This survey makes an overview of the most recent applications on the neural networks for the computer-aided medical diagnosis (CAMD) over the past decade. CAMD can facilitate the automation of decision making, extraction and visualization of complex characteristics for clinical diagnosis purposes. Over the past decade, neural networks have attained considerable research interest and are widely employed to complex CAMD systems in diverse clinical application domains, such as detecting diseases, classification of diseases, testing the compatibility of new drugs, etc. Overall, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art of neural networks for CAMD. It helps the readers understand the topic of neural networks for CAMD by summarizing the findings addressed in recent academic papers as well as presenting a few open issues of developing the research on this topic.