Drying Behaviour of Western Hemlock with Schedules Developed for Norway Spruce and Scots Pine
2023 (English)In: Applied Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-3417, Vol. 13, no 19, article id 11083Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]
Determining moisture content (MC) distribution during the drying of porous materials such as wood is crucial for developing drying schedules and assessing their suitability to achieve optimised processes. This study aimed to determine the causes of the unique drying behaviour and the well-known unusual longer drying time of western hemlock compared to other similar softwoods. In situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to study the evolution of MC in timber during the drying process. The drying behaviour of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) was compared with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from green to oven-dried condition with industry-proposed drying schedules used for steering a custom-made experimental kiln combined with a CT scanner. CT scanning was performed at 30 min intervals during the complete drying period of 30 h, and the CT images were processed to calculate the MC evolution within the specimen. Western hemlock showed a considerably slower capillary-phase drying and did not go into the transition and diffusion phases when a schedule adapted to pine and spruce drying was applied for its drying. CT images and MC gradient calculations showed a lower drying rate and severe non-uniformity in MC distribution, which could be due to the effect of higher green MC and the presence of wet pockets. Furthermore, the evaporation front at the first 5 h of drying receded faster into the hemlock specimen, and as drying proceeded, it slowed down compared to other specimens.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023. Vol. 13, no 19, article id 11083
Keywords [en]
CT scan, experimental research, image processing, moisture content, porous material, timber drying, wet pockets
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-101641DOI: 10.3390/app131911083ISI: 001086948100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85174184849OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-101641DiVA, id: diva2:1804451
Conference
13th International Conference Wood Science and Technology in the Third Millennium, ICWSE 2023, November 2 – 4, 2023, Brasov, Romania
Note
Godkänd;2023;Nivå 0;2023-10-12 (joosat);Konferensartikel i tidskrift;
Part of special Issue: International Conference Wood Science and Engineering in the Third Millennium - ICWSE 2023
CC BY 4.0 License
2023-10-122023-10-122024-03-11Bibliographically approved