The study aimed to determine Aluminum sludge composition and structure for its valorisation as an alternative natural material for heavy metals removal from wastewater for further reuse as treated water in different applications. The study was conducted to investigate the introduction of Al-bearing sludge composition. The physical and chemical properties were examined using X-ray diffraction tests (XRD), scanning electron microscope tests (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared tests (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller tests (BET). Furthermore, the heavy metal concentrations of synthetic wastewater were measured using the spectrophotometry method. The experimental procedure is based on testing different pH limits and amounts of aluminum sludge to find the optimum conditions for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) removal. The results demonstrated a high removal efficiency where its value reached up to 97.4% and 96.6% for Zn and Cu, respectively, in an acidic medium (pH = 6) using a relatively high amount of sludge (1400 mg). Nevertheless, a low efficiency was obtained in the strongly acidic medium (pH = 4) and a smaller sludge amount of about 480 mg.

Nowadays, remote sensing technologies are playing a significant role in mineral potential mapping. To optimize the exploration approach along with a cost-effective way, narrow down the target areas for a more detailed study for mineral exploration using suitable data selection and accurate data processing approaches are crucial. To establish optimum procedures by integrating space-borne remote sensing data with other earth sciences data (e.g., airborne magnetic and electromagnetic) for exploration of Iron Oxide Copper Gold (IOCG) mineralization is the objective of this study. Further, the project focus is to test the effectiveness of Copernicus Sentinel-2 data in mineral potential mapping from the high Arctic region. Thus, Inglefield Land from northwest Greenland has been chosen as a study area to evaluate the developed approach. The altered minerals, including irons and clays, were mapped utilizing Sentinel-2 data through band ratio and principal component analysis (PCA) methods. Lineaments of the study area were extracted from Sentinel-2 data using directional filters. Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) were used for classification and analysing the available data. Further, various thematic maps (e.g., geological, geophysical, geochemical) were prepared from the study area. Finally, a mineral prospectively map was generated by integrating the above mentioned information using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). The prepared potential map for IOCG mineralization using the above approach of Inglefield Land shows a good agreement with the previous geological field studies.

In geophysical inverse problems, the distribution of physical properties in an Earth model is inferred from a set of measured data. A necessary step is to select data that are best suited to the problem at hand. This step is performed ahead of solving the inverse problem, generally on the basis of expert knowledge. However, expert-opinion can introduce bias based on pre-conceptions. Here we apply a trans-dimensional algorithm to automatically weigh data on the basis of how consistent they are with the fundamental assumptions made to solve the inverse problem. We demonstrate this approach by inverting arrival times for the location of a seismic source in an elastic half space, under the assumptions of a point source and constant velocities. The key advantage is that the data do no longer need to be selected by an expert, but they are assigned varying weights during the inversion procedure.

Min-North is a transnational project financed by the Interreg Nord program and coordinated by LTU. The project is a cooperation between Geological survey of Finland, GTK, Oulo University (Finland), The Arctic University of Norway, UiT and several (>17) small and large enterprises and mining companies in the northern region with expertise within geology, waste management, geophysics and geochemistry. The overall goal is to reduce the environmental impacts of mining in the northern regions by developing, evaluating, optimizing environmental techniques. In Sweden, geophysical and geochemical techniques will be integrated to develop a 4D model for tracing pollution transport in the mine waste, mine areas and in(to) the surroundings.

Two lightning impacts are described from an area near the Inland Ice in West Greenland. The first lightning blasted an outcrop of metacherts. It subsequently split into two branches, which traversed rock outcrops and boulders, leaving behind two white almost straight lines, 30 m and 14 m long, respectively, where all lichens and plants were burned away. On the white lines the upper few millimetres of the traversed boulders were melted to a glass which subsequently peeled off by thermal expansion to leave a rough surface. Magnetic investigation of an amphibolite boulder found on the white line showed that a strong electric current indeed traversed the boulder. A few years later a second lightning impacted on a mountaintop close to the first impact. The second lightning left a trail on the rock surface covered by a thin layer of glass. The glass displays spectacular colours ranging from metallic blue to red, yellow and green.

We conducted an initial high-power CSEM (controlled-source electromagnetic method) survey in a coastal salt-flat area in the broader area of Half Moon Bay, in the southern part of Dammam Peninsula in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The primary purpose of this work was to verify the technology, but we were also able to detect and characterize potential economic brines in the study area. For a high-quality data acquisition, several transmitter–receiver configurations, different acquisition parameters, and passive and active EM data were collected, evaluated, processed, and interpreted to characterize the subsurface. The long-offset EM (LOTEM) and the focused-source EM (FSEM) were the optimum configurations due to the high-quality of the collected data. This is a starting point for using the CSEM method towards the O&G, geothermal, CO2 sequestration, groundwater, lithium brine, and other natural resources’ exploration and exploitation in the Gulf countries.

