This chapter aims to build an understanding of carbonized lignin-based materials in the form of carbon nanofibers and carbon aerogels. First, lignin is introduced as a precursor for novel bio-based carbon materials including a brief discussion about the most common industrial lignins, their chemical composition, and isolation processes. Thereafter, approaches from lignin to biocarbon including preparation of lignin-based fibers and aerogels and their carbonization process are reported in the literature and important properties are discussed. Finally, future applications for example as an electrode material in supercapacitors and as CO2 adsorbents of the lignin-based carbon materials and their most important properties are introduced.