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Fire performance and leach resistance of pine wood impregnated with guanyl-urea phosphate/boric acid and a melamine-formaldehyde resin
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Wood Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0852-5066
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Wood Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7711-9267
Department of Forestry, Wood Sciences and Design, Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Wood Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4526-9391
2020 (English)In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 78, no 1, p. 107-111Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood impregnated with guanyl-urea phosphate/boric acid and a melamine-formaldehyde resin exhibited considerably increased resistance to leaching, while sustaining superior fire retardancy as tested by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) method. It was found that guanyl-urea phosphate has been well trapped in the wood structure by the cured resin network as evidenced by FTIR spectroscopy. Markedly, weight percentage gain (WPG) losses of fire retardant as low as 7.4% were achieved after excessive leaching of treated wood (EN 84). This was attributed to the effect of melamine-formaldehyde resin. Overall, this type of treatment could be a reliable method for producing fire-resistant pine wood for exterior uses.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2020. Vol. 78, no 1, p. 107-111
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-78022DOI: 10.1007/s00107-019-01483-yISI: 000511720000010Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85076615104OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-78022DiVA, id: diva2:1413341
Note

Validerad;2020;Nivå 2;2020-03-10 (johcin)

Available from: 2020-03-10 Created: 2020-03-10 Last updated: 2023-09-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Innovative Water-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood incorporating Ammonium Phosphate-based salts for Exterior Use Conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Innovative Water-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood incorporating Ammonium Phosphate-based salts for Exterior Use Conditions
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Wood is a naturally based material and plays an important role as a renewable resource when aiming for a sustainable society. Nevertheless, its inherently combustible property needs to be enhanced to comply with modern construction methods and regulations. Ammonium phosphate-based additives are often used to effectively increase the fire-retardancy (FR) of wooden products when needed. However, their water-solubility make them unsuitable for exterior use unless such properties are overcome. This PhD thesis focuses on the development of methodologies to alleviate consequences from water-leaching of wood treated with ammonium phosphate-based additives, enabling further development of new types of fire protected wood construction material for exterior uses. As such, two methodologies were explored in this thesis: 1) a composite-type fixation, involving the introduction of a hydrophobic polymer matrix for entrapping the FR additives, 2) a reactive-type fixation, which is to fix the FR additives by creating covalent bonding with the wood polymeric constituents.

In order to determine the influence of composite-type fixation systems, melamine-formaldehyde (MF) prepolymer, furfuryl alcohol (FA), and kraft lignin, respectively, were studied for immobilising ammonium phosphate-based FR-additives in wood by pressure impregnating Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood with a solution of the prepolymer and fire-retardant additives (FRs), followed by drying and heating steps. Through the analysis of the treated wood materials, involving scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), the formation of a stable polymeric network structure entrapping the additives inside the wood with alleviating FRs’ water-leachability was proposed. In particular, MF-resin was able to encapsulate guanyl-urea phosphate (GUP) in the lumen of the wood. Further details on the distribution and structural features of FR additives and matrices within the wood structure are described in the thesis. 

Furthermore, the ability of FRs comprising ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and urea to be fixed within the wood structure without the addition of polymeric materials was also investigated. This approach was accomplished by impregnating an aqueous solution containing the aforementioned additives, followed by drying and further heat treatment at 150°C. By analysis of the treated wood material by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and FTIR, the formation of a reactive-type fixation of FR to the wood structure was realised. By this way, phosphate and carbamylate groups from treated ADP/urea were found to have reacted with hydroxyl groups of the wood polymers. 

The fire performance of FR-treated wood materials was studied with a series of modern techniques, namely, limited oxygen index (LOI), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), and cone calorimeter tests. LOI and MCC were used as a simple test of fire stability of FR-treated and subsequently water exposed wood. By applying the cone calorimeter test, the predicted reaction-to-fire classification of FR-MF, FR-FA, and phosphorylated/carbamylated wood was established and, actually, reached the highest possible classification, class B. This classification was held even after the accelerated ageing test according to the European standard EN 84. In summary, this further suggested that these methodologies, which enhanced the water-leaching resistance of ammonium phosphate-based salts, have the potential to give a fire-retardant wood suitable for exterior uses.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2023
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
National Category
Textile, Rubber and Polymeric Materials
Research subject
Wood Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-101276 (URN)978-91-8048-381-0 (ISBN)978-91-8048-382-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-05, A193, Forskargatan 1, 931 77 Skellefteå, Skellefteå, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-09-22 Created: 2023-09-22 Last updated: 2024-10-07Bibliographically approved

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Lin, Chia-FengKarlsson, OlovSandberg, Dick

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