This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the complete stress field and its variation versus depth. The validity of the protocol is visualized in the case study at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL), south-eastern Sweden, a site predominantly sampled using the overcoring method. Overcoring data involve explicit (measurementrelated) as well as implicit uncertainties. The former include for example uncertainties regarding determination of the location of the test sections in physical space and of the value of elastic parameters, as well as uncertainties in strain-/displacement measurements, etc. The explicit types of uncertainties are fairly straightforward to analyze and correct for during the stress calculation procedure. The implicit uncertainties, on the other hand, such as the assumption of homogeneity and linear-elasticity, are much more difficult to appreciate and correct for, if possible at all. Yet, as for explicit errors, they may render an individual test or a series of tests completely meaningless, and it is therefore crucial that both categories of uncertainties are identified, understood, and properly considered within the process of stress field determinations.

The proposed methodology follows the directions outlined by ISRM for rock stress estimation using overcoring methods (Sjöberg et al., 2003; Sjöberg & Klasson, 2003). In addition, we pay particular attention on avoiding, identifying, and correcting for various potential sources of error, the sampling strategy, and considerations of the continuity hypothesis.

Recent developments in drilling technology have resulted in about five to ten times faster penetration rates compared to penetration rates of conventional diamond drilling. The increased penetration rates open up for affordable drilling of deep boreholes in regions with cold crust, such as in Scandinavia, allowing for geothermal energy generation in enhanced geothermal systems. We present two infrastructures for downhole sampling and testing, Riksriggen and the LTU downhole stress measurement system. Riksriggen produces a borehole that allows in-situ sampling and testing to 2.5 km depth. Furthermore, highly relevant data for geothermal energy production is produced, for example fracture geometries and frequencies, as well as depth of zones with elevated transmissivity zones and their in-situ hydraulic conductivities. The LTU downhole stress measurement system allows determination of the three-dimensional stress tensor and its spatial variation with depth in a scientific unambiguously way. Thus, Riksriggen and the LTU downhole stress measurement system provide data needed for planning most stable borehole trajectory with depth and to determine optimal pattern of production and injection wells (e.g. hydraulic stimulation by fraccing), as well as for assessing the risk of induced seismicity.

We present a novel approach where time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) data are transformed and subsequently used in two-dimensional (2-D) magnetotelluric inversion of the determinant of the impedance tensor. The main idea is to integrate TEM with magnetotelluric (MT) data to produce subsurface electrical resistivity models. Specifically, we show that 2-D MT data inversion of the determinant of the impedance tensor supported by inclusion of TEM–MT-transformed data has superior resolution at the near surface and at the same time static shift afflicting the MT data can be addressed. Thus, the approach allows for practical express integration of TEM data with MT measurements as opposed to a full combined 3-D inversion, which requires significant resources. The approach is successfully applied in the Mygdonian sedimentary basin located in Northern Greece. In addition to TEM and MT data, also controlled source — and radiomagnetotelluric data are available from the Mygdonian basin, which have been subjected to 2-D analysis previously. We have extended the analysis to a full 3-D inversion using ModEM code. All obtained models are analysed and are in a good agreement.

We present magnetotelluric (MT) data from the northern Fennoscandian shield, which show extreme behavior due to the complex geoelectric setting left behind by the tectonic reworking of the Archaean bedrock during the Palaeoproterozoic. The core of the MT data set from the central Finnish Lapland were acquired in 2014 in the context of the MaSca-project.

Extreme data are defined by the condition where the determinant of the real and/or imaginary part of the impedance tensor becomes negative. This is related to, but is a more anomalous condition than out-of-quadrant off-diagonal impedance phases. Physically, these are associated to reversal of e.g. the electric field as compared to its direction for one-dimensional resistivity structure. So far, only few examples of extreme data have been explicitly reported in geophysical literature. Data previously classified as erroneous might belong to the class of extreme data instead and data quality analysis should take this into account. A resistivity contrast of at least ca. 1:1000 is required to observe extreme data, as indicated by synthetic modelling studies. Extreme data are challenging from a modelling point of view and thus also drive the need for new developments in forward and inverse codes for MT.

In this study, behavior of the phase tensor parameterization in case of extreme data is clarified. The quadrants of the principal value phases, a piece of information inherently missing from the phase tensor, can be recovered if the parameters are followed as a function of period. The behavior of the determinant (average) of the impedance tensor is investigated, since out-of-quadrant determinant phases are sometimes observed in conjunction with extreme data. A special condition is demonstrated, which links out-of-quadrant determinant phases and extreme data to negative determinant of the galvanic distortion tensor.

