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Neeway, J. J., Pearce, C. I., Marcial, J., Hager, J. R., Plymale, A. E., Chesnutt, J., . . . Kruger, A. A. (2024). The use of glasses from archeological sites to understand the long-term alteration of nuclear waste glasses. MRS Advances
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The use of glasses from archeological sites to understand the long-term alteration of nuclear waste glasses
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2024 (English)In: MRS Advances, E-ISSN 2059-8521Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-103994 (URN)10.1557/s43580-023-00753-5 (DOI)001154255800004 ()2-s2.0-85182846434 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funder: Battelle Memorial Institute (DE-AC06–76RLO 1830); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (51,400);

Available from: 2024-01-29 Created: 2024-01-29 Last updated: 2024-03-07
Matthews, B. E., Neeway, J. J., Farias, L. N., Marcial, J., Arey, B. W., Soltis, J., . . . Kruger, A. A. (2023). Micro- and Nanoscale Surface Analysis of Late Iron Age Glass from Broborg, a Vitrified Swedish Hillfort. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 29(1), 50-68
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Micro- and Nanoscale Surface Analysis of Late Iron Age Glass from Broborg, a Vitrified Swedish Hillfort
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2023 (English)In: Microscopy and Microanalysis, ISSN 1431-9276, E-ISSN 1435-8115, Vol. 29, no 1, p. 50-68Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Archaeological glasses with prolonged exposure to biogeochemical processes in the environment can be used to understand glass alteration, which is important for the safe disposal of vitrified nuclear waste. Samples of mafic and felsic glasses with different chemistries, formed from melting amphibolitic and granitoid rocks, were obtained from Broborg, a Swedish Iron Age hillfort. Glasses were excavated from the top of the hillfort wall and from the wall interior. A detailed microscopic, spectroscopic, and diffraction study of surficial textures and chemistries were conducted on these glasses. Felsic glass chemistry was uniform, with a smooth surface showing limited chemical alteration (<150 nm), irrespective of the position in the wall. Mafic glass was heterogeneous, with pyroxene, spinel, feldspar, and quartz crystals in the glassy matrix. Mafic glass surfaces in contact with topsoil were rougher than those within the wall and had carbon-rich material consistent with microbial colonization. Limited evidence for chemical or physical alteration of mafic glass was found; the thin melt film that coated all exposed surfaces remained intact, despite exposure to hydraulically unsaturated conditions, topsoil, and associated microbiome for over 1,500 years. This supports the assumption that aluminosilicate nuclear waste glasses will have a high chemical durability in near-surface disposal facilities.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press, 2023
Keywords
alteration, late Iron Age glass, low activity radioactive waste glass
National Category
Environmental Sciences Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-97068 (URN)10.1093/micmic/ozac032 (DOI)001033590800005 ()2-s2.0-85153714012 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-05-11 (joosat);

Funder: United States Department of Energy (US DOE)

Available from: 2023-05-11 Created: 2023-05-11 Last updated: 2024-03-07Bibliographically approved
Sjöblom, R., Hjärthner-Holdar, E., Pearce, C. I., Ogenhall, E., McCloy, J. S., Marcial, J., . . . Kruger, A. A. (2023). The vitrified wall of Broborg hillfort in Uppland, Sweden – Response to the comments by Mr. Anders Bornfalk Back [Letter to the editor]. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 48, Article ID 103905.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The vitrified wall of Broborg hillfort in Uppland, Sweden – Response to the comments by Mr. Anders Bornfalk Back
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, ISSN 2352-409X, E-ISSN 2352-4103, Vol. 48, article id 103905Article in journal, Letter (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) Published
Abstract [en]

The authors thank Mr. Anders Bornfalk Back for reading Sjöblom et al. (2022) and for presenting his comments. We also thank the Editor for granting the authors the opportunity to respond. We have chosen to limit our comments to some of what is said in the sources quoted, including Sjöblom et al. (2022)

