The implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly growing in many fields. AI tools now aid decision-makers by providing insights through analytics with advanced data processing and analysis techniques. AI can assist organisations in cybersecurity governance, cyber hygiene practices, and cyber resiliency, e.g. strategies, routines, and practices to ensure an ability to prepare, adapt, withstand, and recover from cyberattacks. However, AI can also assist cybercriminals in developing harmful code faster and scaling up attacks. Antagonists can also swiftly spread disinformation and fake news with false identity on a large scale, targeting employees directly as an example. AI benefits are manifold, but its challenges on organisations and work must be reflected. Voices are raised today to review AI implementation and use in organisations. This chapter aims to contribute to the reflection by discussing AI’s organizational and managerial challenges in cybersecurity.

The article presents an empirical study of critical infrastructure service providers in consulting, energy, and mining. The study aims to investigate how such service providers perceive and explain information security and challenges in the context of an information technology-operational technology (IT-OT) interconnected environment, that is, Industry 4.0. The study is based on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with informants holding three different types of positions at the organizations, that is, OT security advisor, business developer, and information security coordinator. The study indicatively concludes that role and responsibility significantly impact practitioners’ reasoning and standpoints. Similarly, security focuses, or prioritization, differs between IT and OT. In line with the literature, the findings indicate that mindsets or mental models need further attention. The article, thus, suggests three research directions to develop insight for expanding information security practices to encompass human and organizational challenges based on behaviors, roles, norms, and attitudes.

Introduction

Active school transportation (AST) can be a powerful strategy to promote physical activity and improve children's health. Parents' perceptions of traffic risks are an important factor in their decision concerning their child's transport mode to school and addressing discordances between the percieved risks and actual incidents might contribute to promote children's AST. This study adopted a game originally designed for the context of information security to resonate with the context of Swedish AST and the aim of the study was to describe parent's experience of playing the game.

Methods

A qualitative approach was chosen and data was collected using focus groups with 16 parents for totally 29 children aged 7–12. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

The results formed one main theme “Playing promotes parents' awareness and consideration of active school transportation” and three subthemes; “Fast, fun, and functional; Experiences from playing the game” showing that the parents perceived the game to be fun, easy, and time efficient to play. “Then and now. Own childhood experience vs being a parent” showing that parents' perception of risk can sometimes be barriers to their children's opportunity to use AST. “Personal perceptions vs statistical risk” showing that playing the game addressed the discordance between the parents' perceived risks and actual incidents, as well as promoted parents' awareness and consideration of AST.

Conclusions

Including an intervention component such as a game for parents and using schools as the arena for implementing projects promoting AST to improve children's physical activity levels, might be a fruitful avenue.

Ingenjörens kompetenser beskrivs traditionellt som tekniskt orienterade. Eftersom industrin i dag är i en omvandling, mycket pga. klimatkrisen, men även pga. digitaliseringen, blir samverkan och innovation i kombination med tekniska baskunskaper ett uttryckt behov att tillgodose i ingenjörsutbildningar. Sådan mellanmänsklig och mer abstrakt kompetens blir central för arbete i tvärfunktionella utvecklingsteam, men även för utveckling av allt mer tjänsteinriktade produkter. Studenters olika preferenser för hur de tar sig an öppna problem är en utmaning för varje lärare i campusundervisningen, men blir allt mer utmanande att hantera i distansutbildningen. I det här bidraget reflekterar vi över våra erfarenheter från utbildning av ingenjörer inom innovativ produktdesign, tillsammans med erfarenheter från utveckling och genomförande av distans- och hybridkurser. Syftet är att dela med oss av våra erfarenheter hur studenter tar sig an en öppen frågeställning, dvs. verklighetsbaserade problem. Med bidraget vill vi inspirera till samtal om distansundervisningens hinder och möjligheter specifikt för moment som kräver att studenten reflekterar på ett annorlunda sätt.

This article presents scenarios designed to support abstract and reflective thinking necessary to inculcate information security awareness among IT service designers. Data for the study was obtained in empirical interventions and through an action research approach in cooperation with an IT company. The findings highlight the need for training that, in combination with traditional contents, also integrates organizational, business, and social aspects into information security awareness. Rethinking a strategy for training to be grounded in scenarios from day-to-day business activities is one implication of the study; another is the suggestion to frame the scenarios as dilemmas, that is, problematic and realistic situations having multiple solutions depending on interpretations and perspectives, and a final conclusion is the importance of enabling structured in-depth dialogues among employees.

An innovative design process which has been conducted under the restrictions during the covid-19 pandemic is in focus in this study. Visits were banned so user-centred design activities were particularly challenged by the necessity to meet and work online. The purpose of the study is to present and reflect on how user-centred design was done under those conditions. The potential users, the reindeer herders, were merely contacted online, the user investigation were supported by for example using videos and storytelling. Also, the final concept is presented.

This paper presents an explorative study and the results of 17 interviews with informants from different companies. Its purpose is to identify the challenges associated with implementing agile methods along with the established procedures for early design. The study exemplifies project leaders’ experiences and implementation efforts. As leaders of design projects, they have proposed the use of a new method that involves teams engaging in testing and evaluation, which aids in the understanding and introduction of change initiatives. The challenges that are identified are as follows: (1) a lack of approval not only from top managers but also from critical peers; (2) an unprepared organization that did not allow teamwork; and (3) a lack of specific company success factors to support new methods.

This paper problematizes and discuss a change towards new business models in order to highlight some basic challenges of digital transformation needed for Industry 4.0. A particular effort is to discuss if SMEs may have sufficient means to capitalize on such a new paradigm. As an approach to enable problematization and discussion, the paper presents concepts and standpoints that are related to the fourth industrial revolution. For example, the idea of new business models is a concept taken for granted, and is not sufficiently contextualized into digital transformation and Industry 4.0. The discussion sheds some light on the benefit of SMEs' flexibility, while simultaneously it finds mindsets challenges related to change and transformation as critical.

The engineering rationale, composed of established logic for the design and development of products, has been confronted by a shift to a circular economy. Digitalization (e.g., Industry 4.0) enables transformation, but it also increases relational complexities in scope and number. In Product–Service Systems (PSSs), the combination of manufactured goods and services should be delivered in new business models based on value-adding digital assistance. From a systems science view, such combinations cannot be managed by the same approach as if they were one uniform system; rather, it is an interdependent mix of technical, social, and digital designs. This paper initializes an updated conceptual discourse on PSSs and provides a reflection on the expected challenges in the transformation from linear to circular models. For example, the role of systems thinking to guide early design stages is discussed and the importance of processes for creating shared visions at different systems levels is suggested to be addressed in future research. The intention is to formulate thoughts about radical cognitive changes in order to realize the PSS paradigm.