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Melt pool monitoring and process optimisation of directed energy deposition via coaxial thermal imaging
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Product and Production Development.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0649-0130
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Product and Production Development.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4265-1541
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Product and Production Development.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3569-6795
2023 (English)In: Journal of Manufacturing Processes, ISSN 1526-6125, Vol. 107, p. 126-133Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In Laser-based Directed Energy Deposition of metal powder, the use of optimised parameters allows the deposition of defect-free material, while diverging from these optimised parameters can typically result in high porosity, high dilution or different track geometry. One of the main challenges when building complex geometries is that the geometrical and thermal conditions of the deposition are constantly changing, which requires to adjust the process parameters during the production. In order to facilitate this process, sensors such as thermal cameras can be used to extract data from the process and adapt the parameters to keep the process stable despite external disturbances. In this research, different signals extracted from a coaxial thermal camera are investigated and compared for process optimisation. To investigate such possibilities, five overlapped tracks are deposited at constant laser powers in order to extract average pixel values as well as the melt pool area, length, width and orientation. The behaviour of each track deposition is modelled as a function of the laser power, and these models are used to calculate and test laser power reduction strategies based on different signals. The results show that the melt pool area is the most relevant signal to use for an efficient process control, resulting in a stable process with only ±1.6 % of signal variation from track to track.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023. Vol. 107, p. 126-133
Keywords [en]
Laser cladding, Laser metal deposition, Direct metal deposition, Thermal camera, Process control
National Category
Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology
Research subject
Manufacturing Systems Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-95797DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.10.021ISI: 001105292800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85174179072OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-95797DiVA, id: diva2:1741681
Projects
MONACOIDiDI2P
Funder
Vinnova, 2021-02154Norrbotten County Council, 20358021, KO4012
Note

Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-10-30 (hanlid);

Funder: EU-Interreg Aurora (20358021); EU-Kolarctic CBC (KO4012);

Licens full text: CC BY

Available from: 2023-03-06 Created: 2023-03-06 Last updated: 2024-03-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Aspects of material and heat transfer in drop- and powder-based laser additive manufacturing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Aspects of material and heat transfer in drop- and powder-based laser additive manufacturing
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Additive Manufacturing became a major research topic and part of industrial production in the past years. Numerous techniques now allow to build 3D structures with a wide choice of materials. When it comes to processing of metals, a laser beam is often used as a heat source to melt either a wire or powder. Novel approaches of material deposition are also developed, such as Laser Droplet Generation, which could potentially be applied to Additive Manufacturing. During the process, the laser beam light is partly absorbed by the material, and is then converted to heat, which can induce melting and even vaporization. Additive Manufacturing presents several processing challenges, such as the recoil pressure acting on the drops and powder particles that affects their trajectory. Storage and recycling of the powders is also an important aspect since the powder properties are changed through aging. Another challenge is the adjustment of process parameters according to varying deposition conditions, where the use of process monitoring techniques is crucial.

Therefore, this thesis aims at better understanding (i) the effects of recoil pressureon metal drops and powder particles, (ii) powder aging and its effects on the process, and (iii) process optimisation and stability via monitoring. In the six adjoined papers, high-speed imaging and thermal imaging were used to observe laser Additive Manufacturing processes involving both metal drops and powders. The videos enabled to observe drop detachments, measure trajectories, plot powder density maps, quantify powder catchment in the melt pool, measure themelt pool geometry, detect oxides, and extract cooling rates. The experimental results were supplemented with material analysis and theoretical calculations of thermodynamics, recoil pressure and surface tension.

These studies allowed to conclude that the recoil pressure induced by laser irradiation on a drop or a powder particle can have some significant effect such as acceleration, change of trajectory, or disintegration. However, these effects seem to be considerably lower than what theoretical models predict. It was also found that the recoil pressure can be used to accurately detach drops from a wire, which was utilised as a new material deposition method for Additive Manufacturing. In Directed Energy deposition, it was showed that aging of the aluminium powder feedstock should be avoided since it induces high porosity, high dilution and decreased mechanical properties. Finally, to guarantee a defect-free deposition during the whole process, it was demonstrated that a thermal camera can be used to monitor the melt pool size, which allows to apply appropriate laser power adjustments to compensate for changing building conditions.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2023
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Research subject
Manufacturing Systems Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-95798 (URN)978-91-8048-280-6 (ISBN)978-91-8048-281-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-05-03, E632, Luleå tekniska universitet, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-03-07 Created: 2023-03-07 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved

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Da Silva, AdrienFrostevarg, JanKaplan, Alexander F. H.

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