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Anomaly Detection for Discovering Performance Degradation in Cellular IoT Services
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Computer Science. InfoVista Sweden AB.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1139-6998
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8681-9572
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3489-7429
InfoVista Sweden AB.
2021 (English)In: Proceedings of the IEEE 46th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2021) / [ed] Lyes Khoukhi; Sharief Oteafy; Eyuphan Bulut, IEEE, 2021, p. 99-106Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are envisioned to revolutionize the transportation industry, enabling autonomous processes and real-time exchange of information among vehicles and infrastructure. To safely navigate the roadways, CAVs rely on sensor readings and data from the surrounding vehicles. Hence, a fault or anomaly arising from the hardware, software, or the network can lead into devastating consequences regarding safety. This study investigates potential performance degradation caused by anomalies, by analyzing real-life vehicles’ sensory and network-related data. The aim is to utilize unsupervised learning for anomaly detection, with a goal to describe the cause and effect of the detected anomalies from a performance perspective. The results show around 93% F1-score when detecting anomalies imposed by the cellular network and the vehicle’s sensors. Moreover, with approximately 90% F1-score we can detect anomalous predictions from a deployed network-related ML model predicting cellular throughput and describe the root-causes behind the detected anomalies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2021. p. 99-106
Series
Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)
Keywords [en]
Anomaly, ML, LTE, Network Performance
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86965DOI: 10.1109/LCN52139.2021.9524931ISI: 000766931400013Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85118439647OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-86965DiVA, id: diva2:1590822
Conference
46th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2021), Virtual, October 4-7, 2021
Note

ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-1-6654-1886-7

Available from: 2021-09-03 Created: 2021-09-03 Last updated: 2022-04-21Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Quality of Experience in Industrial Internet of Things
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quality of Experience in Industrial Internet of Things
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Quality of Experience (QoE) is a research domain that measures the ”degree of de-light or annoyance of the users of an application or service”. Today’s research on QoE mainly addresses multimedia services, where the user’s subjective perception is the prime factor of determining the QoE. However, with the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in industrial services, this thesis argues for extending the conventional QoE defi-nition, architecture, and evaluation methods. Emerging IoT services, such as industrial transportation and manufacturing, are more complex, with different quality requirements than multimedia services. For instance, evaluating the machine-to-machine (M2M) com-munication that enables autonomous operations. Some IoT services closely engage with human lifestyle and privacy; hence, delivering and measuring quality is of utmost impor-tance. Consider a self-driving vehicle, making multiple real-time decisions as a result of automated predictive models. Therein, measuring QoE faces two key challenges. The first challenge is about measuring the QoE of an autonomous service. Traditional QoE is typically measured through subjective tests - an approach that doe not apply to intelli-gent machines. The second challenge is about understanding and measuring the impact of intelligent machines and their autonomous decisions. Quality degradation caused by the machines and M2M communication can affect the business, environment, and even raise life-threatening concerns.This thesis argues for a paradigm shift within the area of QoE in the direction of understanding the relationships between humans and intelligent machines, as well as among the machines. Thus, the main outcome of the thesis is the introduction of Quality of IoT experience (QoIoT), which extends the traditional QoE definition in covering IoT services. Within QoIoT, we consider a quality evaluation from the perspective of users, as well as from intelligent machines. The user’s perception is captured by following the traditional QoE models, while intelligent machines are evaluated throughput objective metrics describing their experiences and performance.As a result of the extended QoE definition, this thesis presents a QoIoT architecture consisting of a methodology and measurable parameters in emerging IoT services. The QoIoT architecture models low-level objective metrics from four layers of the IoT service: physical, network, application, and virtual. Then, the architecture argues for automated approaches in determining the quality of network (QoN) and quality of data (QoD) based on machine learning methods. In the next step of the architecture, we map the measured low-level objective metrics into high-level contextual metrics as part of a quality of context (QoC) layer. Finally, we aggregate the QoC metrics by considering the stakeholder’s requirements to form a unified metric measuring the QoIoT. The last part of the thesis validates the QoIoT architecture in a commercial industrial IoT service, involving autonomous mining vehicles. First, we devise experiments and propose methods for measuring the objective metrics within the QoN and QoD layers. Key results within the QoN layer include estimations of latency of IoT vehicular data, with the highest achieved of R2 accuracy of 90%, and cellular link throughput per vehicle, with R2 accuracy of 92%. Regarding QoD, we detect anomalous behavior within the data generated by the vehicles, including network and sensory data. The results show on average 0.90 F1 score when detecting network anomalies while driving the vehicle in the mining, rural, highway, and city environment, whereas 0.92 F1 anomaly detection score on average regarding speed, positioning, and heading directions in the same environments. Based on the mining stakeholder requirements, we then combine the QoN and QoD data with utility theory to calculate QoC metrics - driver’s perception, reliability, and safety of the vehicle’s operations; Finally, we aggregate the contextual metrics to measure the productivity of the vehicle, which is the ultimate proposed QoIoT metric for the mining use-case.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå University of Technology, 2021
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Pervasive Mobile Computing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86968 (URN)978-91-7790-916-3 (ISBN)978-91-7790-917-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-10-29, A193, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-09-07 Created: 2021-09-03 Last updated: 2021-10-27Bibliographically approved

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Minovski, DimitarÅhlund, ChristerMitra, Karan

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