The addition of environmentally friendly items to conventional items sometimes leads people to believe that the carbon footprint of the entire set decreases rather than increases. This negative footprint illusion is supposedly underpinned by an averaging bias: people base environmental impact estimates not on the total impact of items but on their average. Here, we found that the illusion's magnitude increased with the addition of a greater number of "green" items when the number of conventional items remained constant (Studies 1 and 2), supporting the averaging-bias account. We challenged this account by testing what happens when the number of items in the conventional and "green" categories vary while holding the ratio between the two categories constant (Study 3). At odds with the averaging-bias account, the magnitude of the illusion increased as the category size increased, revealing a category-size bias, and raising questions about the interplay between these biases in the illusion.

This chapter compares the post-extraction dynamics of two mining regions in the Fennoscandinavian Arctic: the Pite valley, Sweden, and Kolari, Finland. In 1946 the Swedish mining company Boliden closed a mine in Laver, which became a ghost town. Decades later, state authorities tried to turn Laver into a cultural heritage site. Boliden joined the effort to support its plan to re-start mining at Laver, a project that has, however, become highly controversial. The Finnish case deals with a similar controversy. Hannukainen mining company wants to re-open an iron ore mine that was in operation 1975-1990. As part of their strategy to gain acceptance for re-opening, the company and supporters of the project have mobilized the history of the mining sites and argues mining is a core element of the heritage of the Kolar municipality. Both cases have generated tension regarding the type of history and heritage of these regions: those of reindeer herding by Sámi and other local communities, or that of extractive industries? The cases show that heritage making can be useful, but it can also be a source of conflict, further underscoring the importance of the long-term view of extraction.

This article explores the role of park rangers’ social networks in two national parks in Sub-Saharan Africa and suggests that the way that actors connect shape conservation outcomes. We do this against the backdrop of how conservation worldwide has moved away from state-centric top-down approaches towards management structures that includes a wide range of stakeholders spanning multiple administrative levels and sectors. This trend entails challenges as well as opportunities for conservation management. The theoretical framework of the study is given by social capital theory and the notion that the structure of social networks – more specifically the three network features of bonding, bridging, and linking – relate to the presence of institutional trust and rule compliance. The findings indicate that the structure of social networks, in particular the different forms of social capital in those networks, matters for the way they function. The result indicates that bridging and linking ties positively relate to institutional trust and rule compliance. These social networks form a basis for building institutional trust in areas where trust towards government tends to be low. Managers should think about these structures when they implement conservation policy. We recommend to 1) foster structures where park rangers connect to a wide range of actors and thus resources, information, and knowledge 2) include park rangers in the decision making for a more efficient and sustainable management, and 3) build bridges that reach the local communities to facilitate institutional trust and encourage voluntary compliance.

The world’s dependency on cobalt mines in Congo and cobalt refineries in China is seen as serious security issues with potentially dangerous implications for the energy transition. However, Chinese refineries have a similar supply security issue as most of its cobalt concentrates are imported. Most supply security studies take a country perspective on market concentration and supply risks. However, control of the mines and refineries lies with the producing companies, not the governments of the countries where they are located. This paper analyses the corporate structure of the cobalt industry at the mine and the refinery stages over a longer time period to establish changes in the level of corporate concentration and to put the situation in 2018 in perspective. The level of corporate concentration at the mine stage is low and does not raise concerns for market failures or a lack of competitiveness. Corporate concentration of refined cobalt depends on the Chinese government’s influence over Chinese production: if the state control over individual refineries is assumed to be strong, the corporate concentration is high. Mine stage supply security could be strengthened by improving the general political stability in the DRC to make the country more attractive for investors other than the present ones. Increased local beneficiation would strongly benefit Congo and reduce China’s influence. This is a long and complicated process and its success is not at all certain. At the refinery stage, the solution is much easier: reliability of supply could be improved by constructing refineries in countries outside China.

Syftet med rapporten var att se över beslutsprocesser och kartlägga arbetssätt inombeslutsfattning i komplexa industriprojekt i kommunal linjeverksamhet. Arbetet har innefattat studier av beslutsprocesser i kommunal verksamhet, projektmodeller, delegationsordning och etableringsprojekt som har identifierats och sammanställts. För att få ett bredare perspektiv har intervjuer gjorts med personer i ledande roller iindustrietableringar i andra kommuner

This chapter explores mining as a social process of continuous change into the future. Following new environmental legislation, environmental remediation and re-wilding are becoming practices of restoring landscapes altered by extraction. These are also political, social, and cultural processes involving multiple actors making choices. Remediation and re-wilding, still in an exploratory stage in the Arctic, demonstrate the entangled nature of sustainability. In order for extraction to become “sustainable” it is essential that governance has a focus on what is left when peak extraction is passed. If that is done in a hasty and irresponsible manner it will take a long time to heal “landscape scars” and other wounds that extraction has brought. The chapter focuses on the environmental remediation of two former mining sites – the Nautanen mine in Norrbotten in Sweden and the Lunckefjell mine and Sveagruvan on Svalbard – with very different contexts. At Lunckefjell, the wider framework was to safeguard Norwegian sovereignty on Svalbard. At Nautanen, remediation was limited to an attempt to make a profit from mining waste and eventually failed because of a conflict over responsibility.

Syftet med projektet är att generera generiska kunskaper om snö och is som naturlig och hållbar resurs för innovativ produkt- och destinationsutveckling. Via omvärldsanalys och benchmarking, thinktank för koncept och produktutveckling och skapande av en experimentell IceLab och test-arena för snökonstruktioner och upplevelser kring snö och is, avser projektet att bidra till ny kunskap och innovativ inspiration till besöksnäringen att utnyttja snö och is som resurs till produkt- och destinationsutveckling och därigenom stärka Sverige som en innovativ vinterdestination. Målgrupp för projektets resultat är förutom forskarvärlden, befintliga och tillkommande entreprenörer samt destinationsorganisationer (DMO´s) och kommuner som har en naturlig tillgång till snö och is.

The concept of smart tourism destinations has gained increased interest in tourism research. In this study, we show how previous research has shaped the current discourse on smart tourism destinations. By analysing meta-narratives, we outline how the use of language has influenced the research domain of smart tourism destinations. When the scope of a research field is broad and still unclear, a systematic meta-narrative analysis of the literature is recommended, to provide a holistic view and an understanding of how narratives unfold over time. Our findings highlight that there are certain words that dominate the contemporary discourse in this research field, presented as meta-narratives of smart tourism destinations. Our study shows how language plays an important role in providing frameworks for the research discourse and offers a legitimation of master ideas. By analysing the language used in published scientific texts for describing and defining smart tourism destinations, we identify the meta-narratives that build major language-based concepts and how these have formed the research field of smart tourism destinations.

I have worked in parallell with my studies and have thereby had the opportunity to investigate and evaluate the routines involving the work with risks, handling of deviations, incidents and accidents, and the continuous definition of these. We are governed by laws and regulations and our systematic environment work. Here I have highlighted the clauses which are important for us in our work towards a safer work environment. The report shows how we work in the production of risk analyses and how we through interviews have investigated how well routines are followed and adhered to. I also look at what would happens after a possible accident and how we should act after this.

Digitalisation and Industry 4.0 promote a fundamental technological disruption that requires industry, research and government institutions to revisit their roles within the innovation ecosystems. Actors in this environment need to understand value co-creation during interaction and collaboration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the triple helix collaborative capabilities in an Industry 4.0 ecosystem context. The case under study is a Finnish national publicly funded research project involving five global manufacturers, three research institutions, and several small-and medium-size enterprises (SMEs). The results demonstrate that practices related to adaptivity, experience sharing, SME co-innovation and scale up can enable the ecosystem to be managed in a dynamic way. Yet, this type of operation requires the adoption of the ecosystem approach with mutual trust, intensive collaboration and the identification of common aims among the project participants. The presented co-innovation model can be used to design innovation ecosystem projects in the future.

Automation är nästa stora steg för gruvindustrin. Genom att implementera automation i de processer som finns i gruvindustrin så kan gruvor öka produktiviteten av sina maskiner, gruvor kommer kunna bättre planera för de material, utrustning och personal som används för att öka effektiviteten, automation kommer även möjliggöra att gruvorna kan bättre förutse när maskiner kommer behöva underhåll, samt att automation ökar säkerheten då det minskar behovet för att ha människor på plats i gruvan. Tidigare studier har fokuserat mycket på vilka fördelar som automation kan ge till gruvindustrin, detta examensarbete fokuserar på att skapa ett ramverk för implementation av automation i gruvor, samt vilka resurser som krävs för en lyckad implementation och när ansvaret för maskinerna lämnas över från en OEM till gruvan. Tillvägagångsättet var att genomföra intervjuer och analysera interna dokument hos en OEM för gruvmaskiner för att skapa ett ramverk, och därefter testa detta med ett verkligt pilotprojekt i en gruva som var i implementeringsfasen av projektet. Detta resulterade i ett ramverk med 6 steg: Feasibility, Initiation, Planning, Execution, Measuring and Controlling, och slutar med Closing. Några viktiga aspekter som framgick av studien var att ha rätt kompetenser hos arbetarna och ge rätt utbildningar till rätt personer var ytterst viktigt, inte bara för att de ska användas på rätt sätt men även för Change Management-processen. Det är även ytterst viktigt att sätta rätt KPI:er för att kunna uppnå de mål som har satts i kontraktet för att kunna avsluta ett projekt och påbörja en överlämning av ansvaret för maskinerna. De viktigaste resurserna i ett lyckat implementationsprojekt är den tekniska kompetensen hos personalen, samt att ha instruktioner, manualer och tydliga beskrivningar för de maskiner som ska användas.

