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Kim, I., Antzutkin, O., Shah, F. U., Karlsson, O., Jones, D. & Sandberg, D. (2024). Chemical Bonds Formed in Solid Wood by Reaction with Maleic Anhydride and Sodium Hypophosphite. Materials, 17, Article ID 4856.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Chemical Bonds Formed in Solid Wood by Reaction with Maleic Anhydride and Sodium Hypophosphite
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2024 (English)In: Materials, E-ISSN 1996-1944, Vol. 17, article id 4856Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The reaction of wood with maleic anhydride (MA) and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) has been identified as a viable modification method, with macroscopical properties indicating formation of cross-linking to explain the results. However, the chemical reaction between wood and the modification reagents has not been studied yet. To resolve this, the reaction was studied with solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning (CP-MAS) and 31P MAS nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to reveal the formation of bonds between wood components, MA and SHP during the treatments to explain the formation of cross-linking and the possible fixation of phosphorus in wood. XPS, solid state 13C and 31P MAS NMR revealed the maleation of wood in the absence of SHP, whilst its presence led to forming a succinic adduct observed through the C-P bond formation, as evidenced by the loss of the maleate C=C bonds at around 130 ppm and the upfield shift of the peak at 165–175 ppm, which was also significantly smoothed, as well as the increase in a peak at 26 ppm due to the reaction between the maleate group and SHP; however, the C-P-C bond could not be unambiguously rationalized from the obtained data. On the other hand, a resonance line at 16 ppm in 31P MAS NMR and the peaks in the XPS P 2p spectrum suggested the formation of a cross-linked structure at low concentrations of SHP, which was more likely to be phosphonate (C-P-O) than organophosphinic acid (C-P-C). The results herein provide a greater fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in the reaction of wood, MA and SHP, providing further scope for improved treatment systems in the future.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2024
Keywords
wood modification, maleic anhydride, sodium hypophosphite, 13C and 31P MAS NMR, XPS
National Category
Physical Chemistry Wood Science
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering; Chemistry of Interfaces
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-110224 (URN)10.3390/ma17194856 (DOI)001334126600001 ()39410427 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85206474296 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00818
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-10-03 (sarsun);

Full text license: CC BY 4.0; 

Available from: 2024-10-02 Created: 2024-10-02 Last updated: 2024-12-02Bibliographically approved
Myronycheva, O., Kim, I., Karlsson, O., Kiurcheva, L., Jacobsson, P. & Sandberg, D. (2024). Evaluation of the antifungal efficiency of coatings on wood. Wood Science and Technology, 59(1), Article ID 12.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of the antifungal efficiency of coatings on wood
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2024 (English)In: Wood Science and Technology, ISSN 0043-7719, E-ISSN 1432-5225, Vol. 59, no 1, article id 12Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Wood is an important construction material, but a significant problem hindering its widespread use is susceptibility to biodeterioration and biodegradation. To protect wood against degradation, a surface coating can be used, and it is important to be able to predict the ability of the coating to prevent fungal growth. The currently available standard method to determine the antifungal efficiency of a coating has two weaknesses, viz. no evaluation of the moisture content in the wood material, and no possibility to study antifungal effect of the coating towards an individual fungus. A new quantitative method of determining the antifungal efficiency of coatings is therefore proposed, where a coating is applied to wood and exposed to an individual fungus in a Petri dish. Six commercial water-based coatings containing synthetic biocides were studied on filter paper (EN 15457) and with the new test method on wood blocks. The results show the importance of studying the antifungal efficiency of a coating using individual fungi instead of a mixture of fungi, since individual fungi interact differently with a given biocide in the coating. The moisture content of the wood substrate during the test was affected by how the fungus was established on the coating. This new test approach shows promise in screening the antifungal efficiency of wood coatings containing preservative substances applied to wood material surfaces.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-110781 (URN)10.1007/s00226-024-01614-6 (DOI)001355191100002 ()2-s2.0-85209223031 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2017-00419
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-11-29 (signyg);

