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Enabling integration between energy planning and spatial planning processes
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2540-8956
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Signals and Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5385-7022
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Energy Systems Architectural Engineering
Research subject
Architecture; Automatic Control
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-103186OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-103186DiVA, id: diva2:1816778
Available from: 2023-12-04 Created: 2023-12-04 Last updated: 2024-02-20
In thesis
1. On Efficient Modeling, Simulation and Control of District Energy Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On Efficient Modeling, Simulation and Control of District Energy Systems
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Effektiv modellering, simulering och reglering av fjärrenergisystem
Abstract [en]

Sustainable energy systems rely on a wide range of energy sources, where an integral part is to use the available energy as efficiently as possible. District energy systems are considered a key factor towards decarbonization as an efficient way of distributing heat and cold within urban areas and facilitating the utilization of renewable energy sources and heat recovery from, e.g., industrial plants and data centers.

A dynamic model of the process can be used to achieve high-performing control and an increased understanding of the district energy system. However, a city-scale, automatically generated, and updated model that can be used for the plant's whole lifecycle remains a distant vision. Large-scale physics-based models are sometimes used for planning and validation, but using the same models for optimization and control, long-term simulation, or running a high number of simulation scenarios can be computationally prohibitive or impossible due to a lack of applicable methods. 

In the thesis, the physics of the district energy grid is presented along with modeling, simulation, and control methods, towards the goal of increasing the computational efficiency and flexibility of the models and methods. The grid is described using graph theoretical concepts and a linear parameter-varying state-space model representation, followed by an introduction to reduced-order models, heat load prediction, Gaussian process models, and feedback control with dead-time compensation for temperature control in district energy systems. 

The main contributions are the six research papers composing the thesis. Experiences, challenges, and possible methods to address the presented problems are summarized in the first paper of the thesis. In the second paper, a method for the prediction of heat load for buildings is presented, followed by a paper on a machine learning-based method for modeling of the thermal dynamics in a district heating pipe. In the following paper, a method for reduced order modeling of district energy grids using graph theoretical methods and spectral clustering is presented. The fifth paper suggests an integrated approach to spatial and energy planning using an optimization-based tool, and the final paper presents a method for decentralized temperature control in district heating networks using dead time compensation. Based on the work in the thesis, conclusions are finally given. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2024
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
National Category
Control Engineering
Research subject
Automatic Control
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-103188 (URN)978-91-8048-450-3 (ISBN)978-91-8048-451-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-02-15, E 632, Luleå Tekniska Universitet, Luleå, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencyEU, Horizon 2020, 775970
Available from: 2023-12-04 Created: 2023-12-04 Last updated: 2024-09-02Bibliographically approved
2. Applying Industrial Ecology in Urban Planning for the local integration of data centers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Applying Industrial Ecology in Urban Planning for the local integration of data centers
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Tillämpning av industriell ekologi i stadsplanering för lokal integration av datacenter
Abstract [en]

The data center industry’s rapid development raises questions about how to regulate data center locations and expansion, becoming a matter of high concern regarding Urban Planning. Data center facilities are commonly located and scaled (regarding power and size) responding to business profitability interests steered by the global market. This makes data centers lose the sense of belonging and relationship with the specific territory, with specific ecosystems where they are located.  Urban planners’ role in data center establishments could guarantee the relationship and interaction with the local social, economic, and environmental ecosystems.  

The increasing concern about environmental problems, such as electronic waste streams, or energy consumption, and their impact on a local context makes the interplay between Urban Planning and Industrial Ecology a relevant field of research. The study of their relationship shows pathways to plan and enable the data centre industry transition towards a more sustainable approach. This thesis analyzes the data center establishments in a specific territory, Sweden, as a phenomenon. A phenomenon in which data centers perturbate the social, economic, and environmental ecosystems where established. Data centers consume a considerable amount of local resources: land, water, and electricity; consequently, they produce a considerable amount of excess heat from this electricity consumption. A pre-study of the data center phenomenon in Sweden showed that only 10% of the data centers established utilize excess heat to support other activities in the local context. This example shows that Sweden lacks strategies to mitigate data centers’ energy waste, and therefore might need to increase the strategic focus when planning data center locations to achieve a more sustainable management of the resources consumed and produced by this industry within the Swedish territory. 

When considering the territory as a frame for analysis, questions about scale and levels of analytical resolution in Industrial Ecology research and practice are of the upmost relevance. Industrial Ecology researchers warn that there is not a simple analytical hierarchy from local to global; instead, there are multiple ways to delineate space: political/administrative jurisdictions, economic regions, or ecological regions among others, and these delineations/boundaries are usually mismatched. Some authors have already started defining the relationships between Urban Planning and Industrial Ecology in a generic way. The research in this thesis wants to build on previous research to pursue a deeper understanding of how the Urban Planning field (usually following administrative boundaries) can serve the Industrial Ecology field, by focusing the analysis on a specific industrial system, namely the data center industry. This is done by analyzing planning practices, activities, tools, aspects, or strategies related to existing data center establishments that hinder or enable this industrial system to resemble nature’s ecosystem dynamics. 