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
National Category
History Other Environmental Engineering
Research subject
History; Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-96973 (URN)10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103905 (DOI)2-s2.0-85149953217 (Scopus ID)
Note

Godkänd;2023;Nivå 0;2023-05-02 (hanlid);

Available from: 2023-05-02 Created: 2023-05-02 Last updated: 2023-05-08Bibliographically approved
Sjöblom, R., Hjärthner-Holdar, E., Pearce, C. I., Weaver, J. L., Ogenhall, E., McCloy, J. S., . . . Kruger, A. A. (2022). Assessment of the reason for the vitrification of a wall at a hillfort. The example of Broborg in Sweden. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 43, Article ID 103459.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of the reason for the vitrification of a wall at a hillfort. The example of Broborg in Sweden
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2022 (English)In: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, ISSN 2352-409X, E-ISSN 2352-4103, Vol. 43, article id 103459Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

It was discovered around 250 years ago that some of the rock material in the walls of some hillforts had been subjected to such high temperature that it had vitrified. This prompted a debate as to the reason for it that is still going on today: did the vitrification come about as a result of hostile action, by accident, or for the purpose of constructing the fort? The present paper is based on the recognition that hillforts are different, and therefore should be evaluated individually. All identifiable factors of interest should be included, and especially those that might disprove any alternative. Thus, incentives, competence and petrographic aspects were evaluated for the hillfort named Broborg (dated to the Migration Period, in Sweden A.D. 400–550), and it is concluded that the vitrification here came about for the purpose of constructing the fort.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
Keywords
Broborg, Vitrified, Hillfort, Vesicles, Genesis, Construction
National Category
History Other Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-90622 (URN)10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103459 (DOI)000802123800001 ()2-s2.0-85129945318 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-05-12 (johcin);

Funder:United States Department of Energy (US DOE) Office of Environmental Management, International Programs;  the US DOE Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant Project.

Available from: 2022-05-12 Created: 2022-05-12 Last updated: 2023-05-08Bibliographically approved
Vicenzi, E. P., Lam, T., Weaver, J. L., Herzing, A. A., McCloy, J. S., Sjöblom, R. & Pearce, C. I. (2022). Major to trace element imaging and analysis of iron age glasses using stage scanning in the analytical dual beam microscope (tandem). Heritage Science, 10, Article ID 90.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Major to trace element imaging and analysis of iron age glasses using stage scanning in the analytical dual beam microscope (tandem)
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2022 (English)In: Heritage Science, E-ISSN 2050-7445, Vol. 10, article id 90Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Dark and clear silicate glasses formed during an iron age vitrification event ≈ 1500 years ago at the Broborg hillfort near Uppsala, Sweden have been analyzed using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) spectrometer. Correlated µXRF and electron beam-induced energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) X-ray maps were collected via stage-scanning at constant velocity. This coupled procedure represents a new approach for the cultural heritage community to conduct analytical studies of archaeometric specimens composed of metal, ceramic, or mixed inorganic/organic materials, where major and trace element compositions are registered in space for areas up to the centimeter-length scale at micrometer-scale resolution. Overview images were used to select areas for EDS beam scan maps correlated with multispectral cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and co-located quantitative EDS and μXRF point analysis. Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti, P, Mn, Zr, Zn, and Y are enriched in the dark glass, while Si, Al, K, Na, Ba, Sr, Rb, and Ga are enriched in the clear glass. Unmelted material is comprised predominately of quartz (SiO2) along with trace apatite (Ca5(PO4)3[Cl,OH]) and zircon (ZrSiO4). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to measure the area fractions of high variance components while lower variance components represented phase mixtures. Differences between calculated melt viscosities for the glass compositions are consistent with field and laboratory observations. Coupled large area EDS and μXRF imaging shows significant promise for informed selection of higher spatial resolution and higher sensitivity follow-up studies, e.g., those performed using synchrotron analysis.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Keywords
Hillfort, μXRF, SEM, EDS, X-ray microanalysis, Cathodoluminescence, Quantitative, Vitrifcation, Silicate glass, Spectrometry
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-91692 (URN)10.1186/s40494-022-00707-4 (DOI)000811763200001 ()2-s2.0-85129962293 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-06-21 (sofila);