The northern part of the Fennoscandian shield records several Palaeoproterozoic phases of rifting, crustal shortening, metamorphism and structural reactivation. The geologic history has left behind a complex crustal geoelectric structure as evidenced by magnetotelluric (MT) data from the central Finnish Lapland acquired in the context of the MaSca-project in 2014. The data are characterized by strong 3-D effects such as high phase tensor skew values and anomalous induction vectors. Interestingly, however, at the same time a dominant E-W principal direction from the phase tensor data can be inferred. 3-D conductivity models derived using the ModEM code display, high crustal conductance (> 10,000 S) in the vicinity of the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, the Peräpohja Belt and the Kuusamo Belt. Conductors in the northern and southern part of the study area are separated by a resistor coinciding with the Central Lapland Granitoid Complex. A remarkable feature is an arc-shaped conductor inside the northern part of the Central Lapland Granitoid Complex, which continues into the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt in the north. The conductor is associated with a major induction vector anomaly and also coincides with extreme responses (negative phase tensor principal values), which are discussed in an accompanying paper. The conductive structures in the models are interpreted as deeply buried graphite and sulphide bearing metasedimentary rocks or as reactivated Archaean shear zones. The revealed geoelectric structures also partly correlate with seismic reflection and other geophysical data from the area. A possible explanation for the observed pervasive E-W principal direction of the phase tensor data could be the aulacogen (failed rift) suggested in recent tectonic evolution models.

In this paper, we compare and contrast the results of field experiments with the dipole-dipole-induced polarization (IP) and controlled-source audio-magnetotellurics (CSAMT) methods, along the same survey profiles, at a test area that was subject to extensive drilling and detailed geological investigation. The ore bodies are interbedded between two series of dacitic tuff. The depth and thickness of the massive chalcopyrite-pyritesphalerite body vary between 25 and 100 m and 0.5 and 16 m, respectively. Resistivity and IP phase measurements on the core samples collected from the test area provide some idea of the relative differences between the background rock units and the target. The resistivity of the chalcopyrite samples varies between 0.6 to 2 ohm-m and provides sufficient resistivity contrast with surrounding volcanic rock units for target detection. The results of dipole-dipole IP profiling with a 50-m dipole length conducted along two profiles are presented in the form of apparent resistivity and phase pseudosections. CSAMT measurements were made at 13 frequencies from 2 Hz to 8192 Hz along three profiles. The receiver dipole length was 25 m. The CSAMT data are presented in the form of pseudosections using conventional and new definitions of apparent resistivity. The elliptical contours of low apparent resistivity generated by the transition-field notch can be misleading with respect to the real anomaly of the ore body. These artificial anomaly patterns are suppressed by making use of an alternative apparent resistivity definition derived from the frequency-normalized impedance. The qualitative interpretation based on the IP and CSAMT pseudosections shows that the location and the extension of the ore body are indicated better in the CSAMT apparent resistivity data computed from the alternative definition. The qualitative interpretation of the IP data is difficult because of the 3-D effect arising from the neighboring thicker parts of the ore body and pyrite particles within the basement. At the final stage, the far-field range of the CSAMT apparent resistivity and phase data is identified by the visual inspection of the individual sounding diagrams. The models derived from the 2-D Occam inversion carried out on the far-field data are compared with the drill-hole information and are found to describe the actual geological situation.

The Palaeoproterozoic Skellefte Mining District is host to abundant ore deposits. Geological 3Dmodelling was performed using the gOcad software platform. Geological methods such as field mapping, structural analysis and facies analysis combined with geophysical techniques such as reflection seismic investigations, resistivity, magnetic, electromagnetic and gravimetric studies and analysis of potential field data provide a framework for the reconstruction of the crustal geometry and geological history of the district as a tool for modern ore exploration. Results will be furthermore utilized for kinematic 4-dimensional modelling

Four-dimensional geological modelling has been conducted in the Palaeoproterozoic Skellefte mining district. 3D-modelling of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits and associated host-rocks has been carried out in multiple scales from deposit to regional scale and is based on a combination of geological and geophysical investigations. A conceptual model founded on unravelling the structural control on sedimentation, volcanism and mineralization and the subsequent deformation patterns, acts as a base for geological modelling. The final 3D-model provides a structural framework in which the mineralizations can be studied by improved understanding of the structural evolution in the mine areas, and by comparing the regional structural patterns versus the form and attitude of ore deposits. Additionally, uncertainty and prospectivity models were constructed showing the distribution of data and the potential of discovering new ore deposits. Subsequent 4D-modelling adds the time aspect to the 3D-models and aims at visualizing and understanding the geological history in the district and as a support for ore targeting. Moreover, adding geological time to the modelling helps gaining confidence about both the conceptual models and the 3D-models. The final 3D- and 4D-models provide a regional three-dimensional context for both industrial and academic activities in the Skellefte district, and aid the understanding of large-scale tectonic processes.

The Sarfartoq carbonatite complex occurs in the transition zone between Archaean and Paleoproterozoic gneisses in southern West Greenland. The Sarfartoq carbonatite complex hosts ore deposits and occurrences of rare earth elements and niobium. In this study, airborne HyMap hyperspectral imagery and coincident airborne gamma-ray spectroscopy data were analysed for mineral exploration of Sarfartoq carbonatite complex. The study area included the carbonatite core zone and a hydrothermally altered shear zone prospective for rare earth elements mineralization in the southern margin of the carbonatite complex. The analysis of the hyperspectral imagery was focused on the mapping of the spatial distribution of carbonatite, fenite and limonite. Significant anomalies of uranium, thorium and potassium were outlined from the gamma-ray spectroscopy data. Decision trees were used to combine the results from the hyperspectral image analysis and airborne gamma-ray spectroscopy. Significant anomalies of thorium at the hydrothermally altered shear zone coinciding with the presence of carbonatite rocks are generally indicative of outcropping rare earth element mineralization. The study indicates the benefits of coincident airborne hyperspectral and gamma-ray spectroscopy surveys for the mineral exploration of carbonatite complexes.

