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Alpha texture variations in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V investigated with neutron diffraction
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Material Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3772-4371
European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden; Nuclear Physics Institute, CAZ, Czech Republic.
Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany; Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Dubna, Russia.
Show others and affiliations
2018 (English)In: Additive Manufacturing, ISSN 2214-8604, E-ISSN 2214-7810, Vol. 23, p. 225-234Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Variation of texture in Ti-6Al-4V samples produced by three different additive manufacturing (AM) processes has been studied by neutron time-of-flight (TOF) diffraction. The investigated AM processes were electron beam melting (EBM), selective laser melting (SLM) and laser metal wire deposition (LMwD). Additionally, for the LMwD material separate measurements were done on samples from the top and bottom pieces in order to detect potential texture variations between areas close to and distant from the supporting substrate in the manufacturing process. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was also performed on material parallel and perpendicular to the build direction to characterize the microstructure. Understanding the context of texture for AM processes is of significant relevance as texture can be linked to anisotropic mechanical behavior. It was found that LMwD had the strongest texture while the two powder bed fusion (PBF) processes EBM and SLM displayed comparatively weaker texture. The texture of EBM and SLM was of the same order of magnitude. These results correlate well with previous microstructural studies. Additionally, texture variations were found in the LMwD sample, where the part closest to the substrate featured stronger texture than the corresponding top part. The crystal direction of the α phase with the strongest texture component was [112¯3].

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2018. Vol. 23, p. 225-234
National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Engineering Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70649DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.018ISI: 000453495500022Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85051782355OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-70649DiVA, id: diva2:1242938
Note

Validerad;2018;Nivå 2;2018-08-29 (andbra)

Available from: 2018-08-29 Created: 2018-08-29 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Microstructure and hydrogen embrittlement of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Microstructure and hydrogen embrittlement of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Mikrostruktur och väteförsprödning av additivt tillverkad Ti-6Al-4V
Abstract [en]

The work of this doctoral thesis has been performed between the 24th of August 2015 to the 6th of September 2019. The general purpose of this work has been to increase the knowledge of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V when it comes to microstructure, texture and hydrogen embrittlement. Several additive manufacturing (AM) processes have been addressed, the main focus, however, has been on the two processes electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM). The work has been performed at Luleå University of Technology and at Monash Centre of Additive Manufacturing (MCAM), which is a part of Monash University, Melbourne Australia. GKN Aerospace Engine Systems has been involved in the work as a collaborative industrial partner. Where the main interaction and support has been between GKN in Trollhättan, Sweden. GKNs facility in Filton, United Kingdom, however, has also been involved in sample production. The texture measurements using neutron time of flight (TOF) diffraction were performed in Dubna, Russia at Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, using the spektrometer kolitshestvennovo analiza tekstury (SKAT) instrument and in Los Alamos at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, using the texture instrument high pressure preferred orientation (HIPPO). The interest of specifically additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V originates from GKN Aerospace Engine Systems as they have been contracted to manufacture parts for the Ariane rockets. In aerospace, weight is of utter importance as reduced weight of the components reduce the fuel costs and makes it possible to transport increased loads. Therefore, titanium has been suggested to replace heavier metal alloys (such as nickel-based superalloys) due to titanium’s high specific strength and overall good properties. The work has been managed under the supervision of Professor Marta-Lena Antti, Professor Robert Pederson and Dr. Pia Åkerfeldt at Luleå University of Technology and by Professor Xinhua Wu and Professor Aijun Huang at MCAM. The project has been financed by three parties Space for Innovation and Growth (RIT), Nationellt Rymdtekniskt Forskningsprogram (NRFP) and the Graduate School of Space Technology. The thesis is composed of a literature review along with the appended papers that have been written throughout the duration of the project. The purpose of the literature review is to give the reader a broader knowledge and context about the theory behind the work conducted during the Ph.D. project. The thesis commences with a theoretical background about titanium, its crystal structures, microstructure, and AM. The chapter about AM is divided into three sub-chapters, explaining the two different AM sub-groups directed energy deposition (DED) and powder bed fusion (PBF). Then the chapter finalizes with explaining the benefits and drawbacks with AM. Once these subjects been explained there is a chapter explaining AM built Ti-6Al-4V. The theme of this chapter is the differences in the microstructure of AM built and conventional built Ti-6Al-4V, where phenomena like chessboard pattern and layers bands are discussed, followed by a comparative section of the mechanical properties. The chapter about AM built Ti-6Al-4V is followed by a chapter about texture where the two texture techniques electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and neutron (TOF) diffraction are explained. The literature review then continues with the chapters neutron tomography, hydrogen embrittlement, and fatigue crack growth. Then there is a chapter about the materials and experimental methods that have been used to perform all the experiments, then a summary of all the papers and conclusions. After the conclusions, the thesis finalizes with a chapter about possible future work and an outlook into the future of AM. In the end, the papers I to IV are appended.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2019
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Ti-6Al-4V, Additive Manufacturing, Texture, Microstructure, Hydrogen Embrittlement
National Category
Materials Chemistry Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Engineering Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73905 (URN)978-91-7790-396-3 (ISBN)978-91-7790-397-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2019-09-23, E246, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-05-13 Created: 2019-05-11 Last updated: 2023-09-05Bibliographically approved

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