The era of extensive digitalization marked by the fourth industrial revolution has ushered in significant advancements in technologies like automation, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT). These innovations are revolutionizing manufacturing processes. Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and the subsequent Industry 5.0 (I5.0) emerged as comprehensive representations of the physical world in the information world, with goals to establish smart factories and promote human-machine coexistence. However, the implementation of I4.0 and I5.0 applications faces challenges related to engineering effort, interoperability, and efficient service discovery and binding.

This thesis seeks to address these challenges by exploring potential strategies to develop an efficient System of Systems (SoS) that comprises individual, autonomous systems collaborating to achieve a shared goal. This research examines methods to enhance the efficacy of SoS by refining its engineering procedures, promoting interoperability between standardized protocols, and employing dynamic adaption mechanisms. It aims to achieve automatic service discovery and interoperability between diverse industrial standards by integrating the Eclipse Arrowhead Framework. This IoT framework facilitates secure and seamless communication and collaboration among devices, machines, and systems.

Moreover, this work delves into saving energy consumption in distributed SoS environments. The thesis aims to optimize energy usage patterns, diminish peak loads, and bolster energy distribution and stability. This is achieved through the Demand Response (DR) mechanism combined with the Eclipse Arrowhead framework. The overarching objective is to pave the way for flexible production processes characterized by minimal resource waste, optimized energy consumption, and sustainable solutions. Through this endeavor, the thesis contributes to shaping a more efficient, interoperable, and sustainable manufacturing landscape in the context of Industry 4.0 and beyond.