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Critical field evaluations of biochar-amended stormwater biofilters for PFAS and other organic micropollutant removals
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-5333-2971
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4327-5613
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Material Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7475-6394
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7395-3302
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2025 (English)In: Water Research, ISSN 0043-1354, E-ISSN 1879-2448, Vol. 281, article id 123547Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Biochar is often promoted as an ideal amendment for stormwater biofilters; however, its effectiveness has rarely been tested under field conditions. This study evaluates the impact of biochar addition on the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in field-scale biofilters operating under real-world conditions for the first time. The research comprised four vegetated biofilter facilities (3 − 5 years old), two without and two with 2.1 wt. % (10 vol. %) biochar amendment. Stormwater and filter material samples from various locations after four years of operation were analyzed for a wide range of common and emerging OMPs found in urban runoff. Unlike hydrophobic OMPs (hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), the investigated biofilters demonstrated low, or inconsistent, removal of hydrophilic and slow-adsorbing OMPs like bisphenol A, monobutyltin, and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Although the physiochemical properties of biochar were well-adapted to pollutant removal, biochar amendment did not significantly improve OMP removal when compared with the status quo. This can be attributed to several field conditions and suboptimal design interfering with the biochar's sorption capacity, namely, the large particle size (D50 ∼4 mm) and low quantity of biochar, high levels of competing agents (i.e., dissolved oxygen carbon (DOC) and cations), co-contaminants in stormwater, limited contact time, biochar pore blockage (e.g., by DOC molecules and sediments/minerals), diminished biochar surface porosity, and sometimes increased removal uncertainty due to low influent concentrations. Our findings demonstrated the complexities associated with applying biochar for stormwater treatment. Further research on biochar-specific biofilter designs is needed to optimize the sorption potential of this material under field conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 281, article id 123547
Keywords [en]
Urban runoff, Bioretention, Biochar, Accumulation, Retention, PFAS
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Experimental Physics; Experimental Mechanics; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111366DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.123547Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105001507050OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-111366DiVA, id: diva2:1930190
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-05176Vinnova, 2022-03092Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, NV-03809-23
Note

Validerad;2025;Nivå 2;2025-04-04 (u4);

Fulltext license: CC BY;

This article has previously appeared as a manuscript in a thesis.

Available from: 2025-01-22 Created: 2025-01-22 Last updated: 2025-04-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Organic Micropollutants in Stormwater and Biofilter Systems: Treatment, Accumulation, and Dynamics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Organic Micropollutants in Stormwater and Biofilter Systems: Treatment, Accumulation, and Dynamics
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Anthropogenic activities impact the quality of stormwater in urban areas. Urban runoff usually contains high concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs), which can adversely affect public health and the ecology of receiving waterbodies. The work described in this thesis aims to evaluate the concentrations, occurrences, and environmental risks of OMPs in stormwater runoff. It contributes towards identifying, monitoring, and controlling their environmental impacts and risks through mitigation strategies that protect human health and water resources.

Stormwater biofilter (bioretention) systems have been developed and implemented in recent decades as a mitigation strategy for in-situ stormwater treatment. The studies in this thesis seek to improve field-scale understanding of the fate and transport behaviors of OMPs in stormwater biofilter systems, assess biofilters’ design performance for OMP treatment from both design suitability and maintenance perspectives, and evaluate their potential to mitigate OMP risks to receiving waterbodies. This research explored/validated the treatability, short-term intra-event variations (IEVs), long-term accumulation, and environmental risks of OMPs in 27 sand-based biofilter facilities located in various catchment types and with different design features (including amendments with vegetation, chalk, and biochar). Some of the key findings revealed by the thesis are as follows:

Various OMP families, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), phenolics substances, organotin compounds (OTCs), and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), were present in stormwater runoff at concentrations often problematic for receiving waterbodies. Intra-event concentrations varied substantially during rain events. The rain intensity was one of the most influential factors affecting IEVs during short rainfall events.Depending on the pollutant’s physio-chemical properties and the treatment unit’s design features, the performance of the studied biofilter systems ranged from weak (negative removal efficiencies) to sufficient (up to 98%) in removing OMPs. Among the amendments used in the sand-based biofilters, the presence of a vegetated layer increased the removal (>30% improvement compared to non-vegetated or partially-vegetated biofilters) and reduced IEVs. However, no differences were observed after biochar or chalk amendment. The field observations revealed several complexities associated with applying biochar that must be considered/adapted for stormwater treatment.The long-term accumulation of hydrophobic, particle-bound OMPs, such as heavier PAHs, PHCs, and phthalates (only DEHP), in the filter materials was dominant (with higher occurrence/concentrations atop the biofilters), as they achieved higher removal from stormwater. Conversely, the removal or long-term accumulation of more mobile, hydrophilic, and slow-adsorbing OMPs, including bisphenol A (a phenolic substance), monobutyltin (an OTC), and PFASs, was lower and inconsistent in both amended and non-amended biofilters, showing a need for more effective biofilter design and maintenance strategies for these challenging compounds.

