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Skin stimulation and recording: Moving towards metal-free electrodes
Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8488-6803
Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
Center for Bionics and Pain Research, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Institute of Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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2022 (English)In: Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, E-ISSN 2590-1370, Vol. 11, article id 100143Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

When one thinks about electrodes, especially ones meant for humans, one typically thinks of some kind of metal. Whether on the skin or in the brain, metal electrodes are characteristically expensive, stiff, non-efficient in electron-ion transduction, and prone to toxic metal ion by-products during stimulation. In order to circumvent these disadvantages, electrically-conductive laser-induced graphene (LIG) and mixed electron-ion conducting polymer (poly(3, 4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate – PEDOT:PSS) was leveraged to create a metal-free electrode combination that allows for an economical, soft, and organic electrode for applications on human skin. Compared to clinical-standard silver – silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) skin electrodes, the metal-free hydrogel electrodes show notable improvement in electrochemical stability and prolonged stable potentials during long-term DC stimulation (0.5–24 h). Recording and stimulation performance on human participants rivals that of Ag/AgCl, thus fortifying the notion that they are an appropriate progression to their noble metal counterparts.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd , 2022. Vol. 11, article id 100143
Keywords [en]
Bioelectronics, Conducting hydrogels, Direct current stimulation, Skin electrodes
National Category
Materials Chemistry Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-93743DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100143Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85129113570OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-93743DiVA, id: diva2:1707922
Funder
Swedish Research CouncilEU, Horizon 2020, 759655, SPEEDERIngaBritt and Arne Lundberg’s Research FoundationPromobilia foundation
Note

Godkänd;2022;Nivå 0;2022-11-02 (sofila);

Funder: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, German Research Foundation, (grant no. EXC-2082/1–390761711)

Available from: 2022-11-02 Created: 2022-11-02 Last updated: 2023-10-09Bibliographically approved

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Asplund, Maria

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