Magnetotelluric (MT) data were recently collected on Broggerhalvoya, Svalbard, in a 0.003-1000 s period range along a curved WNW-ESE profile. The collected data manifested strong three-dimensional (3D) effects. We modelled the full impedance tensor with tipper and bathymetry included in 3D, and benchmarked the result with determinant data two-dimensional (2D) inversion. The final inversion results indicated striking similarity with known surface bedrock geology and well reflected the tectonic history of the region. The most convincing contribution of the MT data is perhaps the elegantly imaged interplay between repeated basement-involved fold-thrust belt structures and successive down-dropped strata along steeply dipping oblique-normal faults (e.g., the Scheteligfjellet Fault) that created a horst/ridge and graben/depression system. Peculiarly, the MT result suggests that the Paleocene-Eocene fold-thrust belt structures dominate the shallow crustal level, while later normal faults in the area can be traced deeper into the pre-Devonian basement formations strongly affecting fluid and heat migration towards the surface. Near the sub-vertical Scheteligfjellet Fault, the MT model indicates aquifers within the upraised horsts of the pre-Devonian system at 2-5 km depth, sandwiched between the down-faulted resistive (ca. 500-3000 Om) Carboniferous and Permian successions. The section west of the Ny-Alesund settlement has signatures of lateral and subvertical cap-rock sealings, surrounding a steep and deep-seated major fault and aquifer systems. This section of the peninsula therefore requires closer investigation to evaluate the deep geothermal resource prospect.

Recently acquired time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) and magnetotelluric (MT) data sets are utilized in the first electromagnetic (EM) characterization of a geological CO₂ storage target site in Adventdalen, Arctic Norway. Combining the two EM data sets enabled to resolve the electrical resistivity structure of the target site better than either of the methods alone. 2D inverting the MT data in the audio period interval (0.003–1 s) with supporting input derived from the TEM data (0.01–10 ms) provided a geologically meaningful resistivity model that included information not previously evident from existing seismic and borehole data. The ca. 1.8 × 1 km 2D resistivity model displays a laterally constrained highly conductive anomaly (ca. 10 Ω m) at about 400–500 m depth, where reflectors of a parallel seismic section are concealed and core samples indicate a highly fractured décollement zone formed during Paleogene compression. The base of the permafrost is imaged at ca. 200 m depth. Synthetic inversion tests, however, suggest that this may be exaggerated by tens of meters, due to a thin conductive layer present approximately between 10 and 25 m depth. The resistivity model does not give indication for a fluid pathway we can connect to leakage, in line with water injection and leak-off tests in the reservoir and cap-rock, both of which indicate a sealing shale-dominated cap-rock separating an over-pressured compartment above the sealing shale from a severely under-pressured reservoir interval. The results we present indicate the advantage of integrating EM exploration techniques in a CO₂ reservoir-cap-rock study to obtain a more complete picture.

Broadband (0.001–1000 s) magnetotelluric (MT) data along a crooked profile collected to investigate the geothermal potential on Spitsbergen could not be fully explained by two-dimensional (2D) models; hence we interpret the data with three-dimensional (3D) inversion herein. To better accommodate 3D features and nearby off profile resistivity structures, the full MT impedance tensor data together with the tipper were inverted. As a model control, a detailed bathymetry is systematically incorporated in the inversion. Our results from testing different inversion settings emphasised that appropriately choosing and tuning the starting model, data error floor and the model regularization together are crucial to obtain optimum benefit from MT field data. Through the 3D inversion, we reproduced out of quadrant impedance components and obtained an overall satisfactory data fit (RMS = 1.05). The final 3D resistivity model displays a complex geology of the near surface region (< 1.5 km), which suggests fractures, localized and regional fault systems and igneous intrusions in the Mesozoic platform cover deposits. The Billefjorden fault zone is revealed as a consistent and deep rooted (> 2 km) conductive anomaly, confirming the regional nature of the fault. The fault zone is positioned between two uplifted basement blocks (> 1000 Ωm) of presumably pre-Devonian (Caledonian) metamorphic rocks, and the fault may have been responsible for deformation in the overlying Paleozoic-Mesozoic unit. Upper crustal conductive anomalies (< 10 Ωm) below the Paleozoic-Mesozoic succession in the western part of the 3D model are interpreted as part of a Devonian basin fill. These conductors are laterally and vertically bounded by resistive rocks, suggesting a conducive environment for deep geothermal heat storage. Having this scenario in an area of a known high heat-flow, deep faults and a thinned lithosphere makes the hypothesis on finding a technologically exploitable geothermal resource close to human settlement in the area stronger.

