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Material Characterisation, Modelling, and Validation of a UHSS Warm-Forming Process for a Heavy-Duty Vehicle Chassis Component
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5280-0710
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7895-1058
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5120-6533
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5218-396X
2025 (English)In: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 15, no 4, article id 424Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The lightweighting of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) is an effective strategy to reduce fuel consumption and lower CO2 emissions in the transport sector. The widespread application of ultra-high-strength steels (UHSSs) in HDV construction offers a viable solution, particularly for thick-walled chassis components. This study aimed to support the lightweighting of heavy vehicles by developing a methodology capturing the entire warm-forming process in the range of 430–580 °C for thick-walled UHSSs—from material characterisation, including elastoplastic and fracture properties, to downstream forming process simulations. A novel 7 mm thick UHSS grade, WARMLIGHT-980 (ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 980 MPa), intended for warm forming was investigated at 430, 505, and 580 °C using samples of reduced thickness. The results showed that thickness reduction had minimal influence on mechanical response at elevated temperatures, enabling flexible specimen design. The thermal uniformity improved in thinner samples, enhancing testing reliability. The calibrated hardening and fracture models demonstrated strong agreement with experimental data. Validated simulations of thick-walled components confirmed the accuracy of the modelling approach. The findings support the development of reliable, temperature-dependent models for warm-forming applications and contribute to the design of lighter, more sustainable HDV components without compromising structural integrity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2025. Vol. 15, no 4, article id 424
Keywords [en]
lightweighting, warm forming, ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS), heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), mechanical characterisation, process modelling
National Category
Solid and Structural Mechanics
Research subject
Solid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111963DOI: 10.3390/met15040424OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-111963DiVA, id: diva2:1943589
Note

Validerad;2025;Nivå 2;2025-04-09 (u2);

Funder: Research Fund for Coal and Steel, Project: WarmLight (Grant Agreement: 800649);

Full text: CC BY license;

Available from: 2025-03-11 Created: 2025-03-11 Last updated: 2025-04-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Material Characterisation and Warm-Forming Process Modelling of Ultra High Strength Steel for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Chassis Components
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Material Characterisation and Warm-Forming Process Modelling of Ultra High Strength Steel for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Chassis Components
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Materialkaraktärisering och processmodellering av varmformning av ultrahöghållfast stål för chassikomponenter i tunga fordon
Abstract [en]

The European Commission has set a target to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from road transport by 60\% compared to 1990 levels by 2050, as outlined in the Transport White Paper. In 2012, passenger cars accounted for about 60\% of GHG emissions from the road transport sector, a figure expected to decline to 45\% by 2030. Meanwhile, heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), including trucks, buses, and coaches, contribute around 26\% of total CO$_2$ emissions in the European Union, with trucks alone responsible for over 85\% of this share. To achieve the 2050 goal, the European Commission has identified key strategies, including improving vehicle efficiency, developing sustainable propulsion systems, and using advanced lightweight material solutions. A promising approach to reduce fuel consumption and increase payload capacity in HDVs is to reduce vehicle weight. One method is the integration of ultra-high strength steels (UHSS) into chassis structures, enabling thinner, lighter components. However, the limited ductility of UHSS in cold-forming requires exploring alternative forming techniques. Warm forming of thick-walled UHSS sheets presents a viable solution. This thesis focused on the mechanical characterisation of WARMLIGHT-980, a novel 7~mm thick UHSS grade (UTS 980~MPa), developed for warm forming in the 430–580\textdegree C range. The goal of the forming process is to produce lightweight components with high stiffness and fatigue resistance, specifically for HDVs. The elastoplastic and ductile failure properties of this UHSS grade were investigated at elevated temperatures to support numerical simulations of warm-forming processes. Failure strains under various stress triaxialities and specimen geometries were determined by digital image correlation. Due to the thickness of the material, conventional full-scale specimens were impractical; thus, scaled-down 1.2~mm specimens were tested and validated against full-thickness tensile tests. Inductive heating was used to reach target-forming temperatures, with thermal photography confirming uniform distribution. A modified Mohr-Coulomb ductile failure model, calibrated at 3D stress states, was used to predict crack formation during forming. The thermo-mechanical simulation model was validated through three-point bending tests by comparing force-displacement responses. Thickness distribution from simulations was also compared with demonstrator components. Findings indicate UHSS can be effectively warm-formed into complex components at elevated temperatures. The calibrated material model accurately describes material behaviour, with simulation results closely matching experimental force measurements. This research supports the development of lightweight, high-performance HDV structures through improved forming processes and material modelling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2025
Series
Licentiate thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1757
Keywords
Warm-forming, Mechanical Characterisation, HDVs, UHSS
National Category
Solid and Structural Mechanics
Research subject
Solid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111965 (URN)978-91-8048-785-6 (ISBN)978-91-8048-786-3 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-04-25, E243, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-03-11 Created: 2025-03-11 Last updated: 2025-04-02Bibliographically approved

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Larsson, FredrikHammarberg, SamuelJonsson, SimonKajberg, Jörgen

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