Among the most interesting features offered by one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured oxides are their functional properties that can be usefully exploited in the field of energy conversion, in applications such as thermoelectrics and excitonic solar cells. Peculiar characteristics of 1D oxide structures with respect to polycrystalline or bulk counterpart, mainly related to their adjustable electronic conduction, render them strong candidates for the next generation of energy conversion devices. Furthermore, many of these materials are characterized by low-cost production, are non-toxic and relatively easy to produce, allowing a good perspective in large-scale assembly for the fabrication of end-user devices. In this paper we review the most recent achievements on 1D nanostructured oxides applied to thermoelectric devices and excitonic solar cells, highlighting the benefits offered by 1D shape on the functional properties of the devices and the possibility to manage energy transduction mechanisms in more efficient ways. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.