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Grafström, J. (2025). Decoding the barriers for a circular plastics industry: An equation framework. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 54, 375-388
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Decoding the barriers for a circular plastics industry: An equation framework
2025 (English)In: Sustainable Production and Consumption, ISSN 2352-5509, Vol. 54, p. 375-388Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Empirical research on barriers to a circular plastics economy has predominantly relied on case study approaches. While research has provided insights into the conceptual and anecdotal aspects of these barriers, a gap remains in the application of formalized methodologies to systematically understand and address them. This paper seeks to bridge this gap by developing an equation system tailored to the plastics industry, bringing clarity to the complex interplay of factors that constitute barriers to a circular economy. The study identifies four primary barriers to the circular economy, as documented in the literature between 2017 and 2024: economic, institutional and regulatory, technological, and social. The results include 24 equations, synthesized into four master equations. A mathematical case study demonstrates how numerical weights, and the relative importance of variables can differ between countries, offering a practical guide for applying the framework across diverse contexts. The study concludes that reducing regulatory ambiguity, scaling recycling infrastructure, and fostering consumer trust in recycled materials are critical steps. However, each country will face unique challenges, requiring policymakers to adopt tailored approaches and variable weighting.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2025
Keywords
Circular economy, Recycling, Modeling, Sustainability, Policy, Innovation
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Business Administration
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111599 (URN)10.1016/j.spc.2025.01.010 (DOI)2-s2.0-85216277656 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, grant 2022-00635
Note

Validerad;2025;Nivå 2;2025-02-11 (u2);

Full text: CC BY license;

Available from: 2025-02-11 Created: 2025-02-11 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
Grafström, J. & Alm, C. (2024). Diverging or converging technology capabilities in the European Union?. Journal of Technology Transfer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Diverging or converging technology capabilities in the European Union?
2024 (English)In: Journal of Technology Transfer, ISSN 0892-9912, E-ISSN 1573-7047Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

The ongoing debate among economists regarding the presence of economic convergence or divergence has been reignited. This paper aims to dissect the extent of technological divergence or convergence among European Union member states, evaluating the effectiveness of the EU's pronounced goals for convergence. Defining a countries technological level is not straightforward, this study examines six key indicators: (a) scientific journal publications, (b) total patents, (c) high tech exports, (d) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, (e) government budget on R&D, and (f) human resources in science and technology as a share of the active population. Employing both time-series and longitudinal methodologies, the analysis spans from 2000 to 2019. The findings reveal a gradual catching-up trend in the inventive capabilities across the EU. This modest pace of convergence necessitates a critical reassessment by policymakers of the current EU convergence strategies to ensure they effectively foster technological parity among member states.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
Keywords
Convergence, Divergence, Technology, Development, Europe, Science, E61, O32, Q2, Q58
National Category
Economics and Business
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-104548 (URN)10.1007/s10961-024-10070-0 (DOI)001173351200001 ()2-s2.0-85186570859 (Scopus ID)
Note

Full text license: CC BY

Available from: 2024-03-12 Created: 2024-03-12 Last updated: 2024-11-20
Grafström, J. & Poudineh, R. (2023). No evidence of counteracting policy effects on European solar power invention and diffusion. Energy Policy, 172, Article ID 113319.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>No evidence of counteracting policy effects on European solar power invention and diffusion
2023 (English)In: Energy Policy, ISSN 0301-4215, E-ISSN 1873-6777, Vol. 172, article id 113319Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this paper, the questions of how support policies affect invention and diffusion of solar PV technology and whether the effect is heterogeneous and counteracting are investigated in order to help policy makers produce a better policy mix. The policies (and policy proxies) investigated are Feed-in-tariffs (FITs), Public R&D stock and flow, Environmental tax, and Environmental Policy Stringency Index. The policies are within the control of national government and no EU level policies are investigated. Evaluating policies on several dimensions is highly important since there is a risk that policies can promote one aspect of technological progress such as invention but derail diffusion. A Schumpeterian technological development approach is utilised on a panel dataset covering 23 European countries between 2000 and 2019. Two econometric approaches are employed, a negative binomial regression model is used to assess inventions and a panel data fixed effect regression is used for the diffusion model. The empirical findings suggest that no counteracting policy effects were present.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2023
Keywords
Diffusion, Invention, Policy, Schumpeter, Solar PV
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-94218 (URN)10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113319 (DOI)000909515300004 ()2-s2.0-85141272399 (Scopus ID)
Note

Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-11-24 (sofila)

Available from: 2022-11-24 Created: 2022-11-24 Last updated: 2023-05-08Bibliographically approved
Grafström, J. (2022). Dags att städa upp: Koldioxidinfångningens potential (1ed.). Stockholm: Ratio
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dags att städa upp: Koldioxidinfångningens potential
2022 (Swedish)Book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Abstract [sv]

Den minskning av koldioxidutsläpp som behöver komma till stånd globalt dröjer och riskerar bli för långsam och för sen. Olika former av koldioxidinfångning kommer därför att vara nödvändiga. I Dags att städa upp – potential för koldioxidinfångning tar Jonas Grafström, miljöekonom, ett helhetsgrepp på infångningstekniken. Han sammanfattar såväl teknik som kringliggande aspekter gällande exempelvis ekonomi, infrastruktur och energi.

 

De tre metoder av koldioxidinfångning som huvudsakligen beskrivs i boken är infångning från utsläppspunkter (CCS), bioenergi med infångning (BECCS) och atmosfärisk infångning (DAC). Dessa förenas alla av behovet av aktiv lagring av koldioxidgasen efter infångningen. Metoder som binder koldioxiden till marken berörs endast kort.

 

Koldioxidinfångning står inför tre huvudsakliga, generella utmaningar: Att ytterligare utveckla tekniken; att se till att kostnaderna för den blir rimliga; och att den blir del av ett kretslopp och en marknad.

 

Koldioxidinfångning inte är ett substitut för att drastiskt minska koldioxidutsläppen. Att fasa ut fossila bränslen, utöka förnybar energi och påskynda effektivitetsåtgärder, är nödvändigt. Infångning som begränsningsmetoder kommer ensamma inte räcka till för att förhindra uppvärmning. Det är inte ”antingen eller” utan ”både och”.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Ratio, 2022. p. 158 Edition: 1
Keywords
CCS
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-90845 (URN)978-91-8059-149-2 (ISBN)
Available from: 2022-06-01 Created: 2022-06-01 Last updated: 2022-06-09Bibliographically approved
Grafström, J. (2022). Less from More: China Built Wind Power, but Gained Little Electricity. In: Wennberg, Karl; Sandström, Christian (Ed.), Questioning the Entrepreneurial State: (pp. 219-231). Springer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Less from More: China Built Wind Power, but Gained Little Electricity
2022 (English)In: Questioning the Entrepreneurial State / [ed] Wennberg, Karl; Sandström, Christian, Springer, 2022, p. 219-231Chapter in book (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This chapter investigates Chinese wind power development and concludes that innovation cannot be pushed by the efforts of many, and that when the state clarifies directions and objectives, these can be achieved but with severe and unexpected side effects. Two topics are explored: wind curtailment and low technological development, both examples of unproductive entrepreneurship induced by government policies. The goal of wind power capacity expansion leads to construction (i.e., generation capacity) but little electricity. Examples of failures include low grid connectivity with, some years averaging 15% of generation capacity broken or unconnected to the grid. A key lesson for Europe is that forced innovation often amounts to little and that the old saying holds up: “no plan survives contact with reality.”