Fulltext license: CC BY

Available from: 2024-11-22 Created: 2024-11-22 Last updated: 2024-11-29Bibliographically approved
Lin, C.-F., Karlsson, O., Jones, D. & Sandberg, D. (2024). Kraft lignin-glyoxal, phase-change material modified wood for enhancing thermal-energy storage capability. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 19(3), 821-824
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kraft lignin-glyoxal, phase-change material modified wood for enhancing thermal-energy storage capability
2024 (English)In: Wood Material Science & Engineering, ISSN 1748-0272, E-ISSN 1748-0280, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 821-824Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The rise in energy consumption and the increase in the use of bio-based materials in the building sector, has led to the need to investigate the possibilities to use wood as a porous support material for phase change materials (PCMs), and thereby creating a thermal regulative wood-based product. This study investigated the influence of Kraft lignin-glyoxal prepolymer on the thermal-energy storage properties of wood modified with paraffin-type of PCM. The implementation of the modified wood involves preparing PCM emulsions, synthesising lignin-glyoxal prepolymer, and modifying wood with the PCM-Kraft lignin-glyoxal emulsion through vacuum-pressure impregnation. The infrared imaging suggested the ability of PCM-modified wood to delay the temperature changes, even with the introduction of Kraft lignin-glyoxal prepolymer. In conclusion, it is feasible to introduce thermal-energy storage property into wood with the addition of Kraft lignin-glyoxal prepolymer. Further studies will focus on the long-term thermal storage performance properties when this PCM system is subjected to repeated heating/cooling cycles. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2024
Keywords
Encapsulation, paraffin, thermal-regulated wood
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-105332 (URN)10.1080/17480272.2024.2344050 (DOI)001217231100001 ()2-s2.0-85192186364 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council FormasLuleå University of Technology, CT WOOD; SUN
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-07-02 (hanlid);

Funder: Swedish Wood Industry;

Full text license: CC BY-NC-ND

Available from: 2024-05-03 Created: 2024-05-03 Last updated: 2024-07-02Bibliographically approved
Lin, C.-F., Karlsson, O., Myronycheva, O., Das, O., Mensah, R. A., Mantanis, G. I., . . . Sandberg, D. (2024). Phosphorylated and carbamylated Kraft lignin for improving fire- and biological-resistance of Scots pine wood. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 276(Part 1), Article ID 133734.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Phosphorylated and carbamylated Kraft lignin for improving fire- and biological-resistance of Scots pine wood
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2024 (English)In: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, ISSN 0141-8130, E-ISSN 1879-0003, Vol. 276, no Part 1, article id 133734Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, Kraft lignin was modified by ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and urea for achieving phosphorylation and carbamylation, aiming to protect wood against biological and fire attack. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was impregnated with a water solution containing Kraft lignin, ADP, and urea, followed by heat treatment at 150 °C, resulting in changes in the properties of the Kraft lignin as well as the wood matrix. Infrared spectroscopy, 13C cross-polarisation magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and direct excitation single-pulse 31P MAS NMR analyses suggested the grafting reaction of phosphate and carbamylate groups onto the hydroxyl groups of Kraft lignin. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that the condensed Kraft lignin filled the lumen as well as partially penetrating the wood cell wall. The modified Kraft lignin imparted fire-retardancy and increased char residue to the wood at elevated temperature, as confirmed by limiting oxygen index, microscale combustion calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The modified wood exhibited superior resistance against mold and decay fungi attack under laboratory conditions. The modified wood had a similar modulus of elasticity to the unmodified wood, while experiencing a reduction in the modulus of rupture.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Lignin valorization, Phosphorylation, Fire-retardancy
National Category
Wood Science Organic Chemistry
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering; Structural Engineering; Chemistry of Interfaces
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-108336 (URN)10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133734 (DOI)001271805000001 ()39002903 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85198237946 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Luleå University of Technology, CT WOOD; SUNSwedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00818The Kempe Foundations
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-11-11 (joosat);

Full text license: CC BY

Available from: 2024-07-12 Created: 2024-07-12 Last updated: 2024-11-20Bibliographically approved
Karlsson, O. & Lin, C.-F. (2024). The analysis of long-time-exposed tars from wood shingles from church roofs and facades in mid-Sweden. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 19(3), 783-789
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The analysis of long-time-exposed tars from wood shingles from church roofs and facades in mid-Sweden
2024 (English)In: Wood Material Science & Engineering, ISSN 1748-0272, E-ISSN 1748-0280, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 783-789Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Poor condition of roofs in terms of decay of shingles and loss of tar-based surface treatments has been revealed in a number of churches at various geographical locations in mid-Sweden. The condition of tars obtained from shingles of selected churches in mid-Sweden were analysed and obtained data were compared with geographical locations of the churches. According to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy result, dehydroabietic acid was the dominant compound found in the exposed tars from the churches except in church of Malung where similar amounts of retene was found. Oxidised resin acids were found in exposed tars from the churches but not in commercially available pit burned tar. Tar from church shingles had higher char residues than the pit burned tar which was totally consumed when heated under nitrogen gas up to 750°C using thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer analysis revealed higher amounts of silicates in some exposed tars; however, these compounds constituted only a minor portion of the organic matter in these specimens. Based on the data obtained in the study other factors rather than simply geographical location of churches seemed to be of importance to explain differences of the investigated properties of the church tars.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2024
Keywords
GC-MS, Resin acids, SEM-EDX, TGA
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-104861 (URN)10.1080/17480272.2024.2311169 (DOI)001184268300001 ()2-s2.0-85188097692 (Scopus ID)
Projects
Biobasedfire protection of wood panel for exterior conditions by using phosphorylated lignin from wheat straw
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00818Swedish National Heritage BoardLuleå University of Technology, CT WOOD
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-06-27 (hanlid);

