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Dukan Dam Reservoir Bed Sediment, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-6790-2653
Department of Geology, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-5670-7254
Vise andre og tillknytning
Rekke forfattare: 62016 (engelsk)Inngår i: Engineering, ISSN 1947-3931, E-ISSN 1947-394X, Vol. 8, nr 9, s. 582-596Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

The Dukan Dam Reservoir (DDR) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq has been studiedto determine the characteristics and nature of the reservoir and the deposited sedimentson its bottom surface. This study was achieved by doing a field survey andgrain size analyses of the collected sediment samples at 32 locations representing thewhole reservoir area that had been created when the Lesser Zab River was dammedin 1959. The Dukan Dam, which is a multi-purpose concrete arch dam, was built onthe Lesser Zab River for controlling its flood during high rainfall seasons, irrigationand power generation. The catchment area is 11,690 km2. The surface area of the reservoiris 270 square kilometers and the volume is 6.870 × 106 m3 at normal operationlevel (El. 511.00 m. a.s.l.). The minimum drawdown level is at elevation 469 mabove sea level (a.s.l.). The live storage is 6.14 × 106 m3 while the remainder is deadstorage. The reservoir has a surface area that reaches 270 square kilometers and iscomposed of two sub-reservoirs connected by a narrow channel that has a length of 5kilometers. The relatively bigger reservoir is located in the north and has a triangularshape with a surface area approximately 250 square kilometers. The smaller sub-reservoiris located down south where the dam exists and it has irregular rectangularshape. Thirty-two sediment samples were collected from the bottom of Dukan reservoir.The bed of the reservoir is mainly composed of 15% gravel, 14% sand, 48%silt and 23% clay respectively. Most of the sediments are very fine grained, verypoorly sorted, strongly coarse skewed and mesokurtic.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
2016. Vol. 8, nr 9, s. 582-596
Emneord [en]
Sediment, Dukan Reservoir, Iraq
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Geoteknik
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-36834DOI: 10.4236/eng.2016.89054OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-36834DiVA, id: diva2:1010225
Prosjekter
1843127
Merknad

Validerad; 2016; Nivå 1; 2016-10-05 (marisr)

Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-10-03 Laget: 2016-10-03 Sist oppdatert: 2023-09-05bibliografisk kontrollert
Inngår i avhandling
1. Sediment Characteristics and Sedimentation Rate Estimation in the Dukan Reservoir
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Sediment Characteristics and Sedimentation Rate Estimation in the Dukan Reservoir
2021 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

The Dukan Reservoir has been created from the construction of the Dukan Dam on the Lesser Zab River where it crosses the Khalakan Thrust Sheet (Khalakan Mountains) through a gorge 65 km northwest of Sulaimani and 295 km northeast of Baghdad. The Dukan Dam is a multi-purpose dam which was built from 1954 to 1959 to control the flooding of the Lesser Zab River, and to provide irrigation, hydroelectricity, and water storage. Reservoir sedimentation can significantly reduce reservoir storage capacity as dams become older. The Dukan Reservoir has been selected for this study to determine the nature and characteristics of the deposited sediment particles in the reservoir, as well as the estimation of the rate of sedimentation from 1959 to 2014 by using the bathymetric survey and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model methods.Geologically, the Dukan Reservoir is located in the High Zagros Fold-Thrust Zone (High Folded Zone) of the northwestern segment of the Kurdistan Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. This reservoir is a natural and structurally controlled depression located in the Btwen (Ranya) Agricultural Plain extending between the Ranya Thrust Sheet (Kewa-Rash Mountains) and the dam body itself. A geological survey was conducted for the study area and it has been concluded that the structural controls were more effective by dividing the Dukan Reservoir into two sub-reservoirs: a bigger triangle-shaped sub-reservoir in the north and a smaller irregularly shaped sub-reservoir in the south. The differences that exist in shapes, lengths, widths, surface areas, and shorelines between the two subreservoirs are also closely related to the structural and stratigraphical controls. The field observations and bathymetric survey indicate that bank sediment erosion is occurring in the two sub-reservoirs, but most of the sediment particles deposition takes place within the bigger sub-reservoir. Grain analyses of the 32 bed sediment samples show that the reservoir bed sediment consists of 15% gravel, 14% sand, 48% silt, and 23% clay. The sediments are composed of silty clay (77.6%), silty sandy clay (10%), sandy gravelly silty clay (1.2%) and gravelly sandy silty clay (1%). The reservoir bed is covered mainly with silt. Both silt and clay percentages increase towards the dam in the smaller sub-reservoir. This is attributable to the decreased water velocity in the reservoir, leading to the deposition of the suspended materials. The sediments are very finegrained, very poorly sorted, strongly coarse skewed, and mesokurtic. The depositedsediment along the Dukan Reservoir can be classified into topset bed (coarse particles) and bottomset bed (fine materials). The slope of the western bank of the reservoir is steeper than the eastern and northern banks. Land slope is the most effective factor in erosion and sediment transport. From the bathymetric survey, it has been also concluded that the minimum elevation which reaches 430 m.a.s.l. is located at the southern part of the bigger sub- reservoir. Based on different bulk densities of the deposited sediment at different water elevations, i.e., 1855 kg/m3 at 470 m.a.s.l., 1855 kg/m3 at 480 m.a.s.l., and 1200 kg/m3 at 480 m.a.s.l., the annual sedimentation rates in the reservoir are estimated to be about 3.8 MCM, 7 MCM, and 6.6 MCM, respectively. This estimation has been supported by the SWAT model method, which shows that the annual sediment load delivered to the Dukan Reservoir from the watershed is estimated to be about 1.3 MCM, representingabout 34% of the total sediments deposited in the reservoir.The reduction in storage capacity of the bigger sub-reservoir from 1952 to 2014 at water elevations 440 m.a.s.l., 460 m.a.s.l, and 480 m.a.s.l. are 72%, 48%, and 24%, respectively. The volume of the deposited sediment is estimated to be around 274 MCM. The percentage of the smaller sub-reservoir area as a percentage of the whole reservoir area varied in 1952 from 4% at water level 520 m.a.s.l. to 100% at 420 m.a.s.l. The author predicts that the estimated annual deposition rate of 6.6 MCM and the projected useful lifespan might extend for another 155 years until 2169, when the sediment will fully occupy the live storages.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2021. s. 146
Serie
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Emneord
Area-storage-capacity curves, Bathymetric survey, Dukan dam, Land use, Reservoir sedimentation, Sediment trap efficiency, SWAT
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
Geoteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-87284 (URN)978-91-7790-938-5 (ISBN)978-91-7790-939-2 (ISBN)
Disputas
2021-10-20, F1031, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, 10:00 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Tilgjengelig fra: 2021-09-30 Laget: 2021-09-29 Sist oppdatert: 2023-09-05bibliografisk kontrollert

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