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Series
International Studies in Entrepreneurship, ISSN 1572-1922, E-ISSN 2197-5884 ; 53
Keywords
Wind curtailment, Patents, Economic Planning, Entrepreneurship, Policy
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-90446 (URN)10.1007/978-3-030-94273-1_12 (DOI)2-s2.0-85133743851 (Scopus ID)978-3-030-94272-4 (ISBN)978-3-030-94273-1 (ISBN)
Available from: 2022-04-27 Created: 2022-04-27 Last updated: 2023-10-09Bibliographically approved
Allstrin, S., Grafström, J., Stern, C. & Weidenstedt, L. (2021). 12 punkter om distansarbete efter Covid-19. Stockholm: Ratio
Open this publication in new window or tab >>12 punkter om distansarbete efter Covid-19
2021 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

I och med att Covid-19-pandemin tvingade många anställda att skifta arbetsplatsen från kontoret till hemmet, tycks stigmat kring distansarbete, och framför allt hemarbete, ha minskat. Med ett möjligt slut av pandemin i sikte är frågan hur (kontors-)arbetslivet kommer att se ut framöver: Vad behöver man tänka på när man som arbetsgivare och/eller HR person funderar kring om distans- och/eller hybridarbete ska bibehållas, utökas – eller avvecklas? För företag blir det nödvändigt att analysera och planera hur den nya post-Covid verksamheten ska utformas. Det är av vikt för företag att uppnå en ny status quo när framtidens arbetsplats planeras; målet behöver vara att hitta ett arbetssätt som är gynnsamt för både arbetsgivare och anställda, oavsett om det rör sig om kontors-, distans- eller hybridarbete.

Denna rapport syftar till att redogöra för forskningsläget kring hem- och distansarbete för att ge de som planerar för framtiden ett beslutsstöd. Forskningssammanställningen gör inte anspråk på fullständighet då det i nuläget är för tidigt att dra slutsatser om världens förändring efter pandemin. Rapporten diskuterar flera relevanta aspekter och presenterar konkret tolv punkter som är av vikt för den som leder och fördelar arbetet, samt dess stödfunktioner, på ett företag.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Ratio, 2021. p. 69
National Category
Work Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-87702 (URN)978-91-8020-823-9 (ISBN)
Available from: 2021-11-01 Created: 2021-11-01 Last updated: 2021-11-01Bibliographically approved
Grafström, J. (2021). An Anatomy of Failure: China’s Wind Power Development. The Wuarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, 24(2), 317-347
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Anatomy of Failure: China’s Wind Power Development
2021 (English)In: The Wuarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, ISSN 1098-3708, E-ISSN 1936-4806, Vol. 24, no 2, p. 317-347Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

China is currently the world’s largest installer of wind power. However,with twice the installed wind capacity compared to the United States in 2015, theChinese produce less power. The question is: Why is this the case? This article showsthat Chinese grid connectivity is low, Chinese firms have few international patents,and that export is low even though production capacity far exceeds domesticproduction needs. Using the tools of Austrian economics, China’s wind powerdevelopment from 1980 to 2016 is documented and analyzed from three angles:(a) planning and knowledge problems, (b) unproductive entrepreneurship, and (c)bureaucracy and government policy. From a theoretical standpoint, both a planningproblem and an entrepreneurial problem are evident where governmental policiescreate misallocation of resources and a hampering of technological development.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2021
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86534 (URN)10.35297/qjae.010096 (DOI)2-s2.0-85122743008 (Scopus ID)
Note

Godkänd;2021;Nivå 0;2021-08-13 (alebob)

Available from: 2021-08-08 Created: 2021-08-08 Last updated: 2022-01-25Bibliographically approved
Grafström, J. & Aasma, S. (2021). Breaking circular economy barriers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 292, Article ID 126002.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Breaking circular economy barriers
2021 (English)In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 292, article id 126002Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Despite high estimated gains of a circular economy implementation, progress on the macro, meso and micro level is sluggish. The purpose of this paper is to examine, from a theoretical economics perspective, how four barriers – technological, market, institutional and cultural – can prevent the implementation of a circular economy. The barriers that currently hinder a circular economy from developing are identified and a mapping of these barriers is performed to understand how they are interdependent and entangled. The conclusion is that even small barriers could stop the emergence of a circular economy. Even though a circular economy is different from our traditional “linear” economy, the theoretical analysis in this paper gives no reason to believe that a circular economy will not follow the same rules as a traditional economy. There will be property rights, rule of law and price signals guiding the economy. If some of the essential parts of a market are lacking, a weaker circular economy than otherwise possible will materialize.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Circular economy, Barriers, Sustainability, Markets, Recycling
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83608 (URN)10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126002 (DOI)000636121000002 ()2-s2.0-85099790403 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-04-12 Created: 2021-04-12 Last updated: 2023-09-12Bibliographically approved
Grafström, J. (2021). Kinas misslyckade vindkraftssatsning 1980–2016. Ekonomisk Debatt, 49(7), 51-56
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kinas misslyckade vindkraftssatsning 1980–2016
2021 (Swedish)In: Ekonomisk Debatt, ISSN 0345-2646, Vol. 49, no 7, p. 51-56Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) Published
Abstract [sv]