Full text license: CC BY

Available from: 2024-03-25 Created: 2024-03-25 Last updated: 2024-06-27Bibliographically approved
Borko, D., Scharf, A., Lin, C.-F., Karlsson, O., Humar, M., Sandberg, D. & Jones, D. (2024). The potential of citric acid and glucose enhancing the reaction of wood with bicine and tricine. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 19(4), 976-978
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The potential of citric acid and glucose enhancing the reaction of wood with bicine and tricine
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2024 (English)In: Wood Material Science & Engineering, ISSN 1748-0272, E-ISSN 1748-0280, Vol. 19, no 4, p. 976-978Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To improve the resistance of wood to biological decay the Maillard reaction between introduced amines and wood cell-wall polymers can be utilised. However, initial studies in wood modification showed almost complete leaching of bicine and tricine from treated wood and the loss of beneficial effects. The objective of this study was to assess whether possible reactions of bicine or tricine with wood could be further enhanced and reaction products stabilised through the addition of glucose and/or citric acid. Thus, Scots pine sapwood specimens were impregnated with tricine or bicine, with or without glucose and citric acid, and then heated to a temperature of 160°C. The dimensional stability, degree of chemical leaching and mechanical properties were assessed. Overall, it was concluded that neither the presence of glucose nor citric acid did appear to enhance the reactivity of tricine or bicine. Anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) of 50% was observed for combined treatments of bicine/tricine and citric acid but the leaching resistance originated mainly from citric acid and glucose, with no indication for the retention of bicine or tricine. The presence of citric acid led to a strongly reduced modulus of rupture. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2024
Keywords
Maillard reaction, thermal/chemical treatment, mechanical properties, wood modification
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-105914 (URN)10.1080/17480272.2024.2357632 (DOI)001238485600001 ()2-s2.0-85195128599 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-08-15 (sofila);

Full text license: CC BY-NC-ND License

Available from: 2024-06-07 Created: 2024-06-07 Last updated: 2024-11-20Bibliographically approved
Lin, C.-F., Myronycheva, O., Karlsson, O., Jones, D. & Sandberg, D. (2023). A new wood-modification process based on grafted urethane groups: Durability of carbamated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood.. In: C. Crestini; H. Lange; M. Gigli; M. Sgarzi (Ed.), 21st ISWFPC Conference Proceedings: Vol. II Poster presentations. Paper presented at 21st International Symposium on Wood, Fiber and Pulping Chemistry (ISWFPC 2023), Venice, Italy, June 4–7, 2023 (pp. 78-81). Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems,, 2
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A new wood-modification process based on grafted urethane groups: Durability of carbamated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood.
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2023 (English)In: 21st ISWFPC Conference Proceedings: Vol. II Poster presentations / [ed] C. Crestini; H. Lange; M. Gigli; M. Sgarzi, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, , 2023, Vol. 2, p. 78-81Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems,, 2023
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-103166 (URN)
Conference
21st International Symposium on Wood, Fiber and Pulping Chemistry (ISWFPC 2023), Venice, Italy, June 4–7, 2023
Projects
Advanced research supporting the forestry and wood-processing sector’s adaptation to global change and the 4th industrial revolutionBiobased fire protection of wood panel for exterior conditions by using phosphorylated lignin from wheat straw
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00818
Note

Funder: OP RDE (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803); CT WOOD; Swedish wood industry

