This application brings together a multidisciplinary team to study the opportunities for, and implications of, better management of miombo forest landscapes in Tanzania. To develop and improve miombo production systemsthere is need for both broadened and deepened understanding of present land use, forest ecology, forest products economy, and related social and economic structures on process scale and up-scaled in the landscape. Tightly coupled to this is the analysis on the appropriateness and sustainability of different C-sequestration and C-trade mechanisms and land use forest management in relation to adaptation to climate vulnerability. Tanzania is chosen because of significantly heightened interest in the forest sector, but the suggested research will be applicable for the larger miombo area as well as for dry land Africa at large.