Inversion of noisy magnetotelluric data over a horizontally stratified earth has no unique solution. Instead, the resistivities and thicknesses of the layers can only be specified to lie within certain bounds at a particular confidence level. The significance of having correctly estimated data errors when calculating the parameters and parameter bounds is discussed. Emphasis is put on the very corrunon problem of not being able to obtain models which can be considered acceptable with a reasonable certainty from a statistical point of view. A method is presented to obtain a pragmatic data error description by adjustment of wrongly estimated data errors while keeping the suppression of 1D data features at a minimum. A comparison is made between calculation of the parameter bounds based on approximating the confidence surface by hyperellipsoids and a calculation based on a full non‐linear most‐squares analysis. In general it is found that the approximation works very well when the confidence limit is small. However, significant deviations are found in some cases.

This paper demonstrates that - under favorable conditions - by using multichannel recording and subsequent stacking of adjacent records marine airgun shots have been detected at offset distances up to 700 km, the maximum offset at which the authors attempted to record data.^Besides a powerful airgun array, a low noise environment at the recording site and the elimination of static shifts are the prerequisites to obtain refracted and reflected arrivals from the crust and upper mantle at such large offsets.^Primary arrivals detected at offsets between 400 and 700 km image the upper mantle from 70 to about 120 km depth.^Stacking of neighboring shots and/or receivers successfully increases the signal-to-noise ratio, if the traces have been corrected for offset differences, which requires knowledge of the apparent phase velocities.^The data presented here were collected in autumn 1989 during the BABEL Project on the Baltic Shield.

In order to provide a better understanding of the self-potentials generated by groundwater flow through real in-situ geological conditions and a tool for assisting in the interpretation of SP measurements obtained from such domains, a three-dimensional finite element computer program was written to model self-potentials generated by the flow of liquid through a porous medium. Using the program, a finite element domain is defined and each element can be assigned separate anisotropic hydraulic, electric and cross-coupling conductivity values. The hydraulic flow is defined by boundary conditions and the hydraulic conductivity distribution and is related to the electric flow through the thermodynamic theory of coupled flows.The program first determines the hydraulic potential distribution, and then calculates the electric current sources before solving for the electric potential distribution. The program was made to be quite user-friendly, versatile and fully graphical. The program was used to model seepage flow through an earth embankment dam and the results were compared to actual self-potential field measurements. It was found that the results obtained by the program were comparable with field measurements provided that sufficient knowledge of the conductive properties within the dam was available for modelling. The program successfully provides the hydraulic and electric potential distributions throughout the domain based on the input model parameters.

Rock magnetic and palaeomagnetic studies have been performed on sediments and Palaeozoic to Tertiary rocks in Thailand. The first part of the thesis includes an environmantal study based on the magnetic properties of recent sediments in one of southern Thailands largest water reservoirs, the Songkla Lake. Sediment from 21 cores collected from different parts of the lake were investigated. From the correlation with age determinations of the sediments, the sedimentation velocities could be determined and related to different parts of the lake. In an attempt to put Thailand and its geological evolution into a plate tectonic context rock magnetic and palaeomagnetic studies were performed on rock from different blocks in southern and northern Thailand. The results show that large parts of Thailand have been remagnetized due to the intrusions of Permian-Triassic granites, and that rock have been deformed in relation with a collition between Asia and India. The plate tectonic analysis shows a clear tectonic contrast between the Shan Thai and Indochina Blocks, a difference that can be related to a collition between Asia and India during the Cenozoic. The study also demonstrates that northeast Thailand, which forms a part of the Indochina Block, has been attached to the South China Block during late Jurrasic time. The presented model of the tectonic evolution for this part of Thailand supports to a large extent earlier presented geological models.

Several paleogeographic configurations for the Amazonian Craton have been suggested along its geological history. Paleomagnetic tests for suggested configurations are however restricted due to very sparce and low quality paleomagnetic data, especially for Paleoproterozoic. In an attempt to improve our understanding of the geodynamic evolution, a paleomagnetic study was performed on felsic volcanic rocks of the Colider Suite, and associated mafic rocks in the Rio Negro-Juruena Province, southwestern Amazonian Craton. These rocks have well dated zircon U-Pb ages between 1.80-1.78 Ga. Very stable northern (southern) directions with moderate to steep negative (positive) inclinations were isolated during AF and thermal demagnetization. Rock magnetism experiments show that the magnetization, which is probably of primary origin, in the felsic rocks is carried by hematite and in the mafic rocks by Ti-poor titanomagnetite. A preliminary mean direction (D=187.4°, I=50.9°, N=16, A95=11.3°, K=11.7) yield a paleomagnetic pole located at 289.4°E, 65.4°S (A95=12.9°), which is classified with quality factor of Q=5. Paleogeographic reconstructions using key Paleoproterozoic poles suggest that Laurentia, Baltica, North China, and Amazonian Craton were located in laterally contiguous positions forming a large continental mass at 1.83-1.77 Ga ago.

