Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Cyber-Physical System for Energy-Efficient Stadium Operation: Methodology and Experimental Validation
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Computer Science. NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany.
NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany.
NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany.
NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany.
Show others and affiliations
2018 (English)In: ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems, ISSN 2378-962X, Vol. 2, no 4, article id 25Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The environmental impacts of medium to large scale buildings receive substantial attention in research,industry, and media. This paper studies the energy savings potential of a commercial soccer stadium duringday-to-day operation. Buildings of this kind are characterized by special purpose system installations likegrass heating systems and by event-driven usage patterns. This work presents a methodology to holisticallyanalyze the stadium’s characteristics and integrate its existing instrumentation into a Cyber-PhysicalSystem, enabling to deploy different control strategies flexibly. In total, seven different strategies for controllingthe studied stadium’s grass heating system are developed and tested in operation. Experiments inwinter season 2014/2015 validated the strategies’ impacts within the real operational setup of the CommerzbankArena, Frankfurt, Germany. With 95% confidence, these experiments saved up to 66% of mediandaily weather-normalized energy consumption. Extrapolated to an average heating season, this correspondsto savings of 775 MWh and 148 t of CO2 emissions. In winter 2015/2016 an additional predictive nighttimeheating experiment targeted lower temperatures, which increased the savings to up to 85%, equivalent to1 GWh (197 t CO2) in an average winter. Beyond achieving significant energy savings, the different controlstrategies also met the target temperature levels to the satisfaction of the stadium’s operational staff. Whilethe case study constitutes a significant part, the discussions dedicated to the transferability of this workto other stadiums and other building types show that the concepts and the approach are of general nature.Furthermore, this work demonstrates the first successful application of Deep Belief Networks to regress andpredict the thermal evolution of building systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2018. Vol. 2, no 4, article id 25
Keywords [en]
Stadium Operation, Under-soil Heating, Statistical Inference, Predictive Control, Deep Belief Network, Energy Efficiency, System Modeling
National Category
Computer Systems Media and Communication Technology
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67705DOI: 10.1145/3140235ISI: 000446005700003Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85075490147OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-67705DiVA, id: diva2:1184203
Note

Validerad;2018;Nivå 2;2018-12-07 (johcin)

Available from: 2018-02-20 Created: 2018-02-20 Last updated: 2022-04-04Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. EVOX-CPS: A Methodology For Data-Driven Optimization Of Building Operation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>EVOX-CPS: A Methodology For Data-Driven Optimization Of Building Operation
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Existing building stock’s energy efficiency must improve due to its significant proportion of the global energy consumption mix. Predictive building control promises to increase the efficiency of buildings during their operational phase and thus lead to a reduction of the lion’s share of buildings’ lifetime energy consumption. Predictive control complements other means to increase performance, such as refurbishments as well as modernization of systems.

This thesis contributes EVOX-CPS, a holistic methodology to develop data-driven predictive control for (existing) buildings and deploy the control in day-to-day use. EVOX-CPS evolves buildings into Cyber-Physical Systems and addresses the development of data-driven predictive control using computational methods. The thesis’ focus rests on accounting for the situation of existing buildings - which vary greatly regarding their physical characteristics, usage patterns, system installation, and instrumentation levels. The methodology addresses the aspect of building stock variety with its capability to flexibly adapt to different buildings’ characteristics, e.g., by supporting the integration of varying levels of pre-existing building instrumentation. Furthermore, EVOX-CPS supports using different data mining, regression, or control techniques (i) to strengthen the support for a variety of buildings, and (ii) to cater to researchers’ and practitioners’ differing skills, experiences, or preferences concerning different data analysis techniques. Through its flexibility, the methodology addresses a vast potential installation base and lowers the barriers for adoption in day-to-day use, e.g., by being able to leverage prior investments in building instrumentation and supporting different data-analysis techniques. At the same time, EVOX-CPS provides researchers and practitioners with comprehensive guidance relevant to their daily work. Besides, EVOX-CPS supports addressing a building’s known limitations in the daily operation, e.g., uncomfortable indoor conditions.

The experimentation in two real buildings validates the effectiveness of EVOX-CPS’ data-driven control with high reliability due to prolonged experimentation periods combined with applying energy normalization and inferential statistics. The experiments during routine heating system operation establish high confidence in the recorded effect sizes: the improvements in operational efficiency are profound and statistically significant. More specifically, the experiments of controlling the grass heating system of the soccer stadium Commerzbank Arena, Frankfurt, Germany, in two winters saved up to 66% (2014/2015) and 85% (2015/2016) of energy consumption. Extrapolation to an average heating season leads to expected savings of 775 MWh (148 t of CO2 emissions) and 1 GWh (197 t CO2), respectively. The experiments also show that EVOX-CPS allowed alleviating the known operational limitation of heating supply shortages which required nightly preheating in the stadium’s standard operating procedures. In another set of experiments, we applied the methodology to control the heating system of the Sierra Elvira School in Granada, Spain. The experimentation occurred during the regular class hours of 43 school days in winter 2015/2016. A first experiment demonstrated the possibility to lower consumption by one-third while maintaining indoor comfort. Another experiment raised average indoor temperatures by 2K with 5% additional energy consumption. Again, that illustrates EVOX-CPS’ capability to address a building’s known operational issues.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2018
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Cyber-Physical Systems, Existing Buildings, Predictive Control, Sustainable Development, Energy Efficiency
National Category
Computer Sciences Media and Communication Technology
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67780 (URN)978-91-7790-059-7 (ISBN)978-91-7790-060-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-04-27, Hörsal-A, Campus Skellefteå, Skellefteå, 08:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-02-27 Created: 2018-02-26 Last updated: 2024-02-16Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Schmidt, Mischa

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Schmidt, Mischa
By organisation
Computer Science
Computer SystemsMedia and Communication Technology

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 123 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf