The induced primary emission leads to changes in the primary emission of a device and the induced secondary emission leads to changes in the propagation of supraharmonics in the adjacent phase due to the connection of single-phase loads spread over three phases in an installation. The induced primary emission and induced secondary emission are shown to give a significant contribution to the total emission measured at a given point in an installation. The induction of the emission is caused by the inductive and capacitive coupling among the conductors within the cables. This paper presents an analysis of four parameters that impact the magnitude of the induced emissions. Simulations carried out in COMSOL, show that the type of cable used impacts the induced emission and studies show that shielded cable with a stranded conductor with the shield grounded will lead to a reduction in the induced emissions. Among the other parameters, i.e., the load and transformer impedance and the length of the cable, the length of the cable is dominating in deciding the magnitude of the induced emissions. Analysis is carried out using Monte Carlo simulation and varying parameters stochastically. For all investigated parameters there is a strong frequency dependency. The stochastic variation of the load impedance in one phase causes a variation of 5% whereas the change in length of the cable leads to a maximum 40% variation in the considered frequency range for induced primary emission. Measurement results are presented to validate the results.

The journey towards sustainable transportation has significantly increased the grid penetration of electric vehicles (EV) around the world. The connection of EVs to the power grid poses a series of new challenges for network operators, such as network loading, voltage profile perturbation, voltage unbalance, and other power quality issues. This paper presents a coalescence of knowledge on the impact that electro-mobility can impose on the grid, and identifies gaps for further research. Further, the study investigates the impact of electric vehicle charging on the medium-voltage network and low-voltage distribution network, keeping in mind the role of network operators, utilities, and customers. From this, the impacts, challenges, and recommendations are summarized. This paper will be a valuable resource to research entities, industry professionals, and network operators, as a ready reference of all possible power quality challenges posed by electro-mobility on the distribution network.

Interaction in the supraharmonic range of 1-ϕ device connected in 1-ϕ or 3-ϕ installations will differ according to the design of the installation. Power factor corrected devices employing switched mode power supplies produce supraharmonics in the range 2–150 kHz. The impact of e.g. voltage unbalance, load unbalance and conductor crosstalk on supraharmonics from these devices connected in a 3-ϕ installation are still somewhat unknown. The paper aims to show with measurements and mathematical models the impact of voltage unbalance, load unbalance, and conductor crosstalk on supraharmonics. The impact of voltage unbalance for constant power loads was seen to increase the emission of supraharmonics. Two new terms induced primary and induced secondary emission showing the impact of conductor crosstalk have been introduced. The induced primary emission leads to an increase in the self-emission of the device. The induced secondary emission on the other hand influences the propagation of the emission. The impact of the voltage unbalance, load unbalance, and conductor crosstalk on the addition of supraharmonics emission in the neutral conductor is shown.

Supraharmonics (waveform distortion between 2 and 150 kHz) proliferate in electrical installations due to the increasing use of power electronics converters and power-line communication. Due to the wide range that the supraharmonics cover and the high frequency resolution needed to measure them, a considerable amount of data is acquired. The analysis is usually done manually by experts. More efficient methods for data mapping and analysis are needed. Machine learning methods are explored in this paper for the analysis of supraharmonics data.

Residual current devices (RCDs) are a common means of protection against shock due to indirect contact in low voltage (LV) systems. Due to the increasing penetration of power electronics equipment in LV systems, higher amounts of waveform distortion at a broad range of frequencies, from dc, subharmonics up to hundreds of kHz (supraharmonics), are expected to be present both during normal operation and during faults. The standardization committees and manufacturers have responded to this challenge by proposing different types of RCDs that are expected to function under given conditions of fault current waveform. However, subharmonic and supraharmonic frequency components are not considered in the standards for most of the RCD types. This article studies the effect of these frequency components on RCDs type AC, A, B and F. An assessment is made in terms of two types of RCD failure: blinding and nuisance tripping, for which both magnitude of the current and breaking time is considered. A frequency mapping of the RCDs is performed, and an assessment of these results based on the frequency-dependent response of the human body to currents is performed. Finally, a frequency model for RCDs type A, F and B is developed.

Supraharmonic (SH) propagation depends on the impedance of both the grid and the devices connected to it. Few attempts to quantify the impact of the customer's load variability have been done. The interest of grid operators is in counteracting the SH propagation upstream to maintain power quality. Quantifying the impact of impedance on supraharmonic propagation gives information to strategically counteract this propagation to the grid. This article presents a method for analysis of SH propagation that uses a stochastic approach to describe the impact of low-voltage (LV) loads. Scenarios of a strong and a weak grid are presented to study the impact of reinforcement grid measures.

The need for measures towards a sustainable use of energy has incited the proliferation of devices and systems for the efficient use of electricity. Energy-efficient appliances, equipment for the electrification of transportation, electricity generators from renewable energy sources, and communication protocols, e.g., for smart metering are sources of supraharmonic distortion in electrical networks. Supraharmonics are voltage and current waveform distortion in the frequency range from 2 up to 150 kHz.

The increase in sources of supraharmonics in the last decades and the propagation of this type of distortion have triggered a variety of unwanted consequences (interference) in the electrical networks. Interference associated to supraharmonics such as audible noise, degradation or failure in the operation of electrical equipment, and breakdown of insulation materials, have been reported around the world. A standardized framework for supraharmonics as a power quality phenomenon that involves both grid operators and equipment manufacturers is needed to limit these interferences. The limits to be set shall not hinder the modernization of the electrical system and the consequential energy transition.

There are gaps in the standardization framework for supraharmonics as a power quality phenomenon. The study of supraharmonics as a power quality parameter should consider variables that affect emission levels and propagation of supraharmonics. At the same time, an assessment of the severity of given supraharmonics levels regarding their consequences is needed to settle realistic reference levels. Deterministic methods have been generally used to study supraharmonic propagation but they might not be suitable when considering many possible scenarios.

This research introduces forefront methods and results on the study of supraharmonics emission, propagation, and consequences. The study has two focal points: 1) to study the impact of the impedance of the grid and low-voltage devices on the emission and propagation of supraharmonics; 2) to assess the severity of propagated supraharmonics in terms of the characteristics of the distortion and the probability of interference. Experimental and theoretical case studies are built to carry out the research. Measured and synthetic signals representative of supraharmonic distortion present in low-voltage networks are used.

The main results of this research are summarized as:

The levels of emitted and propagated supraharmonics depend on the impedance of the grid, the emitting device and the neighboring devices. Resonance can lead to significant levels of supraharmonics anywhere in the grid. The variability and diversity of low-voltage devices lead to high uncertainty in the estimation of their impedance. Stochastic methods are recommended to assess the probability of interference.

Different attributes of supraharmonics are responsible for different interference phenomena. Indications of the severity of supraharmonics attributes are given for three phenomena: audible noise, negative impacton residual current devices, and light flicker of LED lamps.

This research contributes to the establishment of supraharmonics as a power quality phenomenon with standardized solutions. It introduces methods for the assessment of: 1) supraharmonic emission from installations needed to recommend planning levels; 2) supraharmonic propagation in low-voltage networks, and 3) the probability of interference needed to define reference levels.

The reliability of the electrical and cooling systems is of utmost importance for the uninterrupted operation of the data center information technology (IT) load. The electrical distribution of the data center includes many subsystems starting with the utility and building transformers, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), power distribution units (PDUs), and power supplies ultimately powering the fans and the internal components of IT equipment. The various converters in data centers emit switching frequency residue due to PWM (pulse width modulation) techniques. The switching frequency range falls within the supraharmonic range, i.e., 2 to 150 kHz. This paper aims to show, with measurements, the different types of supraharmonic emissions measured in the data center, and the difference between their maximum and average magnitudes. The paper shows a method to identify the equipment emitting supraharmonic emission and possible disturbances caused by it. The paper traces the propagation of supraharmonic emission from the source through the transformer to the grid. Lastly, a comparison of measurements is made with the compatibility levels given by standard IEC 61000-2-2.

Supraharmonic (SH) propagation is determined by the impedance of both the grid and the devices connected to it. Few attempts to characterize this combined dependency have been done. The interest of grid operators is in counteracting the propagation of SHs upstream to maintain power quality. Characterizing the impact of impedance on SH propagation gives information to strategically counteract this propagation to the upstream grid. This paper presents an experimental case study for the assessment of the sensitivity of SH propagation to changes in impedance of the grid at the delivery point. The results are then compared to the changes of SH propagation provoked by the connection of low-voltage (LV) equipment.