Funder: the Smithsonian Institution; the National Institute of Standards and Technology; the United States Department of Energy (US DOE) Office of Environmental Management, International Programs; the US DOE Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant Project

Available from: 2022-06-21 Created: 2022-06-21 Last updated: 2023-10-11Bibliographically approved
Nava-Farias, L., Neeway, J. J., Schweiger, M. J., Marcial, J., Canfield, N. L., Pearce, C. I., . . . Kruger, A. A. (2021). Applying laboratory methods for durability assessment of vitrified material to archaeological samples. npj Materials Degradation, 5(1), Article ID 57.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Applying laboratory methods for durability assessment of vitrified material to archaeological samples
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2021 (English)In: npj Materials Degradation, ISSN 2397-2106, Vol. 5, no 1, article id 57Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Laboratory testing used to assess the long-term chemical durability of nuclear waste forms may not be applicable to disposal because the accelerated conditions may not represent disposal conditions. To address this, we examine the corrosion of vitrified archeological materials excavated from the near surface of a ~1500-year old Iron Age Swedish hillfort, Broborg, as an analog for the disposal of vitrified nuclear waste. We compare characterized site samples with corrosion characteristics generated by standard laboratory durability test methods including the product consistency test (PCT), the vapor hydration test (VHT), and the EPA Method 1313 test. Results show that the surficial layer of the Broborg samples resulting from VHT displays some similarities to the morphology of the surficial layer formed over longer timescales in the environment. This work provides improved understanding of long-term glass corrosion behavior in terms of the thickness, morphology, and chemistry of the surficial features that are formed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2021
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-88003 (URN)10.1038/s41529-021-00204-2 (DOI)000717983500001 ()2-s2.0-85119017196 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-11-24 (beamah);

Funder: US DOE Office of Environmental Management International Programs; U. S. Department of Energy (DE-FC01-06EW07053)

Available from: 2021-11-24 Created: 2021-11-24 Last updated: 2021-11-24Bibliographically approved
Plymale, A. E., Wells, J. R., Pearce, C. I., Brislawn, C. J., Graham, E. B., Cheeke, T. E., . . . Kruger, A. A. (2021). Niche Partitioning of Microbial Communities at an Ancient Vitrified Hillfort: Implications for Vitrified Radioactive Waste Disposal. Geomicrobiology Journal, 38(1), 36-56
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Niche Partitioning of Microbial Communities at an Ancient Vitrified Hillfort: Implications for Vitrified Radioactive Waste Disposal
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2021 (English)In: Geomicrobiology Journal, ISSN 0149-0451, E-ISSN 1521-0529, Vol. 38, no 1, p. 36-56Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Because microbes cannot be eliminated from radioactive waste disposal facilities, the consequences of bio-colonization must be understood. At a pre-Viking era vitrified hillfort, Broborg, Sweden, anthropogenic glass has been subjected to bio-colonization for over 1,500 years. Broborg is used as a habitat analogue for disposed radioactive waste glass to inform how microbial processes might influence long-term glass durability. Electron microscopy and DNA sequencing of surficial material from the Broborg vitrified wall, adjacent soil, and general topsoil show that the ancient glass supports a niche microbial community of bacteria, fungi, and protists potentially involved in glass alteration. Communities associated with the vitrified wall are distinct and less diverse than soil communities. The vitrified niche of the wall and adjacent soil are dominated by lichens, lichen-associated microbes, and other epilithic, endolithic, and epigeic organisms. These organisms exhibit potential bio-corrosive properties, including silicate dissolution, extraction of essential elements, and secretion of geochemically reactive organic acids, that could be detrimental to glass durability. However, long-term biofilms can also possess a homeostatic function that could limit glass alteration. This study documents potential impacts that microbial colonization and niche partitioning can have on glass alteration, and subsequent release of radionuclides from a disposal facility for vitrified radioactive waste.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2021
Keywords
Community structure, habitat analogue, microbes and surfaces, molecular ecology, near surface radioactive waste disposal
National Category
Other Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80652 (URN)10.1080/01490451.2020.1807658 (DOI)000564355600001 ()2-s2.0-85090011115 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-01-18 (alebob);