Abstract [sv]

Antropogena aktiviteter påverkar kvaliteten på dagvatten i urbana områden. Urban avrinning innehåller ofta höga koncentrationer av organiska ämnen, vilket kan ha negativa effekter på folkhälsan och ekologin i de recipienter som tar emot dagvattnet. Denna avhandling syftar till att utvärdera koncentrationer, förekomst och miljörisker av organiska mikroföroreningar (eng. organic micropollutants, OMPs) i dagvattenavrinning. Arbetet bidrar till att identifiera, övervaka och kontrollera miljöpåverkan och risker genom åtgärdsstrategier som skyddar både människors hälsa och vattenresurser.

Dagvattenbiofilter har utvecklats och implementerats under de senaste decennierna som en åtgärdsstrategi för lokal dagvattenrening. Detta arbete strävar också efter att förbättra förståelsen av organiska mikroföroreningars transport och nedbrytningsprocesser i biofilter, att bedöma biofiltrens prestanda för OMP-rening utifrån både utformning och underhållsperspektiv samt att utvärdera deras potential att minska OMP-utsläpp till recipienter. Forskningen undersökte och verifierade den generella reningen av OMP, kortsiktiga variationer under avrinningshändelser, långsiktig ackumulering OMP och därmed förknippade miljörisker i biofilteranläggningar. Några av de viktigaste resultaten i avhandlingen är följande:

Olika OMP-familjer, såsom polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH), petroleumkolväten (PHC), fenolföreningar, organiska tennföreningar (OTC) och perfluorerade ämnen (PFAS), påträffades i dagvattenavrinning i koncentrationer som ofta är problematiska för recipienternas miljö. Koncentrationer av PAH och fenoler var högre i avrinning från en motorväg jämfört med ett blandat stadsområde. Under regnhändelserna varierade koncentrationerna kraftigt och regnintensitet var en av de mest inflytelserika faktorerna för dessa variationer vid kortare nederbördshändelser.OMP-rening i de studerade biofiltersystemen varierade mycket, från undermålig (negativa reningsprocent) till mycket effektiv (upp till 98% rening), beroende på föroreningarnas fysikalisk-kemiska egenskaper och biofiltrens utformning. Bland de sandbaserade biofiltrens tillsatsmaterial visade sig växtlighet att vara en viktig faktor för avskiljning (över 30 % förbättring jämfört med icke-växtbevuxna eller delvis bevuxna biofilter). Däremot observerades inga signifikanta skillnader pga. tillsats av biokol och kalk. Fältstudierna avslöjade komplexiteten kopplad till användningen av biokol, som bör beaktas och anpassas vid dagvattenrening.Den långsiktiga ackumuleringen av hydrofoba, partikelbundna OMP (såsom tyngre PAH, PHC och ftalaten DEHP) i filtermaterialen var dominerande (med högre förekomst/koncentrationer i biofiltrens övre skikt). Anledningen är att dessa föroreningar effektivt avskildes från dagvattnet tillsammans med sediment. Däremot var avskiljning och långsiktig ackumulering av mer mobila, hydrofila och långsamt adsorberande OMP (inklusive bisfenol A (en fenolförening), monobutyltenn (en OTC) och PFAS) lägre och varierande i både modifierade och icke-modifierade biofilter. Detta visar på ett behov av mer effektiva biofilterdesign- och underhållsstrategier för dessa utmanande ämnen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå University of Technology, 2025
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Urban runoff, Trace organic compounds (TrOCs), Bioretention, Accumulation, Vegetation, Biochar, Intra-event variations, Environmental risks, Urban avrinning, Spåra organiska föroreningar, Bioretention, Ackumulation, Vegetation, Biokol, variationer under avrinningshändelser, Miljörisker
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111244 (URN)978-91-8048-738-2 (ISBN)978-91-8048-739-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-21, A117, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-22 Created: 2025-01-22 Last updated: 2025-03-12Bibliographically approved

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Beryani, AliFlanagan, KelseyYou, ShujieForsberg, FredrikViklander, MariaBlecken, Godecke-Tobias

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