (DOI)2-s2.0-85105428214 (Scopus ID)
Conference
7th IEEE Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE 2020), Gold Coast, Australia, December 16-18, 2020 (virtual)
Projects
DIT4BEARS
Note

ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-1-6654-1974-1

Available from: 2020-12-15 Created: 2020-12-15 Last updated: 2024-05-15Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-1281-6130

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