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Microstructure and hydrogen embrittlement of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Materialvetenskap.ORCID-id: 0000-0003-3772-4371
2019 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)Alternativ tittel
Mikrostruktur och väteförsprödning av additivt tillverkad Ti-6Al-4V (svensk)
Abstract [en]

The work of this doctoral thesis has been performed between the 24th of August 2015 to the 6th of September 2019. The general purpose of this work has been to increase the knowledge of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V when it comes to microstructure, texture and hydrogen embrittlement. Several additive manufacturing (AM) processes have been addressed, the main focus, however, has been on the two processes electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM). The work has been performed at Luleå University of Technology and at Monash Centre of Additive Manufacturing (MCAM), which is a part of Monash University, Melbourne Australia. GKN Aerospace Engine Systems has been involved in the work as a collaborative industrial partner. Where the main interaction and support has been between GKN in Trollhättan, Sweden. GKNs facility in Filton, United Kingdom, however, has also been involved in sample production. The texture measurements using neutron time of flight (TOF) diffraction were performed in Dubna, Russia at Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, using the spektrometer kolitshestvennovo analiza tekstury (SKAT) instrument and in Los Alamos at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, using the texture instrument high pressure preferred orientation (HIPPO). The interest of specifically additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V originates from GKN Aerospace Engine Systems as they have been contracted to manufacture parts for the Ariane rockets. In aerospace, weight is of utter importance as reduced weight of the components reduce the fuel costs and makes it possible to transport increased loads. Therefore, titanium has been suggested to replace heavier metal alloys (such as nickel-based superalloys) due to titanium’s high specific strength and overall good properties. The work has been managed under the supervision of Professor Marta-Lena Antti, Professor Robert Pederson and Dr. Pia Åkerfeldt at Luleå University of Technology and by Professor Xinhua Wu and Professor Aijun Huang at MCAM. The project has been financed by three parties Space for Innovation and Growth (RIT), Nationellt Rymdtekniskt Forskningsprogram (NRFP) and the Graduate School of Space Technology. The thesis is composed of a literature review along with the appended papers that have been written throughout the duration of the project. The purpose of the literature review is to give the reader a broader knowledge and context about the theory behind the work conducted during the Ph.D. project. The thesis commences with a theoretical background about titanium, its crystal structures, microstructure, and AM. The chapter about AM is divided into three sub-chapters, explaining the two different AM sub-groups directed energy deposition (DED) and powder bed fusion (PBF). Then the chapter finalizes with explaining the benefits and drawbacks with AM. Once these subjects been explained there is a chapter explaining AM built Ti-6Al-4V. The theme of this chapter is the differences in the microstructure of AM built and conventional built Ti-6Al-4V, where phenomena like chessboard pattern and layers bands are discussed, followed by a comparative section of the mechanical properties. The chapter about AM built Ti-6Al-4V is followed by a chapter about texture where the two texture techniques electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and neutron (TOF) diffraction are explained. The literature review then continues with the chapters neutron tomography, hydrogen embrittlement, and fatigue crack growth. Then there is a chapter about the materials and experimental methods that have been used to perform all the experiments, then a summary of all the papers and conclusions. After the conclusions, the thesis finalizes with a chapter about possible future work and an outlook into the future of AM. In the end, the papers I to IV are appended.  

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2019.
Serie
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Emneord [en]
Ti-6Al-4V, Additive Manufacturing, Texture, Microstructure, Hydrogen Embrittlement
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Materialteknik
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73905ISBN: 978-91-7790-396-3 (tryckt)ISBN: 978-91-7790-397-0 (digital)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-73905DiVA, id: diva2:1315112
Disputas
2019-09-23, E246, Luleå, 09:00 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Tilgjengelig fra: 2019-05-13 Laget: 2019-05-11 Sist oppdatert: 2023-09-05bibliografisk kontrollert
Delarbeid
1. Microstructural characterization and comparison of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured with different additive manufacturing processes
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Microstructural characterization and comparison of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured with different additive manufacturing processes
2018 (engelsk)Inngår i: Materials Characterization, ISSN 1044-5803, E-ISSN 1873-4189, Vol. 143, nr SI, s. 68-75Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

