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Redistribution of minor and trace elements in ore minerals in metamorphosed VMS deposits, Rävliden North, Skellefte district, Sweden
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8751-4116
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2634-6953
Exploration department, Boliden Mineral AB, 936 81 Boliden, Sweden.
Exploration department, Boliden Mineral AB, 936 81 Boliden, Sweden.
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2025 (English)In: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, ISSN 0375-6742, E-ISSN 1879-1689, Vol. 278, article id 107830Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Rävliden North volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, in northern Sweden underwent polyphase deformation and greenschist to lower amphibolite facies metamorphism during the Svecokarelian orogeny. This caused remobilisation and recrystallisation of ore minerals, whose composition was analysed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite chemistry mirrors zonation of undeformed VMS deposits. Chalcopyrite-rich mineralisation contains higher Cu, Co, In, and lower Mn concentrations than sphalerite-rich mineralisation. Besides galena, Ag occurs in sulfosalts, tellurides, antimonides, and amalgams, which possibly formed through exsolutions from α-galena in syn- to post-tectonic structures. LA-ICP-MS imaging shows Ag-rich minerals in early syngenetic pyrite, in contrast to syn-metamorphic pyrite, indicating remobilisation during deformation. Despite sampling effects accounted for through linear mixed effects (LME) modelling, the results indicate that syn-metamorphic recrystallisation and remobilisation did not lead to substantial compositional changes in ore minerals. Instead, these processes partitioned Ga between sphalerite and chalcopyrite and enriched Ag, Cd, and Sb in minerals associated with younger parageneses. Zeolite-bearing veins in the hanging wall host sphalerite with the highest Ga, Ge, Cu, and Sb contents and galena with the lowest Bi, Te, and Tl contents. An origin potentially linked to far-field effects of the opening of the Iapetus Ocean or waning Timanian orogeny is discussed based on similarities to other vein- and breccia-hosted Zn Pb deposits in Northern Sweden. This study provides the first multiple-mineral in-situ trace element dataset for a VMS deposit in the Skellefte district, enhances understanding of element redistribution during metamorphism, and identifies remobilised elements potentially vectoring mineralisation at depth. Moreover, this study enables tracing of penalty and by-product elements in downstream beneficiation processes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 278, article id 107830
Keywords [en]
sulfide chemistry, trace elements, sulfosalt chemistry, metamorphosed VMS, LA-ICP-MS, EPMA
National Category
Geology
Research subject
Ore Geology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-113017DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107830Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105008003634OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-113017DiVA, id: diva2:1965375
Funder
The Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU), 36-2031/2018
Note

Validerad;2025;Nivå 2;2025-06-27 (u5);

Full text license: CC BY 4.0;

Funder: Boliden; Sveriges Ingenjörers Miljöfond (LTU-437-2024);

Available from: 2025-06-09 Created: 2025-06-09 Last updated: 2025-06-27Bibliographically approved

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Rincon, JonathanJansson, NilsAzim Zadeh, Amir MortezaWanhainen, Christina

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