In an attempt to improve our understanding of the Paleoproterozoic geodynamic evolution, a paleomagnetic study was performed on 10 sites of acid volcanic rocks of the Colider Suite, southwestern Amazonian Craton. These rocks have a well-dated zircon U-Pb mean age of 1789 +/- 7 Ma. Alternating field and thermal demagnetization revealed northern (southern) directions with moderate to high upward (downward) inclinations. Rock magnetism experiments and magnetic mineralogy show that this characteristic magnetization is carried by Ti-poor magnetite or by hematite that replaces magnetite by late-magmatic cleuteric alteration. Both magnetite and hematite carry the same characteristic component. The mean direction (Dm = 183.0 degrees, Im = 53.5 degrees, N = 10, alpha(95) = 9.8 degrees, K = 25.2) yielded a paleomagnetic pole located at 298.8 degrees E, 63.3 degrees S (alpha(95) = 10.2 degrees, K = 23.6), which is classified with a quality factor Q = 5. Paleogeographic reconstructions using this pole and other reliable Paleoproterozoic poles suggest that Laurentia, Baltica, North China Craton and Amazonian Craton were located in laterally contiguous positions forming a large continental mass at 1790 Ma ago. This is reinforced by geological evidence which support the existence of the supercontinent Columbia in Paleoproterozoic times.

The Nuna supercontinent was probably assembled in the Paleoproterozoic, but its paleogeography and the timing for its demise are still a matter of debate. A paleomagnetic and geochronological study carried out on the Mesoproterozoic Nova Guarita dyke swarm (northern Mato Grosso State, SW Amazonian Craton) provides additional constraints on the duration of this supercontinent. Paleomagnetic AF and thermal treatment revealed south/southwest (northeast) magnetic directions with downward (upward) inclinations for nineteen analyzed sites. These directions are carried by PSD magnetite with high unblocking temperatures as indicated by additional magnetic tests, including thermomagnetic curves, hysteresis loops and the progressive acquisition of isothermal remanence in selected samples. A positive contact test with the host granite in one of the studied dykes further attests to the primary origin of the characteristic magnetic component. A mean site direction was calculated at Dm = 220.5°, Im = 45.9° (α95 = 6.5°, K = 27.7), which yielded a paleomagnetic pole located at 245.9°E, 47.9°S (A95 = 7.0°). 40Ar/39Ar dating carried out on biotites from four analyzed dykes yielded well-defined plateau ages with a mean of 1418.5 ± 3.5 Ma. The Nova Guarita pole precludes a long-lived Nuna configuration in which Laurentia, Baltica, North China, and Amazonia formed a long and continuous block as previously proposed for the Paleoproterozoic. It is nevertheless fully compatible with a SAMBA (Amazonia-Baltica) link at Mesoproterozoic times.

I detta arbete så har de magnetiska och magnetotelluriska (MT) geofysiska metoderna används för att skapa två 3D modeller över Laverområdet i södra Norrbotten. I området finns en porfyrkopparfyndighet som Boliden rapporterade in 2012. Målet med båda modellerna är att fördjupa förståelsen för bildningsmiljön för fyndigheten och för att se hur lämpade de geofysiska metoderna är för prospektering. Det första steget var att använda befintliga magnetiska data och processa den med ED funktionen (Beiki, 2010) för att identifiera strukturer och bergartskontakter i området. Den magnetiska data användes för att producera en 3D modell med inversionsprogrammet SimPEG (Cocket, et al., 2015). Denna modell kunde skilja mellan vulkaniska och övriga bergarter i området. Magnetotelluriska data samlades in i september 2018 och modellerades med MOD3DEM (Egbert & Kelbert, 2012), denna modell hade dock problem att finna anomalier i området.

This thesis is an attempt to throw further light on the structural development of the passive continental margin of the Western Barents Sea in the area from 72000'N to 74000'N and from 17000'E to 10000'E. It is based mainly on multichannel reflection seismics but available aeromagnetic, shipborne magnetic and free-air gravimetric data have also been analyzed. It seems from the results that the area between what is generally called the Senja fracture zone and the possible southernmost part of the Hornsund fault zone consists of a nonoceanic basement. The transition between the oceanic and the continental basement is placed adjacent to the Senja fracture zone and its northern continuation up to 740 N. The transition zone to the east of the Senja Fracture Zone in the area 720 50'N to 74000'N suggested in earlier works is here correlated with the development of a listric fault complex rooted in a detachment zone. The non-oceanic basement to the east of the Senja Fracture Zone is also examined and it is suggested that this basement is a stretched continental crust. A chronology for the sequences chosen has been established using the wells 711719-1 and 711719-2 located to the south of the area studied. The structural development of the margin has been dated on the basis of seven depth maps and four isopach maps of the sequences representing the time from the onset of the Tertiary to the end of the Oligocene. The main result is that the end of a major rifting phase corresponds to the beginning of the Paleocene while the onset of the sea floor spreading corresponds to the time interval from Early Eocene to Late Eocene. It appears from backstripping studies that the free-air gravity anomaly associated with the Senja Fracture Zone is probably due to the sediments loading an oceanic plate. This would mean that the Senja "Fracture Zone" is not really a fracture zone. It also seems that the seafloor spreading took place in an oblique northwards manner and that the oceanic basement closest to the Senja "Fracture Zone" and its northern continuation up to 740N is of Eocene age. If this interpretation is correct it would call for a modification of the 2-stage opening model of this area proposed in earlier works.

