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Comparison of three explorative methods for identifying building surface materials contributing pollutants to stormwater
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3518-1273
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4732-7348
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9938-8217
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1725-6478
2021 (English)In: Journal of Environmental Management, ISSN 0301-4797, E-ISSN 1095-8630, Vol. 299, article id 113574Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Runoff from building and structure surfaces may contribute to the pollution of urban stormwater and, thereby, to the degradation of the receiving water quality. Various micropollutants have been found in surface runoff from buildings in the urban environment, including metals and organic micropollutants. Effective methods for identification of such pollutants and their sources are the prerequisites for the development of control measures. In this paper, three different methods for the identification of building surface materials acting as sources of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn), nonylphenols and phthalates are presented: (i) screening of the material composition, (ii) laboratory leaching experiments with synthetic rainwater, and (iii) open-air pilot testing of material panels exposed to actual rainfall and runoff. These three methods cover a wide span of experimental aspects, including, e.g., size of material samples, resource demands, and control of influential factors. Nine materials commonly used on building and structure surfaces in the urban environment were tested: metal sheets of zinc, copper, galvanised steel, coated corrugated steel and stainless steel; and, four different roofing membranes of bitumen as well as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The experimental results indicated that all three methods were meritorious in providing some information contributing to the identification of pollutant sources. The screening of material composition for targeted pollutants is relatively quick and inexpensive, but may fail to identify minor sources of pollutants, or may identify the substances present in the material, but not released in contact with water. Laboratory leaching was generally effective in identifying sources of substances present in surface runoff, but was unsuitable for estimating the magnitude of actual concentrations in building runoff. Open-air pilot studies of material samples (exposed area = 2 m2) were thought to provide the results corresponding well to concentrations in runoff from actual building surfaces, but required relatively large financial and labour resources. Thus, the choice of the method for pollutant identification should be based on study objectives, and some benefits may be achieved using more than one method in an integrated manner; e.g., composition screening and lab or open-air leaching of targeted materials.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021. Vol. 299, article id 113574
Keywords [en]
Alkylphenols, Metals, Micropollutants, Nonylphenols, Phthalates, Urban diffuse pollution
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86922DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113574ISI: 000704752500007PubMedID: 34450299Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85113408916OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-86922DiVA, id: diva2:1589354
Funder
Vinnova, 2014-00804Swedish Research Council Formas, 942-2016-73
Note

Validerad;2021;Nivå 2;2021-09-01 (johcin);

Forskningsfinansiär: Åke och Greta Lissheds stiftelse (2016-00045)

Available from: 2021-08-31 Created: 2021-08-31 Last updated: 2024-03-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. An evaluation of sources contributing to urban runoff pollution
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An evaluation of sources contributing to urban runoff pollution
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
En utvärdering av källor som bidrar till förorening av dagvatten
Abstract [en]

Urban runoff is a significant pathway for the transport of diverse substances from the urban environment to receiving water bodies. Many of these substances are pollutants of environmental concern with potentially harmful effects on aquatic life. Detailed knowledge of the sources of pollutants entering stormwater runoff is needed to mitigate these effects.The overall aim of this doctoral thesis is therefore to provide new knowledge on the sources contributing to urban runoff pollution and to evaluate the specific contributions of micropollutants from two known major sources: building and structure surface materials, and vehicular activities. The work presented herein also (i) identifies pollutants that are expected to occur in runoff from buildings and other structure surfaces in the urban environment as well as in runoff from the road environment, (ii) estimates the concentrations of these pollutants released into runoff, and (iii) evaluates methods for identifying sources contributing to the pollution of urban stormwater runoff.

The novel work presented in the thesis includes a critical review of the literature on sources contributing to urban runoff pollution, laboratory leaching tests and open-air sampling of pilot panels of building and structure surface materials, and field sampling of urban roadside snow. The literature review was not restricted in terms of type of pollution, while the experiments focused on selected metals and organic micropollutants including phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

According to the literature review, atmospheric deposition, vehicular activities, and metallic building envelopes are the major pollution sources in the urban environment and have been studied far more extensively than other sources. Moreover, their dominance is likely to continue given their central roles in urban environments. The experimental results confirmed that vehicular activities were sources of octylphenols, bisphenol A, and phthalates as well as the metal(loid)s Sb and W, both of which were rarely determined in previous studies on urban runoff. Building and structure surface materials such as copper sheets, zinc sheets, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) roofing membranes were found to release Cu, Zn, nonylphenols, and phthalates. Among alkylphenols, nonylphenols were predominantly found in building surface runoff while octylphenols occurred predominantly in roadside snow. Metals occurred more commonly in dissolved (<0.45 μm) form in building surface runoff than in roadside snow, where metals were mainly attached to particles.

A comparison of methods for identifying building surface materials contributing to runoff pollution showed that laboratory leaching tests were generally effective for source identification but not for estimating concentrations in actual runoff, whereas open-air pilot studies were resource-intensive but give results that agree well with analyses of real runoff. In addition, the release of pollutants from building surface materials subjected to in-situ ageing was investigated and the water quality of rainwater-induced runoff was compared to that of snowmelt-induced runoff; neither of these issues were adequately addressed in the previous literature. These studies showed that pollutant concentrations were generally higher in rain runoff than in snowmelt runoff and that pollutant releases from most materials and substances exhibited no decreasing or increasing trend over time. However, the release of nonylphenols from one of the PVCs did decrease over time, possibly because of washing out and material ageing.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2022
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Stormwater quality, Pollution sources, Building surface materials, Traffic activities, Source identification methods
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-93325 (URN)978-91-8048-159-5 (ISBN)978-91-8048-160-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-11-25, E632, Luleå tekniska universitet, Luleå, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-09-29 Created: 2022-09-29 Last updated: 2024-03-22Bibliographically approved

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Müller, AlexandraÖsterlund, HeleneMarsalek, JiriViklander, Maria

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