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The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3518-1273
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4732-7348
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9938-8217
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1725-6478
2020 (English)In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 709, article id 136125Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Urban stormwater and snowmelt pollution contributes significantly to the deterioration of surface waters quality in many locations. Consequently, the sources of such pollution have been studied for the past 50 years, with the vehicular transportation sector and the atmospheric deposition identified early as the major pollution sources. In search for mitigation of this pollution, source controls, besides other measures, were recognised as effective pollution mitigation tools, whose successful implementation requires a good knowledge of pollution sources. Even though great research efforts have been exerted to document specific sources of urban runoff pollution, or specific groups of pollutants present in urban runoff, a comprehensive overview of all known contributing sources is still missing. This review contributes to closing this gap by compiling findings of previous research and critically synthesizing the current knowledge of various stormwater pollution sources. As the emphasis is placed on the sources, the related issues of implications for urban surface water quality and possible source controls for individual sources are touched upon just briefly, where required. The review showed that the atmospheric deposition, vehicular transportation-related activities and metallic building envelopes continue to be among the major pollution sources, which have been studied in a far greater detail than other sources. Furthermore, it was noted that because of the rapid advances in clean manufacturing and pollution control technologies, a large part of the body of data on stormwater quality available in the literature should be considered as historical data, which may no longer describe well the current conditions. Progressing historical data obsolescence, combined with continuing releases of new materials and chemicals, and, in some cases of new substances of potential concern, into the environment, suggests that the identification of important stormwater runoff/snowmelt pollution sources, and the associated pollutants, has been and will remain to be a work in progress.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020. Vol. 709, article id 136125
Keywords [en]
Urban diffuse pollution, Stormwater quality, Snowmelt quality, Emerging pollutants, Source controls
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76044DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136125ISI: 000512281700076PubMedID: 31905584Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85077051390OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-76044DiVA, id: diva2:1352206
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 942 – 2016-73Vinnova, 2016-05176
Note

Validerad;2020;Nivå 2;2020-01-07 (johcin)

Available from: 2019-09-18 Created: 2019-09-18 Last updated: 2023-09-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Urban Surfaces as Sources of Stormwater Pollution: An Evaluation of Substances Released from Building Envelopes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Urban Surfaces as Sources of Stormwater Pollution: An Evaluation of Substances Released from Building Envelopes
2019 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Urbana ytor som källor till dagvattenförorening : En utvärdering av bidraget av ämnen från byggnadsmaterial
Abstract [en]

Stormwater is an important transport pathway for pollutants from the urban environment into receiving water bodies, and, thus, it contributes to the deterioration of urban surface waters. The aim of this Licentiate thesis was to advance the understanding of the contributions of urban stormwater pollutants from building surface materials, and evaluate the implications for stormwater quality. Furthermore, this thesis also aims to (i) identify which pollutants can be expected to be released from building surface materials that are commonly used in the urban environment and (ii) estimate the magnitude of released pollutant concentrations in comparison to those from other important sources (e.g., those related to transportation, industries or atmospheric deposition). The material presented in the thesis includes a critical literature review of the sources of stormwater pollution, as well as laboratory and outdoor pilot studies of the pollutants released from commonly used building surface materials.  It was identified in the literature review that the current state of knowledge varies between source categories. Metallic building envelopes were early recognised as one of the major sources of metals in stormwater and, in many larger cities, they were identified as one of the main contributors of e.g., Cu, Pb and Zn to stormwater. Many building surface materials are also important contributors of pesticides. Recent research suggested that building surface materials (roofing membranes, plastic materials, concrete, paints and coatings, etc.) were important sources of organic micropollutants, but relatively few studies reported on such micropollutant releases from specific materials, or their concentrations in runoff. Results from the outdoor pilot study indicate that several of the 10 materials studied may contribute environmentally relevant concentrations of chemical substances commonly found in stormwater. Specific building surface materials were shown to be important sources of such metals as Cu and Zn: in the outdoor pilot study copper roofing sheets released Cu into rainwater at average concentrations of 3090 µg/L, zinc sheets released average Zn concentrations of 7770 µg/L, and galvanised steel released average Zn concentrations of 3530 µg/L. These concentrations exceed those measured from other sources (e.g., road runoff) by more than an order of magnitude. Moreover, nonylphenols (NPs) were released from PVC membranes, and bitumen shingles and felt. One of the PVC materials tested released, on average, NP concentrations of 26 µg/L, which were of the same order of magnitude as concentrations measured in road runoff. The same PVC also released an average concentration of 455  µg/L Diisononyl phthalate, DINP, but too little of data was available for comparisons to others sources. When comparing the laboratory leaching and outdoor pilot experiments, laboratory studies were efficient in identifying pollutant sources, and studying the effects of specific influential factors, but only the outdoor study produced realistic approximations of the released concentrations and loads of pollutants.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2019
Series
Licentiate thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1757
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76045 (URN)978-91-7790-442-7 (ISBN)978-91-7790-443-4 (ISBN)
Presentation
2019-11-15, E632, Luleå, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-09-18 Created: 2019-09-18 Last updated: 2023-09-05Bibliographically approved
2. An evaluation of sources contributing to urban runoff pollution
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An evaluation of sources contributing to urban runoff pollution
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
En utvärdering av källor som bidrar till förorening av dagvatten
Abstract [en]