This paper provides a detailed interpretation of several aeromagnetic datasets over the Jameson Land Basin in central East Greenland. The interpretation is based on texture and lineament analysis of magnetic data and derivatives of these, in combination with geological field observations. Numerous faults and Cenozoic intrusions were identified and a chronological interpretation of the events responsible for the magnetic features is proposed built on crosscutting relationships and correlated with absolute ages. Lineaments identified in enhanced magnetic data are compared with structures controlling the mineralized systems occurring in the area and form the basis for the interpretations presented in this paper. Several structures associated with base metal mineralization systems that were known at a local scale are here delineated at a larger scale; allowing the identification of areas displaying favorable geological settings for mineralization. This study demonstrates the usefulness of high-resolution airborne magnetic data for detailed structural interpretation and mineral exploration in geological contexts such as the Jameson Land Basin.

The Jameson Land Basin, located in central East Greenland, initiated in Devonian time with the collapse of the over-thickened Caledonian Orogen. The basin developed during different phases of rifting from the late Paleozoic to the Mesozoic and has accumulated between 16-18 km of sediments. In Paleogene time, the basin was affected by intense magmatism due to the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean c. 55 Ma ago. Due to a significant uplift in Miocene time, the sedimentary sequence is well exposed along the basin margins, revealing numerous mineral occurrences hosted within almost the entire stratigraphic succession. The major types of mineralization comprise: (1) intrusion-related Mo (± Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag) mineralization associated with Paleogene intrusive complexes; (2) stratabound and/or stratiform Cu, Pb, Zn, (Ag) within Upper Permian and Triassic clastic and marine sedimentary formations; (3) stratabound and structurally controlled Pb-Zn, Cu, Ba, (Sr) mineralization in Upper Permian carbonates; and (4) structurally-controlled Pb, Zn, Cu (±Sb, Bi, Ag, Au) vein-type mineralization within Caledonian and Paleozoic rocks.

It is well acknowledged that structures such as faults, thrusts, detachments, shear zones and associated fracture systems play an important role as fluid conduits connecting metal sources and sites of mineral precipitation. In particular, previous studies showed that mineral occurrences within the East Greenland Caledonides are closely related to lineaments and intrusions. In this context, the Crusmid-3D project was initiated in 2014, aiming at establishing the links between the crustal structures and the mineral occurrences in the Jameson Land Basin using a combination of geological and geophysical data. The interest for mineral exploration in the area led exploration companies and institutions to carry out magnetic and electromagnetic surveys, and the data derived from these constitute the base of this study.

This thesis provides a detailed structural interpretation of aeromagnetic data in the Jameson Land Basin where several magnetic trends associated with Tertiary dikes and sills as well as with reactivated Paleozoic and Triassic faults were delineated. These data, in combination with a literature review and compilation of the mineral occurrences in the Jameson Land Basin, allowed highlighting seven prospective areas for structurally-controlled base metal mineralization.

New structural data from geological fieldwork, drilling results and geophysical data (magnetic, electromagnetic and seismic data) along the eastern margin of the basin allowed a new interpretation of the geometry of the Triassic rift in East Greenland, represented by NE-SW-trending basins and highs segmented by NW-SE-trending transfer zones. It can be correlated with its European conjugate margin, displaying analogies with the Triassic Froan and Helgeland Basins in the Norwegian offshore and with the Papa and West Shetlands Basins north of the Shetland Islands.

The proposed structural model of the Triassic rift was further investigated using 3D-geologically-constrained inversion of magnetic data in order to refine the architecture of the eastern margin of the Jameson Land Basin. Modelling results confirmed the presence of a shallow westward dipping peneplained crystalline basement in the southern part of the area while the northern part is characterized by faulted blocks, which accommodated relatively thick red bed sedimentary sequences, thereby representing a good potential source of base metals.

Furthermore, Induced Polarization (IP) effects observed in airborne time-domain electromagnetic data acquired in the eastern margin of the basin were investigated using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). The analysis of the shape and amplitude of the transient response curves using the SOM allowed identifying four areas where the transient curve patterns exhibit strong IP effects. These are shown to be collocated with Tertiary sills and dikes, clay-altered rocks as well as with a sulfide-bearing brecciated granite and with Triassic stratigraphic horizons hosting disseminated base metal sulfides.