ISBN for host publication: 9788831461580

Available from: 2023-12-01 Created: 2023-12-01 Last updated: 2023-12-21Bibliographically approved
Lin, C.-f., Myronycheva, O., Karlsson, O., Mantanis, G. I., Jones, D. & Sandberg, D. (2023). A new wood-modification process based on in situ grafting of urethane groups: biological resistance and dimensional stability of carbamylated Scots pine wood. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 18(3), 1160-1162
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A new wood-modification process based on in situ grafting of urethane groups: biological resistance and dimensional stability of carbamylated Scots pine wood
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2023 (English)In: Wood Material Science & Engineering, ISSN 1748-0272, E-ISSN 1748-0280, Vol. 18, no 3, p. 1160-1162Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Chemical modification of wood typically requires the impregnation of wood with reactive compounds capable of undergoing covalent bonding to functional groups present in the cell wall. Creating such reactive agents in situ, with the use of low-priced chemicals, would prove more attractive for commercial applications. In this study, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was impregnated with an aqueous solution of urea (30%), dried at 40°C for 24 h, and subsequently heat treated in an oven at 150°C for 24 h to produce the reactive isocyanic acid. By using accelerated fungal tests under laboratory conditions, provisional tests demonstrated a high biological resistance against selected moulds and rots. Migration of urea into the wood structure and grafting to its polymers during subsequent heat treatment, led to a bulked cell wall and enhanced resistance to water swelling, even after cycling water treatments. The bending strength (MOR) of modified pine wood was reduced by the treatment applied, while its modulus of elasticity (MOE) remained unchanged.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2023
Keywords
Biological durability, distortion, sawn timber, thermal modified timber, Wood protection
National Category
Wood Science Composite Science and Engineering
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-97268 (URN)10.1080/17480272.2023.2207541 (DOI)000991623500001 ()2-s2.0-85159810327 (Scopus ID)
Projects
Biobased fire protection of wood panel for exterior conditions by using phosphorylated lignin from wheat straw
Funder
Luleå University of Technology, CT-WOODSwedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00818
Note

Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-06-30 (joosat);

Licens fulltext: CC BY-NC-ND License

Available from: 2023-05-22 Created: 2023-05-22 Last updated: 2023-06-30Bibliographically approved
Lin, C.-F., Scharf, A., Karlsson, O., Sandberg, D. & Jones, D. (2023). Biobased adesive derived from citric acid and sorbitrol for wood-composite manufacture.. In: Morwenna Spear, Simon Curling, Athanasious Dimitriou, Rob Elias, Ceri Loxton (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Panel Production Symposium 2023: . Paper presented at International Panel Production Symposium 2023 (IPPS23), Llandudno, Wales, United Kingdom, October 3-4, 2023 (pp. 183-187). The BioComposite Centre, Bangor University, UK
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biobased adesive derived from citric acid and sorbitrol for wood-composite manufacture.
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2023 (English)In: Proceedings of the International Panel Production Symposium 2023 / [ed] Morwenna Spear, Simon Curling, Athanasious Dimitriou, Rob Elias, Ceri Loxton, The BioComposite Centre, Bangor University, UK , 2023, p. 183-187Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The BioComposite Centre, Bangor University, UK, 2023
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-103637 (URN)
Conference
International Panel Production Symposium 2023 (IPPS23), Llandudno, Wales, United Kingdom, October 3-4, 2023
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00818
Note

Funder: OP RDE (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803), CT WOOD

ISBN for host publication: 978-1-84220-200-5

Available from: 2024-01-14 Created: 2024-01-14 Last updated: 2024-03-23Bibliographically approved
Kim, I., Ross, L., Alfredsson, G., Karlsson, O., Jones, D., Mantanis, G. I. & Sandberg, D. (2023). Durability of wood modified with maleic anhydride and sodium hypophosphite.. In: Larnøy, E (Ed.), 19th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2023): 19th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2023), Ås and Oslo, Norway, October 10-12, 2023. Paper presented at 19th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2023), Ås and Oslo, Norway, October 10-12, 2023 (pp. 22-24). Ås: NIBIO
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Durability of wood modified with maleic anhydride and sodium hypophosphite.
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2023 (English)In: 19th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2023): 19th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2023), Ås and Oslo, Norway, October 10-12, 2023 / [ed] Larnøy, E, Ås: NIBIO , 2023, p. 22-24Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Ås: NIBIO, 2023
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-103449 (URN)
Conference
19th Annual Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2023), Ås and Oslo, Norway, October 10-12, 2023
Available from: 2024-01-02 Created: 2024-01-02 Last updated: 2024-01-12Bibliographically approved
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Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-7711-9267

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