Urban runoff is a significant pathway for the transport of diverse substances from the urban environment to receiving water bodies. Many of these substances are pollutants of environmental concern with potentially harmful effects on aquatic life. Detailed knowledge of the sources of pollutants entering stormwater runoff is needed to mitigate these effects.The overall aim of this doctoral thesis is therefore to provide new knowledge on the sources contributing to urban runoff pollution and to evaluate the specific contributions of micropollutants from two known major sources: building and structure surface materials, and vehicular activities. The work presented herein also (i) identifies pollutants that are expected to occur in runoff from buildings and other structure surfaces in the urban environment as well as in runoff from the road environment, (ii) estimates the concentrations of these pollutants released into runoff, and (iii) evaluates methods for identifying sources contributing to the pollution of urban stormwater runoff.

The novel work presented in the thesis includes a critical review of the literature on sources contributing to urban runoff pollution, laboratory leaching tests and open-air sampling of pilot panels of building and structure surface materials, and field sampling of urban roadside snow. The literature review was not restricted in terms of type of pollution, while the experiments focused on selected metals and organic micropollutants including phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

According to the literature review, atmospheric deposition, vehicular activities, and metallic building envelopes are the major pollution sources in the urban environment and have been studied far more extensively than other sources. Moreover, their dominance is likely to continue given their central roles in urban environments. The experimental results confirmed that vehicular activities were sources of octylphenols, bisphenol A, and phthalates as well as the metal(loid)s Sb and W, both of which were rarely determined in previous studies on urban runoff. Building and structure surface materials such as copper sheets, zinc sheets, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) roofing membranes were found to release Cu, Zn, nonylphenols, and phthalates. Among alkylphenols, nonylphenols were predominantly found in building surface runoff while octylphenols occurred predominantly in roadside snow. Metals occurred more commonly in dissolved (<0.45 μm) form in building surface runoff than in roadside snow, where metals were mainly attached to particles.

A comparison of methods for identifying building surface materials contributing to runoff pollution showed that laboratory leaching tests were generally effective for source identification but not for estimating concentrations in actual runoff, whereas open-air pilot studies were resource-intensive but give results that agree well with analyses of real runoff. In addition, the release of pollutants from building surface materials subjected to in-situ ageing was investigated and the water quality of rainwater-induced runoff was compared to that of snowmelt-induced runoff; neither of these issues were adequately addressed in the previous literature. These studies showed that pollutant concentrations were generally higher in rain runoff than in snowmelt runoff and that pollutant releases from most materials and substances exhibited no decreasing or increasing trend over time. However, the release of nonylphenols from one of the PVCs did decrease over time, possibly because of washing out and material ageing.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2022
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Stormwater quality, Pollution sources, Building surface materials, Traffic activities, Source identification methods
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-93325 (URN)978-91-8048-159-5 (ISBN)978-91-8048-160-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-11-25, E632, Luleå tekniska universitet, Luleå, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-09-29 Created: 2022-09-29 Last updated: 2024-03-22Bibliographically approved

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Müller, AlexandraÖsterlund, HeleneMarsalek, JiriViklander, Maria

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