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Watershed Sediment and Its Effect on Storage Capacity: Case Study of Dokan Dam Reservoir
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.ORCID-id: 0000-0001-6547-2410
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
Department of Water Resources Engineering, Baghdad Universi.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-5670-7254
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-6790-2653
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2018 (Engelska)Ingår i: Water, E-ISSN 2073-4441, Vol. 10, nr 7, artikel-id 858Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Dokan is a multipurpose dam located on the Lesser Zab River in the Iraq/Kurdistan region. The dam has operated since 1959, and it drains an area of 11,690 km2. All reservoirs in the world suffer from sediment deposition. It is one of the main problems for reservoir life sustainability. Sustainable reservoir sediment-management practices enable the reservoir to function for a longer period of time by reducing reservoir sedimentation. This study aims to assess the annual runoff and sediment loads of the Dokan Dam watershed using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model to evaluate the relative contributions in comparison with the total values delivered from both watershed and Lesser Zab River and to identify the basins with a high sediment load per unit area. These help in the process of developing a plan and strategy to manage sediment inflow and deposition. The SUFI-2 program was applied for a model calibrated based on the available field measurements of the adjacent Derbendekhan Dam watershed, which has similar geological formations, characteristics and weather. For the calibration period (1961–1968), the considered statistical criteria of determination coefficients and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency were 0.75 and 0.64 for runoff while the coefficients were 0.65 and 0.63 for sediment load, respectively. The regionalization technique for parameter transformation from Derbendekhan to Dokan watershed was applied. Furthermore, the model was validated based on transformed parameters and the available observed flow at the Dokan watershed for the period (1961–1964); they gave reasonable results for the determination coefficients and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency, which were 0.68 and 0.64, respectively. The results of SWAT project simulation for Dokan watershed for the period (1959–2014) indicated that the average annual runoff volume which entered the reservoir was about 2100 million cubic meters (MCM). The total sediment delivered to the reservoir was about 72 MCM over the 56 years of dam life, which is equivalent to 10% of the reservoir dead storage. Two regression formulas were presented to correlate the annual runoff volume and sediment load with annual rain depth for the studied area. In addition, a spatial distribution of average annual sediment load was constructed to identify the sub basin of the high contribution of sediment load.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
MDPI , 2018. Vol. 10, nr 7, artikel-id 858
Nyckelord [en]
Dokan Dam, runoff, sediment load, SWAT
Nationell ämneskategori
Teknik och teknologier Geoteknik
Forskningsämne
Geoteknik
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69976DOI: 10.3390/w10070858ISI: 000442579700041Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85049610124OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-69976DiVA, id: diva2:1228500
Anmärkning

Validerad;2018;Nivå 2;2018-06-29 (andbra)

Tillgänglig från: 2018-06-28 Skapad: 2018-06-28 Senast uppdaterad: 2023-09-05Bibliografiskt granskad
Ingår i avhandling
1. Sediment Characteristics and Sedimentation Rate Estimation in the Dukan Reservoir
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Sediment Characteristics and Sedimentation Rate Estimation in the Dukan Reservoir
2021 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

The Dukan Reservoir has been created from the construction of the Dukan Dam on the Lesser Zab River where it crosses the Khalakan Thrust Sheet (Khalakan Mountains) through a gorge 65 km northwest of Sulaimani and 295 km northeast of Baghdad. The Dukan Dam is a multi-purpose dam which was built from 1954 to 1959 to control the flooding of the Lesser Zab River, and to provide irrigation, hydroelectricity, and water storage. Reservoir sedimentation can significantly reduce reservoir storage capacity as dams become older. The Dukan Reservoir has been selected for this study to determine the nature and characteristics of the deposited sediment particles in the reservoir, as well as the estimation of the rate of sedimentation from 1959 to 2014 by using the bathymetric survey and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model methods.Geologically, the Dukan Reservoir is located in the High Zagros Fold-Thrust Zone (High Folded Zone) of the northwestern segment of the Kurdistan Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. This reservoir is a natural and structurally controlled depression located in the Btwen (Ranya) Agricultural Plain extending between the Ranya Thrust Sheet (Kewa-Rash Mountains) and the dam body itself. A geological survey was conducted for the study area and it has been concluded that the structural controls were more effective by dividing the Dukan Reservoir into two sub-reservoirs: a bigger triangle-shaped sub-reservoir in the north and a smaller irregularly shaped sub-reservoir in the south. The differences that exist in shapes, lengths, widths, surface areas, and shorelines between the two subreservoirs are also closely related to the structural and stratigraphical controls. The field observations and bathymetric survey indicate that bank sediment erosion is occurring in the two sub-reservoirs, but most of the sediment particles deposition takes place within the bigger sub-reservoir. Grain analyses of the 32 bed sediment samples show that the reservoir bed sediment consists of 15% gravel, 14% sand, 48% silt, and 23% clay. The sediments are composed of silty clay (77.6%), silty sandy clay (10%), sandy gravelly silty clay (1.2%) and gravelly sandy silty clay (1%). The reservoir bed is covered mainly with silt. Both silt and clay percentages increase towards the dam in the smaller sub-reservoir. This is attributable to the decreased water velocity in the reservoir, leading to the deposition of the suspended materials. The sediments are very finegrained, very poorly sorted, strongly coarse skewed, and mesokurtic. The depositedsediment along the Dukan Reservoir can be classified into topset bed (coarse particles) and bottomset bed (fine materials). The slope of the western bank of the reservoir is steeper than the eastern and northern banks. Land slope is the most effective factor in erosion and sediment transport. From the bathymetric survey, it has been also concluded that the minimum elevation which reaches 430 m.a.s.l. is located at the southern part of the bigger sub- reservoir. Based on different bulk densities of the deposited sediment at different water elevations, i.e., 1855 kg/m3 at 470 m.a.s.l., 1855 kg/m3 at 480 m.a.s.l., and 1200 kg/m3 at 480 m.a.s.l., the annual sedimentation rates in the reservoir are estimated to be about 3.8 MCM, 7 MCM, and 6.6 MCM, respectively. This estimation has been supported by the SWAT model method, which shows that the annual sediment load delivered to the Dukan Reservoir from the watershed is estimated to be about 1.3 MCM, representingabout 34% of the total sediments deposited in the reservoir.The reduction in storage capacity of the bigger sub-reservoir from 1952 to 2014 at water elevations 440 m.a.s.l., 460 m.a.s.l, and 480 m.a.s.l. are 72%, 48%, and 24%, respectively. The volume of the deposited sediment is estimated to be around 274 MCM. The percentage of the smaller sub-reservoir area as a percentage of the whole reservoir area varied in 1952 from 4% at water level 520 m.a.s.l. to 100% at 420 m.a.s.l. The author predicts that the estimated annual deposition rate of 6.6 MCM and the projected useful lifespan might extend for another 155 years until 2169, when the sediment will fully occupy the live storages.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2021. s. 146
Serie
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Nyckelord
Area-storage-capacity curves, Bathymetric survey, Dukan dam, Land use, Reservoir sedimentation, Sediment trap efficiency, SWAT
Nationell ämneskategori
Geoteknik
Forskningsämne
Geoteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-87284 (URN)978-91-7790-938-5 (ISBN)978-91-7790-939-2 (ISBN)
Disputation
2021-10-20, F1031, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, 10:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Tillgänglig från: 2021-09-30 Skapad: 2021-09-29 Senast uppdaterad: 2023-09-05Bibliografiskt granskad

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