The Jameson Land Basin in central East Greenland is mineralized in Pb, Zn and Cu. Mineralization occurs in several stratigraphic horizons and along structures in Upper Permian and Triassic sediments. A good understanding of the basin architecture and evolution is therefore essential for mineral exploration in this area. 3D-Photomapping from high resolution aerial photos along with a structural interpretation of aeromagnetic data, electromagnetic data, and results from fieldwork and drilling were integrated into a 3D-structural model. This data integration allowed modelling the rift architecture in the eastern margin of the Jameson Land Basin.

In the Mesters Vig area epithermal Pb-Zn sulphide-bearing quartz veins are associated with the border faults of a NNW-SSE elongated graben down-faulting Carboniferous to Lower Triassic sediments. The analysis of the total magnetic field, tilt derivative, vertical derivative and analytic signal allowed to define subcropping magnetic domains and identify structural trends. Doleritic dykes, sills and faults were mapped and structural relationships were established between them. Finally, aeromagnetic data allowed here to delineate structural trends along and in the vicinity of which mineralized quartz veins are mapped.

nduced Polarization (IP) effects were observed in airborne Time Domain EM (TEM) data acquired in central East Greenland in the context of exploration for disseminated sulphides in a sedimentary basin. Some of the IP anomalies were targeted by drilling which revealed the absence of mineralization. In order to understand the possible causes of the IP effects we first identified them in the TEM data. IP indicators were extracted from the shape of the transient curves at every measurement location and were analysed by using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) procedure. Results from K-mean clustering of the SOM are visualized on a geographical map showing the transient curves’ characteristics. Some of the clusters are clearly correlated with the geology whereas others merely reflect recordings below the noise level. In order to interpret the cause of the IP anomalies the airborne TEM data were inverted for the Cole-Cole parameters.

Key palaeomagnetic poles are defined as those which pass basic reliability criteria and are precisely and accurately dated. They allow a more rigorous analysis of Precambrian continental drift and continental reconstructions than the traditional apparent polar wander path (APWP) approach using mostly non-key poles. Between ca. 2.45 and 2.00 Ga in the early Palaeoproterozoic, key poles define the drift of the Archaean Superior craton of Laurentia, yielding a result that is quite unlike the drift interpreted in earlier studies using the APWP method. There are no early Palaeoproterozoic key poles for the other Archaean cratons that amalgamated to form Laurentia and Baltica prior to 1.8 Ga, so that a rigorous test of early Palaeoproterozoic reconstruction models is not possible. Key poles from Laurentia between ca. 1.46 and 1.267 Ga and Baltica between 1.63 and 1.265 Ga help to define, in a preliminary fashion, the early Mesoproterozoic drift of the two shields. The key pole age match at ca. 1.265 Ga is consistent with Baltica located adjacent to eastern Greenland, and geological considerations suggest that the most reasonable fit aligns the Labradorian belt of Laurentia with the Gothian belt of Baltica. Although there is limited support from non-key poles and key poles that are not matched in age for such a fit as early as ca. 1.8 Ga, no rigorous assessment will be possible until a match in key pole ages is achieved. In the late Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic, Laurentia's drift is reasonably well documented by seven key poles between 1.235 and 0.73 Ga. There are no key poles in this period from Baltica, however, so that a ≈90° clockwise rotation of Baltica relative to Laurentia between 1.265 and 1.0 Ga, widely used in the literature, cannot be confirmed.

Of many hundreds of well-defined palaeomagnetic poles that have been reported from cratons around the world in the 1700-500 Ma period, only a few are precisely dated. However, such ‘key' palaeopoles are a prerequisite for establishing rigorous palaeomagnetic reconstructions in order to chart the assembly, drift and breakup of the postulated late Precambrian supercontinent of Rodinia. Most key palaeopoles are derived from mafic dykes and sills that have been dated by U-Pb techniques. Most are from Laurentia, the largest and best studied of the continental fragments that are thought to have comprised Rodinia. Thirteen key Laurentia palaeopoles form an incomplete reference set that can be used for comparison with key palaeopoles from other cratons as they become available. Currently, there are four key palaeopoles for Baltica between 1700 and 500 Ma, although only one allows a direct comparison with a similar aged pole from Laurentia. The 1265 Ma match between Baltica and Laurentia is consistent with reconstructions in which Baltica is adjacent to present-day east Greenland, with the ca. 1700-1500 Ma Gothian and Labradorian belts aligned. Few key palaeopoles are yet available from other cratons. However, recent U-Pb dating of dykes, sills, or volcanic rocks in the Siberian, Australian and Kalahari cratons and in Coats Land of Antarctica constrains the ages of individual palaeopoles from each of these areas. Most of these are not key palaeopoles because they have not been conclusively demonstrated to be primary, or local tectonic rotations have not been ruled out. Nevertheless, they are useful in testing Rodinia reconstructions. In this paper, a U-Pb baddeleyite age is reported from the late Gardar magmatic rocks of southwest Greenland. Along with the previously published palaeopole for this unit, this age helps constrain the Mesoproterozoic location of southwest Greenland relative to North America.