Kinas misslyckade vind-kraftssatsning 1980-2016 jonas grafström I en serieteckning publicerad 1952 i den sovjetiska satiriska tidskriften Krokodil skämtas det med Sovjets ekonomiska system. En arbetare och en byråkrat av-bildades under en 2 000 kilos spik. Ar-betaren frågade vem som behövde en så stor spik och byråkraten svarade: Måna-dens planmål uppfyllt (Nove 1986, s 94). I en artikel i Foreign Affairs från 1953 med rubriken "The Soviet Economy Outpa-ces the West" förutspår Peter Wiles, ba-serat på Sovjetunionens officiella statis-tik, att Sovjet skulle växa om västvärlden. Det Peter Wiles och många forskare vid den tiden inte såg var sprickor i det sov-jetiska ekonomiska systemet (Boettke 2001). Sovjetunionen är borta, den nå-got yngre 70-åriga Folkrepubliken Kina är fortfarande-i blandad utsträckning 1-en planekonomi som vissa tror kom-mer växa förbi väst. Sprickor kan dock ses i den kinesiska ekonomin. Den kinesiska vindkraftsindustrin fram till åtminstone år 2016 bör läggas till listan av sprickor. Efter att ha sam-manställt utvecklingen med data samt publicerade journalartiklar från framför allt kinesiska forskare som sa att Kinas vindkraft var "fantastisk men…" är det svårt att säga något annat än att den ki-nesiska vindkraften liknar spikfabriken i den sovjetiska satirteckningen. Trots att Kina hade en nästan dub-belt så stor installerad vindkraftskapaci-tet som USA år 2015 levererade den ki-nesiska installerade kapaciteten mindre elektricitet (IRENA 2018). Nätanslut-ningen var låg, kinesiska företag hade få beviljade internationella patent och exporten v​a

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Nationalekonomiska Föreningen, 2021
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-87930 (URN)
Available from: 2021-11-17 Created: 2021-11-17 Last updated: 2021-11-30Bibliographically approved
Long, V. & Grafström, J. (2021). What prevents machine learning from transforming industries?. In: Vicky Long; Magnus Holmén (Ed.), Technological Change and Industrial Transformation: Analysing Transformation and Technical Change (pp. 125-140). Taylor & Francis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>What prevents machine learning from transforming industries?
2021 (English)In: Technological Change and Industrial Transformation: Analysing Transformation and Technical Change / [ed] Vicky Long; Magnus Holmén, Taylor & Francis, 2021, p. 125-140Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The industrial utilization of machine learning (ML) technology is still in its infancy. This chapter provides empirical insights on how ML has been deployed in three firms and which forces are at work in this transformation. It is clear that two complementary advancements are needed to make ML generally useful: while ML technology thrives on access to big and varied datasets, the first advance is a reduction in the laborious work of manually cleaning, sorting and labelling the data, which defines how knowledge creation, technology and organization are interrelated. The second advance is to find sensible collaborative modes of data access and sharing, which challenges the very boundaries and interdependence of firms since the value of data for training ML algorithms depends on access to others’ data.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2021
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86790 (URN)10.4324/9780429423550-7 (DOI)2-s2.0-85114653561 (Scopus ID)
Note

ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-1-138-39002-7; 978-1-138-39003-4; 978-0-429-42355-0 

Available from: 2021-08-23 Created: 2021-08-23 Last updated: 2021-09-23Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-5952-6379

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