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An evaluation of temporal changes in physicochemical properties of gully pot sediments
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7556-6605
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4438-2202
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1155-4132
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1725-6478
2022 (English)In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 29, no 43, p. 65452-65465Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Diffuse pollution is recognised as a major challenge in achieving EU Water Framework Directive compliance, with urban runoff being a key pathway connecting various sources to receiving waters. Gully pots, as one of the ubiquitous urban drainage infrastructures, are placed at the inlets of piped drainage pipe network and actively drain runoff from urban catchment with suspended solids proportionally retained. The physiochemical properties of these retained solids reflect the activities within the catchment during the accumulation period. In this work, seven gully pots in two catchment types (highway and housing) in Luleå, Sweden were fully emptied and sediments analysed for total mass, particle size distribution and selected metal concentrations by six size fractions. The results of this sampling campaign are compared with the results of a 2005 study of the same gully pots to identify changes in the physicochemical properties of sediments over time and examine whether changes identified can be linked to changes in wider catchment management practices. The results highlight the potential impacts of winter road maintenance operations (e.g. up to a fifteen-fold higher solids loading rate in road catchment gully pots), reaching a normalised solids accumulation rate of 0.176 - 0.819 kg m2 year-1. An increase in tyre and road wear associated with winter road maintenance operations is also understood to contribute to the temporal increase of several metals including Cu, Zn, Co, Cr and V in the < 63µm solids fraction in the road catchment gully pots. The concentrations of As and Pb decrease in all size fractions in both catchments, with the implementation of unleaded fuels (for Pb in housing catchment only), End-of-Life Vehicle Directive (Directive 2000/53/EC) (for Pb in both catchments), and strengthened industrial emission reduction measures suggested as possible drivers. The high contamination load for Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in < 63 µm sediments from low-traffic housing catchment also emphasised the necessity of tracing and restricting non-traffic related metal sources. Further seasonal monitoring of gully pot sediments is recommended to fully follow up the development of metals loading in both catchments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2022. Vol. 29, no 43, p. 65452-65465
Keywords [en]
Sediment, gully pot, catchmeent management practices, heavy metals, solids accumulation rate, particle size
National Category
Water Engineering Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-89934DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20341-8ISI: 000788985600017PubMedID: 35486282Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85129185407OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-89934DiVA, id: diva2:1647953
Funder
Vinnova, 2016–05176 DRIZZLE
Note

Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-09-28 (hanlid)

Available from: 2022-03-29 Created: 2022-03-29 Last updated: 2024-01-16Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Evaluating the transport and composition of gully pot sediments: Under changing anthropogenic activities and rainfall regimes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluating the transport and composition of gully pot sediments: Under changing anthropogenic activities and rainfall regimes
2022 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Gully pots are a fundamental runoff quality and quantity control measure installed in urban catchments around the world. However, their ubiquitous use in urban catchments also incurs a substantial resource demand in terms of routine maintenance if their continuous performance is to be assured. The studies included in this licentiate thesis advance knowledge on the potential risks and benefits associated with gully pots systems with regard to their role as a component of the pathway of surface runoff from urban catchments to receiving waters. The thesis interrogates the risks of previously deposited sediments being scoured under current and potential future rainfall conditions and the benefits of gully pots functioning as a temporal repository for pollutants as well as their potential role as a tool for tracking diffuse pollution changes at a local catchment level. Pollutant mobilisation during artificial gully pot emptying processes, and the implications of this for their subsequent management, are also discussed. The results provide insights into additional factors that need to be taken into account when developing gully pot management regimes. For the above purposes, the materials presented in this thesis include modelling, field and laboratory studies.  To estimate the impact associated with scouring of deposited solids from gully pots in the Swedish context (i.e. rainfall conditions and catchment characteristics), two storm-event based condition matrices were developed based on the output derived using two models from the literature. Model one outputs indicate that the scour-induced total suspended solids discharged from the gully pot can be kept below 25 mg/L if the gully pot fullness level is maintained below 60 % fullness level. Model two highlighted the higher susceptibility to scour and remobilisation of finer and lighter solids. The potential of this model to inform the dimensioning of gully pots to reduce the scouring of solids of a certain size range under targeted rainfall events is identified. In the field study, seven gully pots in two catchment types (trafficked road and housing land uses) in Luleå, Sweden, were fully emptied and the physicochemical properties of sediments and dredged waters characterised. By comparing data with the results of an earlier sampling of  the same seven gully pots, a temporal increase in the normalised solids accumulation rate in the road catchment was highlighted, reaching 0.176 – 0.819 kg·m-2·year-1. In terms of pollutants, a significant temporal decrease in median As and Pb concentrations and increases in median Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni and Co concentrations in sediments of certain size ranges were reported. In terms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a major temporal shift from a light weight PAH dominated profile to a heavy weight PAH dominated profile was identified. Discussions consider if, and if so how, the characterised temporal changes may relate to changes in catchment practices which have occurred during the time interval between sampling periods. With the exception of Cd, total pollutant loadings per gully pot were 1.5 – 8 times higher in road catchment gully pots than housing catchment gully pots. The hydraulic dredging approach to gully pot emptying used in this work remobilised < 20 % of pollutants from the sediments phase into dredged waters, with the majority of these pollutants associated with suspended materials. A comparison of the pollutant concentrations in dredged waters with available quality standards/guidelines identifies the need for further treatment to minimise their potential ecological impacts on receiving water recipients. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2022
Series
Licentiate thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1757
National Category
Water Engineering Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-89935 (URN)978-91-8048-045-1 (ISBN)978-91-8048-046-8 (ISBN)
Presentation
2022-05-24, B192, Luleå, 13:00 (English)
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-03-29 Created: 2022-03-29 Last updated: 2023-09-05Bibliographically approved
2. Accumulation and Composition of Gully Pot Sediments under Varying Anthropogenic Activities
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Accumulation and Composition of Gully Pot Sediments under Varying Anthropogenic Activities
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Ackumulering av sediment i dagvattenbrunnar och dess innehåll under varierande antropogena förhållanden
Abstract [en]