The thesis compiles five embedded studies (Study I, II, III, IV, V) within a single case study, the data center phenomenon in Sweden. The unit of analysis in each embedded study is defined following administrative boundaries (country, region, municipality), but the obtained results from the embedded studies are analyzed under the Industrial Ecology multi-level analytical perspective; Macro (Settlement patterns and resource flows); Meso (Industrial symbiosis and urban eco-efficiency standards); Micro (planning and policy actions). This multi-level analytical framework acknowledges the mismatched boundaries between Urban Planning scales (national, regional, municipal) and Industrial Ecology analytical levels (macro, meso, micro). This framework translates the simple analytical hierarchy used in Urban Planning practice into the complexity of natural ecosystems. This translation, as the main result of this thesis, is fundamental to make relevant planning actors, (practitioners, researchers, etc.) understand their role in supporting the transition of existing and emerging economic activities within the data center industry, to resemble nature’s systems dynamics.

Abstract [sv]

Datacenterbranschens snabba utveckling väcker frågor om hur man ska reglera dels val av plats för anläggningen, dels expansionen av datacenterbranschen som sådan, vilket är högst relevant för stadsplanering. Datacenteranläggningar är vanligtvis placerade och dimensionerade (avseende effekt och storlek) baserat på affärsintressen som styrs av den globala marknaden. Detta medför att datacenter i regel saknar tillhörighet och relation till den specifika platsen och platsens specifika ekosystem. Vid etablering av datacenter skulle stadsplanerare kunna garantera relationen och interaktionen med de lokala sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga ekosystemen.

Men den ökande oro som finns för miljöproblem med datacenters, såsom elektroniskt avfall eller energiförbrukning, och deras påverkan lokalt motiverar till forskning om samspelet mellan stadsplanering och industriell ekologi. En undersökning av detta samspel kan visa vägen för planering av och möjliggöra övergång mot en mer hållbar datacenterbransch. Denna avhandling analyserar fenomenet; etableringarna av datacenter i Sverige. Ett fenomen där datacenteretableringar påverkar de sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga ekosystemen. Datacenter förbrukar en stor mängd lokala resurser i form av mark, vatten och elektricitet och från elförbrukningen produceras dessutom en betydande mängd överskottsvärme. En förstudie av datacenterfenomenet i Sverige visade att endast 10 % av de etablerade datacentren utnyttjar överskottsvärme för andra aktiviteter lokalt. Detta pekar på att Sverige behöver planeringsstrategier för att minska datacenters energiavfall, för en mer hållbar hantering av de resurser som förbrukas och produceras av denna bransch.

När man väljer ett geografiskt område (som Sverige) som analysram frågor om skala och analytisk upplösning är av yttersta vikt. Forskare inom industriell ekologi menar att det inte finns en enkel analytisk hierarki från lokal till global nivå; i stället finns det flera sätt att avgränsa det rumsliga genom; politiska och administrativa regler, ekonomiska regioner eller ekologiska regioner bland andra. Dessa avgränsningar är dock vanligtvis svåra att kombinera. Vissa forskare har redan börjat definiera relationerna mellan stadsplanering och industriell ekologi på ett generellt sätt. Denna avhandling syftar till att bygga vidare på tidigare forskning för att fördjupa förståelsen för hur stadsplanering (som vanligtvis följer administrativa gränser) kan nyttja industriell ekologi genom att analysera ett specifikt industriellt system, nämligen datacenterbranschen. Detta görs genom att analysera planeringspraxis, aktiviteter, verktyg, aspekter eller strategier som hindrar eller möjliggör att datacenterbranschen kan likna naturens ekosystemdynamik.

I Avhandlingen sammanställs fem delstudier (studie I, II, III, IV, V) inom en fallstudie, datacenterfenomenet i Sverige. Analysenheten i varje delstudie definieras efter administrativa gränser (land, region, kommun), medan resultaten från delstudierna analyseras med den industriella ekologins analytiska nivåer; Makro (bosättningsmönster och resursflöden); Meso (industriell symbios och miljöeffektiv stadsplanering); Mikro (planering och politiska åtgärder). Den analytiska ramen pekar på de oförenliga gränserna mellan den fysiska planeringens skalor (nationell, regional, kommunal) och de analytiska nivåerna för industriell ekologi (makro, meso, mikro). Denna ram översätter den enkla analytiska hierarkin som används inom praxis för den fysiska planeringen till komplexiteten i naturliga ekosystem. Denna översättning, som huvudresultatet från denna avhandling, är grundläggande för att relevanta planeringsaktörer (politiker, praktiker, forskare etc.) ska förstå sina roller i att stödja övergången av befintliga och framväxande ekonomiska verksamheter inom datacenterbranschen, till att mer likna naturens ekosystemdynamik.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2024
Series
Doctoral thesis / Luleå University of Technology 1 jan 1997 → …, ISSN 1402-1544
Keywords
Data centers, Industrial Ecology, Urban Planning, Spatial Planning, Energy Planning
National Category
Other Civil Engineering Energy Systems Other Engineering and Technologies
Research subject
Architecture
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-104328 (URN)978-91-8048-486-2 (ISBN)978-91-8048-487-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-04-19, A117, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-02-20 Created: 2024-02-20 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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Ramos Caceres, CristinaSimonsson, Johan

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