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Microplastics (MPs) in urban roadside snowbanks: Quantities, size fractions and dynamics of release
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3206-2017
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4732-7348
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Kristineberg Marine Center for Marine Research and Innovation, 451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9938-8217
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2022 (English)In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 851, part 2, article id 158306Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The microplastics (MP) pollution has been receiving high attention in recent years, because of the massive amounts of plastics it contributes to the environment. Tyre wear and road wear particles (TWP and RWPs) were identified as major sources of MPs, but the observed data on these particles in urban snow deposits and snowmelt is scarce. To contribute to remediation of this situation, a study designed to quantify TWPs and RWPs in urban roadside snowbanks, and assess the MP occurrence in three size fractions, was conducted in the Luleå and Umeå municipalities in Northern Sweden. TWPs and RWPs were determined in three size fractions: 50–100 μm, 100–300 μm, and ≥300 μm, and their release from melting snow was investigated in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Among the MPs identified in snow and the associated snowmelt samples, a majority consisted of both types of particles (T&RWPs) with an average of 20,000 ± 48,000 number/L, whereas other MPs (fibres, fragments, flakes, and films of plastic) were much less plentiful with an average concentration of 24 ± 16 number/L. The largest proportion of T&RWPs was detected in the size fraction 50–100 μm (around 80 %), and the smallest proportion was in the fraction ≥300 μm (about 2 %). Of the T&RWPs, about 85 % were black bitumen particles (RWPs), composed of bitumen, mineral material and polymer modifiers, and 15 % were tire wear particles (TWPs) composed of rubber. The laboratory snow melting experiments demonstrated that urban snow stored MPs, which were eventually released during snowmelt. The ultimate fate of released MPs would depend on snowmelt drainage; it may either drain away from the road pavement and infiltrate into the ground, or enter the road gutter and be conveyed to storm sewers discharging to the receiving waters.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022. Vol. 851, part 2, article id 158306
Keywords [en]
Microplastics (MPs), tyre and road wear particles (T&RWPs), RWPs (bitumen), TWPs (rubber), urban snow, snowmelt
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-92741DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158306ISI: 000863090700009PubMedID: 36030866Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85137159111OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-92741DiVA, id: diva2:1692136
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2015-00120Vinnova, 2016-05176, 2018-00441
Note

Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-09-05 (hanlid)

Available from: 2022-09-01 Created: 2022-09-01 Last updated: 2023-10-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Traffic-related pollutants in urban snow: Concentrations, size fractionation, and release with snowmelt
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Traffic-related pollutants in urban snow: Concentrations, size fractionation, and release with snowmelt
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Trafikrelaterade föroreningar i urban snö : Koncentrationer, storleksfördelning och spridning vid snösmältning
Abstract [en]

In urban areas with seasonal snow, traffic-related pollutants such as solid particles, metals, chloride, organic pollutants, and microplastics (MPs) can be temporarily stored in snowbanks along roads and streets. When the snow melts, it releases the accumulated pollutants and the resulting snowmelt with diverse pollutants may partly infiltrate into the ground, or enter storm sewers and eventually be discharged into, and impact on, the receiving waters. To address the resulting environmental concerns, it is important to gain a more comprehensive understanding of (i) occurrence, distribution, and temporal variation of conventional (TSS, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, chloride and PAHs) as well as emerging pollutants (Tire and Road Wear Particles (T&RWPs), Platinum Group Elements (PGEs), tungsten (W) and antimony (Sb)) in urban snow, (ii) size fractionation of pollutants in snow, (iii) behaviour of pollutants during snow melting, and (iv) influence of various snow sampling strategies on estimating pollutant loads in snow. Therefore, these four points form the focus of this doctoral thesis.

The work presented in the thesis includes a literature review of metal pollution in urban snow, field sampling of urban roadside snowbanks and snow storage piles, and laboratory-scale snow melting experiments. The field sampling included snow sampling surveys at three locations in Sweden – Frihamnen (one of the ports of Stockholm), and Luleå and Umeå municipalities in Northern Sweden, and served for studies of variations in snow quality in terms of solids, metals, chloride, PAHs and MPs. Some of the field samples were also used in laboratory-scale snow melting experiments to advance the understanding of the fate of pollutants during the snow melting process.

A literature survey identified Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni as the metals most frequently studied in urban snow, while Sb, W and PGEs in urban snow were seldom studied, and consequently were designated here as ‘emerging pollutants’ in urban snow. These pollutant concentrations in the analysed snow samples differed distinctly because of differences in study area characteristics such as meteorological conditions, traffic intensity and composition, and winter road maintenance as well as snow cover age (SCA). Investigation of estimation accuracies for pollutant loads in temporary snow storage piles highlighted the significant role of the sampling design. Single-column samples were prone to underestimating or overestimating the pollutant loads in snow piles, with variations of up to 400%, observed in the samples collected at Frihamnen. This underscores the importance of collecting and analysing multiple samples for reliable pollutant load assessments.

