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Evolution of viscoelastic behaviour of a curing LY5052 epoxy resin in the rubbery state
Swerea SICOMP, Piteå .ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5738-3207
Swerea SICOMP, Mölndal .
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Material Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9649-8621
2017 (English)In: Advanced Composite Materials, ISSN 0924-3046, E-ISSN 1568-5519, Vol. 26, no 6, p. 553-567Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this work, we investigate the relationship between the rubbery modulus and the degree of cure for partially to fully cured LY5052 epoxy resin. In particular, this paper experimentally tests an existing model formulated for shear modulus by redefining for in the tensile storage modulus. Experiments to characterize viscoelastic behaviour were performed in a dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis (DMTA) instrument in the frequency domain. Master curves are then created from DMTA using general time–temperature–cure superposition. The master curves are then normalized using the model so that the master curve does not depend on the properties in the rubbery region. This results in a unique master curve that describes the viscoelastic behaviour of the LY5052 epoxy resin for the given conditions. Once the relationship between the rubbery modulus and the degree of cure has been established, the amount of experimental characterization can be reduced. This could lead to the development of simplified experimental methodologies and simplified models to characterize the viscoelasticity of low molecular weight resins like the LY5052 epoxy resin system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2017. Vol. 26, no 6, p. 553-567
National Category
Composite Science and Engineering
Research subject
Polymeric Composite Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63101DOI: 10.1080/09243046.2017.1310076ISI: 000416668200004Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85017361024OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-63101DiVA, id: diva2:1089864
Note

Validerad;2017;Nivå 2;2017-11-02 (andbra)

Available from: 2017-04-21 Created: 2017-04-21 Last updated: 2020-08-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Effect of Degree of Cure on Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers and their Composites
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of Degree of Cure on Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers and their Composites
2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Reinforced polymer composites consist of continuous fibers embedded in a polymer matrix. The matrix is usually a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin. When thermosetting matrices are cured during the manufacture of composite parts, residual stresses develop within the part during the manufacture due primarily the thermally and chemically induced volumetric strains imposed on them. This can lead to shape distortions and sometimes weakening of the structure itself. Curing is the manufacturing process in which the thermoset resin is transformed from a liquid to a solid material. The molecular mechanisms involved in this process are quite complex and not well understood. In the macro-level, in addition to volumetric strains, heat is also generated since most thermoset polymerization reactions are exothermic. The mechanical properties of the thermoset also undergo dramatic changes. The material changes from an initial liquid state to a rubbery gel and finally to a vitrified glassy state. In modern day composite manufacturing, to accommodate for the shape distortions caused due to residual stress formation, the mold geometry is compensated. To do this, accurate predictions of the distortion behavior is preferred via computer simulations. This in turn requires simple mathematical models that can replicate the complex processes that take place during manufacture. One such process that requires attention is the curing of the thermoset. While models exist that assume elastic behavior during cure, they are not accurate throughout the entire cure process. Models based on viscoelastic material during cure offer better prospects in this perspective. However, currently models that are based on full viscoelasticity are either not well defined or are computationally tasking. Viscoelastic materials can be classified further in to thermorheologically simple and complex materials depending on their molecular weights. In simpler terms, thermorheologically simple materials are those that obey the principles of time-temperature superposition (TTS). TTS requires that all response times (i.e., all relaxation or retardation time), depend equally on temperature. This is expressed using the temperature shift function. Master curves can be then generated extending the time scale beyond the range that could normally be covered in a single experiment. However to fully understand the development of viscoelasticity during cure it is also necessary that the effects of the degree of cure of the thermoset on these times be included in the model definition. This requires defining a cure shift function along with the temperature shift function. In the presented work, an attempt is made to develop a simplified methodology to characterize the viscoelastic material properties during curing. Two different methods are investigated in a DMTA instrument to determine the effects of curing on the glassy state of the resin system LY5052/HY5052. A cure shift function was identified in the process. Based on observations it was concluded that the total shift function could be possibly defined as a product of the temperature and cure shift functions. Unique super-master curves were generated as a result. However, these curves showed a dependency of the rubbery modulus on the degree of cure. Hence, in the second paper, the effect of the degree of cure on the rubbery modulus was investigated. Subsequently a model was reformulated from an existing one and this was used to further simplify the super-master curves. Following dynamic testing, it was necessary that macroscopic testing is performed to corroborate the results. The macroscopic experiments utilized for this purpose was stress relaxation tests to determine the viscoelastic Poisson’s ratio of neat resin. The Poisson’s ratio in particular is an important property to study, since it’s interaction with the fiber during curing is critical in the study of residual stresses. The focus of the study is to determine if there is a dependency of the Poisson’s ratio on degree of cure and whether master curves can be generated by horizontal shifting of data. Literature pertaining to the dependency of the Poisson’s ratio on degree of cure is scarce. If appropriate horizontal shifting can be performed, it can be easily compared to the results from dynamic testing to check if the shift factors are truly universal. Also presented is a brief study of the effect of degree of cure and time on the development of viscoplastic strains during curing. This is done by performing creep tests on composite specimens with varying degrees of cure. The experimental results were then used to validate the well-known Zapas-Crissman model for viscoplastic strain evolution with time and investigate how it is influenced by the cure state.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå tekniska universitet, 2017
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Viscoelasticty, Curing, Epoxy
National Category
Composite Science and Engineering
Research subject
Polymeric Composite Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65049 (URN)978-91-7583-939-4 (ISBN)978-91-7583-940-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2017-09-29, E246, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 08:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2017-08-14 Created: 2017-08-14 Last updated: 2018-06-11Bibliographically approved

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