Gully pots (GPs) are an integral urban drainage component, contributing to conveying runoff from urban surfaces and reducing the load of solids and associated contaminants entering downstream piped systems and receiving waters. Over time, the silting-up of GPs impairs their hydraulic performance, increasing the risk of GP blockage-induced flood events and reducing solids retention performance. These challenges are typically addressed through GP emptying programmes. However, current GP maintenance strategies lack clear aims and a robust evidence-base, against which their effectiveness can be benchmarked. The overall aim of this doctoral thesis is to enhance understanding of the factors influencing the physicochemical properties and accumulation of solids in GPs, thereby laying the groundwork for further assessment and optimisation of GP maintenance strategies. The study encompasses various anthropogenic factors such as land use types, seasonal activities, traffic conditions, environmental regulatory measures, GP design and catchment characteristics. Research reported in this thesis includes both desk-based modelling (e.g. a study on sediment scour behaviours), and the results of an extensive field sampling campaign (sediments from a total of 87 GPs were assessed for dry masses, particle size distribution (PSD) and a range of conventional and emerging urban and traffic-related substances).

The considerable variations in physicochemical properties, mass accumulation rates of sediments and associated contaminants in GPs question the utility of the prevalent generalised maintenance strategy. Although GPs in trafficked roads showed significantly higher solids mass accumulation rates compared to those in non-trafficked catchments, this factor alone could not fully explain observed variations. For example, whilst selected typically traffic-sourced contaminants such as 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and heavy-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH-H) exhibited significantly higher concentrations in GP sediments from trafficked roads, further typically-traffic-related pollutants (e.g. aliphatic hydrocarbon > C16-C35 and Zn), as well as 4-nonylphenol (NP) and monobutyltin (MBT) were reported for GPs located in commercial and car parking land-use types. In terms of temporal dynamics, winter-spring road safety measures did not consistently result in significantly higher solids mass accumulation rates compared to summer-autumn accumulation data. However, where present, a greater influence of winter-spring road safety measures was identified under certain conditions. For example, GPs along straight roads with adjacent pedestrian/bicycle paths showed an up-to 130-fold increase in solids accumulation rates following winter-spring accumulation, largely due to the practice of using coarse traction grits in this road feature type. Synergistic impacts of winter-spring road safety measures and road layout features were also observed. This includes amplified tyre and road wear (a function of the combined use of studded tyres, traction grits and frequent braking at roundabouts) is identified as contributing to e.g. significantly higher mass fraction of <63 µm sediments and concentrations of Zn, Cd, OP, selected PAHs and phthalates in corresponding GPs following winter-spring accumulation. Additionally, significant temporal changes in basic parameters of GP sediments such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total organic carbon (TOC) were identified, indicating substance phase changes (e.g. adsorption/desorption) at solid-liquid interfaces should be anticipated, and their impact considered when assessing GP sediment management needs.

This research also contributes to sediment management through the characterisation of GP sediments for a broad list of contaminants. The comparison of sediment substance concentrations with Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNECs) (and, where these are not available, with Norwegian guideline values) indicated that 31 substances in at least one investigated GP exceeded threshold values. This demonstrates that GPs can accumulate contaminated sediments and underscores the need to revisit the role of GPs in mitigating runoff quality (and quantity) as part of an integrated urban stormwater management plan.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2024
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Catch basin, Stormwater, Sediment, Urban runoff, Xenobiotics, Gully pot maintenance, Emerging pollutant
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Urban Water Engineering; Centre - Centre for Stormwater Management (DRIZZLE)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-103762 (URN)978-91-8048-466-4 (ISBN)978-91-8048-467-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-03-14, A117, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-01-16 Created: 2024-01-16 Last updated: 2024-09-02Bibliographically approved

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Wei, HaoyuMuthanna, Tone MereteLundy, LianViklander, Maria

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