Finansiär: United States Department of Energy

Available from: 2020-09-01 Created: 2020-09-01 Last updated: 2021-01-18Bibliographically approved
McCloy, J. S., Marcial, J., Clarke, J. S., Ahmadzadeh, M., Wolf, J. A., Vicenzi, E. P., . . . Kruger, A. A. (2021). Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies. Scientific Reports, 11, Article ID 1272.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies
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2021 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 11, article id 1272Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

European Bronze and Iron Age vitrified hillforts have been known since the 1700s, but archaeological interpretations regarding their function and use are still debated. We carried out a series of experiments to constrain conditions that led to the vitrification of the inner wall rocks in the hillfort at Broborg, Sweden. Potential source rocks were collected locally and heat treated in the laboratory, varying maximum temperature, cooling rate, and starting particle size. Crystalline and amorphous phases were quantified using X-ray diffraction both in situ, during heating and cooling, and ex situ, after heating and quenching. Textures, phases, and glass compositions obtained were compared with those for rock samples from the vitrified part of the wall, as well as with equilibrium crystallization calculations. ‘Dark glass’ and its associated minerals formed from amphibolite or dolerite rocks melted at 1000–1200 °C under reducing atmosphere then slow cooled. ‘Clear glass’ formed from non-equilibrium partial melting of feldspar in granitoid rocks. This study aids archaeological forensic investigation of vitrified hillforts and interpretation of source rock material by mapping mineralogical changes and glass production under various heating conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2021
National Category
Other Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-82439 (URN)10.1038/s41598-020-80485-w (DOI)000626770200008 ()33446807 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85099356485 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-01-18 (alebob);

Finansiär: US Department of Energy Office of River Protection (89304017CEM000001)

Available from: 2021-01-18 Created: 2021-01-18 Last updated: 2023-10-28Bibliographically approved
Vicenzi, E. P., Pearce, C. I., Weaver, J. L., McCloy, J. S., Wight, S., Lam, T., . . . Kruger, A. A. (2018). Compositional Imaging and Analysis of Late Iron Age Glass from the Broborg Vitrified Hillfort, Sweden. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 24(S1), 2134-2135
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Compositional Imaging and Analysis of Late Iron Age Glass from the Broborg Vitrified Hillfort, Sweden
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2018 (English)In: Microscopy and Microanalysis, ISSN 1431-9276, E-ISSN 1435-8115, Vol. 24, no S1, p. 2134-2135Article in journal, Meeting abstract (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press, 2018
National Category
Other Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-71172 (URN)10.1017/S1431927618011157 (DOI)
Note

Konferensartikel i tidskrift

Available from: 2018-10-11 Created: 2018-10-11 Last updated: 2018-12-20Bibliographically approved
Weaver, J. L., Pearce, C. I., Arey, B., Conroy, M., Vicenzi, E. P., Sjöblom, R., . . . Kruger, A. A. (2018). Microscopic Identification of Micro-Organisms on Pre-Viking Swedish Hillfort Glass. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 24(S1), 2136-2137
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Microscopic Identification of Micro-Organisms on Pre-Viking Swedish Hillfort Glass
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2018 (English)In: Microscopy and Microanalysis, ISSN 1431-9276, E-ISSN 1435-8115, Vol. 24, no S1, p. 2136-2137Article in journal, Meeting abstract (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press, 2018
National Category
Other Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Waste Science and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-71171 (URN)10.1017/S1431927618011169 (DOI)
Note

Konferensartikel i tidskrift

Available from: 2018-10-11 Created: 2018-10-11 Last updated: 2018-12-20Bibliographically approved
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ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-2544-6087

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