Comparison of snow quality in three winter seasons (1994-95, 2002-03, and 2020-21) showed a statistically significant decrease in Pb and Cd concentrations in snow samples from 1995 to 2021. This decline may be associated with the regulations limiting these pollutants in car manufacturing industry and the phasing out of leaded gasoline.

In the laboratory snow melting experiments, only 10% of both total metals (Cu, Zn, and Cd) and PAHs, and 20% of T&RWPs, were carried away by the meltwater, while the rest stayed in the (immobilised) sediment residue. The dissolved (<0.45 µm) and truly dissolved (<3000 MWCO) metals and chloride exhibited a preferential elution during melting, whereas TSS and PAHs displayed a delayed release.

In summary, the thesis contributes to developing a comprehensive understanding of urban snow pollution dynamics and underscores the significance of, and need for, effective snow management for mitigating environmental impacts of urban snow pollution.

Abstract [sv]

Trafikrelaterade föroreningar som partiklar, metaller, klorid, organiska föroreningar och mikroplaster (MP) lagras tillfälligt i plogvallar längs gator och vägar i urbana områden. När snön smälter frigörs de ackumulerade föroreningarna och smältvattnet som innehåller olika föroreningar kommer infiltrera marken eller avledas via dagvattenledningar och så småningom släppas ut i, och påverka, recipienter. För att kunna hantera utsläppen till miljön som uppstår som en följd av detta är det viktigt att få en mer omfattande förståelse av (i) förekomst, distribution och tidsvariation av konventionella (TSS, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, klorid och PAH:er) samt ”nya” föroreningar (däck- och vägslitagepartiklar (T&RWP), platinagruppelement (PGE), volfram (W) och antimon (Sb)) i urban snö, (ii) storleksfraktionering av föroreningar i snö, (iii) spridning av föroreningarna vid snösmältning samt (iv) hur metoder och tillvägagångssätt för snöprovtagning i fält påverkar osäkerheten i mätdata. Därför utgör dessa fyra punkter fokus för denna doktorsavhandling.

Arbetet som presenteras i avhandlingen inkluderar en litteraturstudie av föroreningar såsom metaller i urban snö, fältprovtagning av plogvallar och snöhögar samt smältningsexperiment i laboratorieskala. Fältprovtagningen genomfördes på tre platser i Sverige – Frihamnen (en av Stockholms hamnar), samt Luleå och Umeå kommuner i norra Sverige, och användes till studier av variationer i snökvalitet med avseende på suspenderade partiklar, metaller, klorider, PAH:er och mikroplast partiklar. Ett urval av fältproverna användes också i laboratorieexperiment för att studera hur olika föroreningar påverkas under snösmältningsprocessen.

En litteraturöversikt identifierade Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd och Ni som de mest frekvent studerade metallerna i urban snö. Sb, W och PGEs har studerats mer sällan och benämns därför här som "nya föroreningar”. Koncentrationerna av dessa föroreningar i de analyserade snöproverna skiljde sig tydligt på grund av skillnader mellan provtagningsplatserna såsom meteorologiska förhållanden, trafikintensitet och -sammansättning, vintervägunderhåll samt snöns ålder (SCA). Undersökningar av mätnoggrannhet för bestämning av föroreningsmängder lagrade i snöhögar påverkades av hur proverna togs. Enstaka prover genom hela snödjupet hade en tendens att underskatta eller överskatta föroreningsbelastningen i snöhögarna, med variationer på upp till 400%, vilket observerades i prover som togs i Frihamnen. Det understryker vikten av att samla in och analysera flera prover för att kunna göra pålitliga bedömningar av den faktiska föroreningsbelastningen.

Jämförande analys av snökvalitet under tre vintersäsonger (1994-95, 2002-03 och 2020-21) visade en statistiskt signifikant minskning av Pb- och Cd-koncentrationerna i snöprover från 1995 till 2021. Denna minskning kan tillskrivas lagar och föreskrifter om minskad användning av dessa ämnen under årens gång.

I laboratorieexperiment med snösmältning följde endast 10% av totala metaller (Cu, Zn och Cd) och PAH:er med det avrinnande smältvatten, medan resten stannade kvar (immobiliserade) som sediment på platsen för snöhögen. De lösta (<0,45 µm) och sant lösta (<3000 MWCO) storleksfraktionerna av metallerna samt klorider frigjordes tidigt under smältförloppet (preferential elution), medan TSS och PAH:er uppvisade en fördröjd frisättning (delayed release).

Sammanfattningsvis bidrar avhandlingen till att utveckla en övergripande förståelse för dynamiken av föroreningar i urban snö och lyfter fram betydelsen, och behovet, av effektiv snöhantering för att minska miljöpåverkan av föroreningar som förekommer i urban snö.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2023
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Urban snow, Traffic pollution, Suspended solids, Metals, PAHs, Tire and Road wear Particles (T&RWPs), Microplastics (MPs), Size fractionation
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-101700 (URN)978-91-8048-410-7 (ISBN)978-91-8048-411-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-15, A1547, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-10-18 Created: 2023-10-18 Last updated: 2024-03-25Bibliographically approved

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Vijayan, AryaÖsterlund, HeléneMarsalek, JiriViklander, Maria

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