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Ore mineralogy and trace element (re)distribution at the metamorphosed Lappberget Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au) deposit, Garpenberg, Sweden
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9823-1664
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2634-6953
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4711-7671
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5228-3888
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2021 (English)In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360, Vol. 135, article id 104223Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Qualitative and quantitative mineralogical and textural investigations were undertaken for the different sulfide minerals in the 1.89 Ga Lappberget deposit, with a focus on sphalerite and pyrite. Three sphalerite types were identified and associated with: (1) main massive sulfide mineralization, (2) Fe-Mn skarn ore, and (3) Ag-rich fissure veins. Sphalerite-1 contained a relatively higher amount of trace elements (Fe, Co, Ge, Cu, Sn, and Au) but is lower in Mn/Fe, Ga, and Hg compared to sphalerite-2. Evidence of tectono-metamorphic modification of sulfides is observed throughout the deposit, such as the formation of growth twins and deformation twins in sulfides, the development of high-angled triple-point junctions in recrystallized pyrite and sphalerite, and the formation of ‘ball ore’ or ‘durchbewegung’ textures within mineralized shear zones. The recrystallization of pyrite and galena may have led to the re-distribution of fluid-mobile elements (As, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag, and Au), some of which were deposited in discordant Ag-rich fissure veins peripheral to the main massive sulfide lenses. Trace element signatures of sulfides in Lappberget are compatible with the other metamorphosed and deformed, subseafloor volcanogenic carbonate replacement (SVALS)-type deposits in the Bergslagen mining district.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021. Vol. 135, article id 104223
Keywords [en]
Bergslagen, remobilization, sphalerite, pyrite, silver, LA-ICP-MS
National Category
Geology
Research subject
Ore Geology; Mineral Processing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-84307DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104223ISI: 000669444700001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85110481094OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-84307DiVA, id: diva2:1554779
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 72267
Note

Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-05-24 (alebob);

Forskningsfinansiärer: Boliden Mineral AB;

A correction is available for this publication, please see: Tiu, G., Jansson, N., Wanhainen, C. et al. Corrigendum to “Ore mineralogy and trace element (re)distribution at the metamorphosed Lappberget Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au) deposit, Garpenberg, Sweden” [Ore Geol. Rev. 135 (2021) 104223], Ore Geology Reviews, 152, 105240 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105240

Available from: 2021-05-17 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2023-01-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Geometallurgy of a complex ore: Lappberget Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au) deposit, Garpenberg mine, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Geometallurgy of a complex ore: Lappberget Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au) deposit, Garpenberg mine, Sweden
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Complex ores, in this instance, a polymetallic base metal ore with additional precious and penalty elements, pose particularly tough challenges for successful production forecasts. Plant performance and recoveries for complex ores are more difficult to predict due to the larger number of variables that must be considered, tracked, and characterized during the multi-stage separation process.

The focus of this study is to evaluate the mineralogical and textural controls that affect the variability in the flotation performance of a complex and variable ore. The research is based on a case study of the polymetallic Lappberget Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au) massive sulfide deposit at the Garpenberg Mine in Sweden. The mine is currently operated by Boliden Mineral AB and produces four different concentrates: zinc, lead, copper, and agravimetric concentrate targeted for gold and silver.

Geometallurgical characterization was conducted to understand the variability within the Lappberget deposit and to quantify the impact of geology (e.g., host rocks, mineralogy, and texture) on the metallurgical response and metal recovery processes. The approach undertaken is divided into five stages: (1) geological characterization, (2) ore classification, (3) geometallurgical testing, (4) development of prediction models, and (5) geometallurgical domaining. The first two stages aim at characterizing the geological characteristics of the ore and understanding its variability, whereas the latter three stages aim to describe and quantify the variability in the flotation performance of the ore and determine how it relates to its geological characteristics.

For the geological characterization, qualitative and quantitative mineralogical and textural investigations were undertaken for the different sulfides present in the deposit, mainly sphalerite, pyrite, galena, and chalcopyrite. Results from this study revealed the mineralogical, textural, and chemical variations of these sulfides within the deposit. This heterogeneity reflects the complex ore-forming conditions and the polyphase history of tectono-metamorphic processes that have affected the deposit. Three sphalerite types and four pyrite types were identified based on their distinct mineral chemistry, trace element signatures, texture, and host rock associations.

Based on the geological characteristics of the Lappberget deposit, ten geological domains were established to provide a framework for understanding the variability in flotation performance within the deposit. Batch flotation tests were conducted for samples from each geological domain. Quantified mineralogical characterization of the flotation products from the batch flotation tests was undertaken using automated mineralogy complemented by electron microprobe analysis. Results from the deportment study of the silver-rich ore type revealed a variety of complexly intergrown silver-bearing minerals: mainly native silver, allargentum, and freibergite. A strong association between silver and antimony was also observed. The results of the sphalerite deportment study indicate that in terms of ore mineral characteristics, physical factors, such as grain size and liberation, have a more significant effect on sphalerite flotation than the presence of elevated iron and manganese in the sphalerite crystal structure. The high variability in the feed grade of the different ore types identified in the Lappberget deposit reflects the heterogeneity of the ore and, consequently, the variable flotation performance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2023
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
National Category
Geology Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Ore Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-94880 (URN)978-91-8048-238-7 (ISBN)978-91-8048-239-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-02-24, E-632, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 72267
Note

Funder: Boliden Mineral AB

Available from: 2022-12-19 Created: 2022-12-16 Last updated: 2023-09-14Bibliographically approved

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Tiu, GlacialleJansson, NilsWanhainen, ChristinaGhorbani, Yousef

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