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Conversational Systems in Machine Learning from the Point of View of the Philosophy of Science—Using Alime Chat and Related Studies
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Internet Systems Lab.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5582-2031
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Internet Systems Lab.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6756-0147
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Embedded Internet Systems Lab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4029-6574
2019 (English)In: Philosophies, ISSN 2409-9287, Vol. 4, no 3, article id 41Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This essay discusses current research efforts in conversational systems from the philosophy of science point of view and evaluates some conversational systems research activities from the standpoint of naturalism philosophical theory. Conversational systems or chatbots have advanced over the decades and now have become mainstream applications. They are software that users can communicate with, using natural language. Particular attention is given to the Alime Chat conversational system, already in industrial use, and the related research. The competitive nature of systems in production is a result of different researchers and developers trying to produce new conversational systems that can outperform previous or state-of-the-art systems. Different factors affect the quality of the conversational systems produced, and how one system is assessed as being better than another is a function of objectivity and of the relevant experimental results. This essay examines the research practices from, among others, Longino’s view on objectivity and Popper’s stand on falsification. Furthermore, the need for qualitative and large datasets is emphasized. This is in addition to the importance of the peer-review process in scientific publishing, as a means of developing, validating, or rejecting theories, claims, or methodologies in the research community. In conclusion, open data and open scientific discussion fora should become more prominent over the mere publication-focused trend.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Switzerland: MDPI, 2019. Vol. 4, no 3, article id 41
Keywords [en]
conversational systems, chatbots, philosophy of science, objectivity, verification, falsification
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Machine Learning
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75430DOI: 10.3390/philosophies4030041ISI: 000613786500007Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85094795286OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-75430DiVA, id: diva2:1341264
Note

Validerad;2019;Nivå 1;2019-09-18 (marisr)

Available from: 2019-08-08 Created: 2019-08-08 Last updated: 2022-10-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Word Vector Representations using Shallow Neural Networks
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Word Vector Representations using Shallow Neural Networks
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This work highlights some important factors for consideration when developing word vector representations and data-driven conversational systems. The neural network methods for creating word embeddings have gained more prominence than their older, count-based counterparts.However, there are still challenges, such as prolonged training time and the need for more data, especially with deep neural networks. Shallow neural networks with lesser depth appear to have the advantage of less complexity, however, they also face challenges, such as sub-optimal combination of hyper-parameters which produce sub-optimal models. This work, therefore, investigates the following research questions: "How importantly do hyper-parameters influence word embeddings’ performance?" and "What factors are important for developing ethical and robust conversational systems?" In answering the questions, various experiments were conducted using different datasets in different studies. The first study investigates, empirically, various hyper-parameter combinations for creating word vectors and their impact on a few natural language processing (NLP) downstream tasks: named entity recognition (NER) and sentiment analysis (SA). The study shows that optimal performance of embeddings for downstream \acrshort{nlp} tasks depends on the task at hand.It also shows that certain combinations give strong performance across the tasks chosen for the study. Furthermore, it shows that reasonably smaller corpora are sufficient or even produce better models in some cases and take less time to train and load. This is important, especially now that environmental considerations play prominent role in ethical research. Subsequent studies build on the findings of the first and explore the hyper-parameter combinations for Swedish and English embeddings for the downstream NER task. The second study presents the new Swedish analogy test set for evaluation of Swedish embeddings. Furthermore, it shows that character n-grams are useful for Swedish, a morphologically rich language. The third study shows that broad coverage of topics in a corpus appears to be important to produce better embeddings and that noise may be helpful in certain instances, though they are generally harmful. Hence, relatively smaller corpus can show better performance than a larger one, as demonstrated in the work with the smaller Swedish Wikipedia corpus against the Swedish Gigaword. The argument is made, in the final study (in answering the second question) from the point of view of the philosophy of science, that the near-elimination of the presence of unwanted bias in training data and the use of foralike the peer-review, conferences, and journals to provide the necessary avenues for criticism and feedback are instrumental for the development of ethical and robust conversational systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2021. p. 93
Keywords
Word vectors, NLP, Neural networks, Embeddings
National Category
Natural Language Processing
Research subject
Machine Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83578 (URN)978-91-7790-810-4 (ISBN)978-91-7790-811-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2021-05-26, A109, LTU, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-04-12 Created: 2021-04-10 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved

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Adewumi, OluwatosinLiwicki, FoteiniLiwicki, Marcus

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