In this work, the microstructures of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by different additive manufacturing (AM) processes have been characterized and compared. The microstructural features that were characterized are the α lath thickness, grain boundary α (GB-α) thickness, prior β grain size and α colony size. In addition, the microhardnesses were also measured and compared. The microstructure of shaped metal deposited (SMD) Ti-6Al-4V material showed the smallest variations in α lath size, whereas the material manufactured with laser metal wire deposition-0 (LMwD-0) showed the largest variation. The prior β grain size was found to be smaller in material manufactured with powder bed fusion (PBF) as compared with corresponding material manufactured with the directed energy deposition (DED) processes. Parallel bands were only observed in materials manufactured with DED processes while being non-present in material manufactured with PBF processes.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Elsevier, 2018
Emneord
Additive manufacturing, Shaped metal deposition, Selective laser melting, Electron beam melting, Laser metal wire/powder deposition, Ti-6Al-4V
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Materialteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67610 (URN)10.1016/j.matchar.2018.02.003 (DOI)000448099000009 ()2-s2.0-85042273976 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

Validerad;2018;Nivå 2;2018-11-15 (inah)

Tilgjengelig fra: 2018-02-12 Laget: 2018-02-12 Sist oppdatert: 2023-09-05bibliografisk kontrollert
2. Alpha texture variations in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V investigated with neutron diffraction
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Alpha texture variations in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V investigated with neutron diffraction
Vise andre…
2018 (engelsk)Inngår i: Additive Manufacturing, ISSN 2214-8604, E-ISSN 2214-7810, Vol. 23, s. 225-234Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Variation of texture in Ti-6Al-4V samples produced by three different additive manufacturing (AM) processes has been studied by neutron time-of-flight (TOF) diffraction. The investigated AM processes were electron beam melting (EBM), selective laser melting (SLM) and laser metal wire deposition (LMwD). Additionally, for the LMwD material separate measurements were done on samples from the top and bottom pieces in order to detect potential texture variations between areas close to and distant from the supporting substrate in the manufacturing process. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was also performed on material parallel and perpendicular to the build direction to characterize the microstructure. Understanding the context of texture for AM processes is of significant relevance as texture can be linked to anisotropic mechanical behavior. It was found that LMwD had the strongest texture while the two powder bed fusion (PBF) processes EBM and SLM displayed comparatively weaker texture. The texture of EBM and SLM was of the same order of magnitude. These results correlate well with previous microstructural studies. Additionally, texture variations were found in the LMwD sample, where the part closest to the substrate featured stronger texture than the corresponding top part. The crystal direction of the α phase with the strongest texture component was [112¯3].

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Elsevier, 2018
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Materialteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70649 (URN)10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.018 (DOI)000453495500022 ()2-s2.0-85051782355 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

Validerad;2018;Nivå 2;2018-08-29 (andbra)

Tilgjengelig fra: 2018-08-29 Laget: 2018-08-29 Sist oppdatert: 2023-09-05bibliografisk kontrollert
3. Microstructural characterization of binary microstructure pattern in selective laser-melted Ti-6Al-4V
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Microstructural characterization of binary microstructure pattern in selective laser-melted Ti-6Al-4V
2019 (engelsk)Inngår i: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, ISSN 0268-3768, E-ISSN 1433-3015, Vol. 104, nr 1-4, s. 1381-1391Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing process that offers efficient manufacturing of complex parts with good mechanical properties. For SLM, process parameters and post-processing are of importance as they affect the microstructure and consequently the mechanical properties. A feature in the microstructure, which is formed in SLM due to the fast cooling rate, is a binary microstructure pattern (BMP). The BMP is found in the horizontal plane and is formed with various laser scan angles between adjacent layers. The easiest distinguishable strategy is 90°, which renders a shape similar to a chessboard. In this work, the BMP phenomenon was investigated in detail and a microstructural characterization was performed on the fine microstructure zone (FMZ) that separates the coarse microstructure zones (CMZ), by using light optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) that were equipped with electron backscattered (EBSD) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detectors. Moreover, the effect of the process parameter hatch distance on the BMP was investigated and the overlapping between neighboring scan tracks in SLM was found to influence the size of the BMP, while the thickness of the FMZ remained constant. Different post-SLM heat treatments were performed and it was shown that the BMP retained unless the heat treatment temperature reached above the β transus temperature. EBSD and β grain reconstruction were performed as well to reveal the columnar β grain orientations. The result showed that each CMZ and FMZ originates from a respective parent β grains.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Springer, 2019
Emneord
Selective laser melting (SLM), Microstructure, Chessboard, Ti-6Al-4V, Prior beta
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Materialteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75750 (URN)10.1007/s00170-019-04002-8 (DOI)000483808200099 ()2-s2.0-85068749877 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

Validerad;2019;Nivå 2;2019-09-11 (johcin)

Tilgjengelig fra: 2019-08-29 Laget: 2019-08-29 Sist oppdatert: 2020-08-26bibliografisk kontrollert

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