This study explores factors affecting local actors' and citizens’ attitudes to mineral exploration, and how attitudes to exploration relates to those of mining. The concept Social License to Explore (SLE), originating from Social License to Operate (SLO), is used to address the relationship between exploration companies and affected local communities. The study focuses on attitudes in three municipalities in northern Sweden and Finland and combines qualitative and quantitative methods. The results show that local attitudes to mineral exploration and mining correlate strongly and are intimately linked. Perceptions of impacts, the permit process, and trust in government and company affect local attitudes, but company performance seems to be most important where trust was not established. We argue that values about nature, economy, and value-based development preferences, are central as they shape local attitudes and perceptions of impacts and process. While company conduct and community engagement are within the control of companies, local values and development preferences are largely outside of their control. However, insights about contextual conditions shaping attitudes and values can be generalized and help companies make more informed decisions. Responsible target selection is a strategy within the control of the company which can help avoid intractable and costly conflicts.

Eftersom samhället sällan står still räcker våra invanda sätt att tänka och göra inte alltid till. Vi behöver utvecklas i takt med vår samtid, genom att initiera nya lösningar som kan få fäste i samhället. I detta temanummer av Kurage utforskar vi just detta i termer av ”innovation”. Med innovation menas här att skapa något nytt som tas i bruk och gör nytta i samhället, i form av bland annat nya metoder, verksamheter, tjänster och produkter. I begreppets latinska och grekiska ursprung betydde innovation att initiera förändring i den politiska och sociala ordningen – och kom senare att användas för 1500-talets försök att förändra kyrkans ordning och 1700-talets politiska revolutioner.

This paper explores wind power attitudes in Sweden, considering the proximity of wind power installations, using a large-scale survey (N = 5280). The study examines if attitudes were affected by policies that provide collective financial benefits through municipal tax revenues, personal benefits through direct compensation, or openings for democratic involvement. Only 15 % of the respondents expressed negative attitudes to wind power as a measure to speed up the transition to a fossil free society, while 26 % were negative to wind power built within 5 km from their homes. Attitudes were mainly predicted by ideological standpoints, environmental concern and political and governmental trust. The study found that for wind power constructed in the home municipality, respondents preferred collectively distributed financial benefits, while direct personal compensation offers the best prospects to influence ideologically motivated attitudes. None of the policy interventions tested in this study had any significant effect on respondents with strongly negative views. 

Play for play's sake is viewed a child's primary occupation from which meaning is derived that transcends it's inherent health, educational or other such value.   Examined from this perspective is to acknowledge the intrinsic contribution the doing of play contributes the child's being.  The proliferation of technology in an ever-connected world offers increasingly diverse digital spaces for children to play.  Such digital spaces present new opportunities for children to co-create new expressions of play; whether alone, with friends, indoors and outdoors, in real and in make-believe worlds. Despite literature in relation to play in digital spaces coming from a plethora of academic fields, this occupational perspective of play as a child-centred, autotelic pursuit remains largely ignored.  This research will explore digital play choices, experiences, and outcomes from children's unique perspective.  Furthermore, this research aims to reflect the rights and agency of children as meaning-makers and active contributors in inquiry [3], using creative and adaptive approaches through the research process. 

It is envisioned that this research will contribute to the understanding of the autotelic nature of play in digital spaces.  Such understanding will assist children and adults to leverage technology to ensure that meaningful playful experiences proliferate in the future.

Knowledge transfer (KT) from academia to practice is important in many fields, but comprehensive studies on identifying the most effective forms of KT are scarce. This paper aims to provide an overview of KT theory and presents a cross-disciplinary scoping review of empirically oriented peer-reviewed articles. The review offers guidance for researchers seeking to communicate effectively with practitioners. It explores the effects of research communications, delves into the understanding and measurement of these effects, attempts to identify the most effective forms of communication, and highlights important considerations when designing KT strategies. Few studies in our sample (eight of 27) systematically measured effects of KT, and merely four studies compared multiple forms of KT. Nevertheless, most studies estimated effects from KT, regardless of the chosen form (e.g., workshops or lectures). Most studies estimated knowledge change as the primary outcome. Additionally, several studies explored altered beliefs such as increased self-efficacy. A third of the studies addressed how the knowledge was applied, ranging from sharing information to developing new habits. The identified effects were, however, both small and volatile. Our findings underscore the significance of continuity and repeated interactions to enhance the impact of KT initiatives. Furthermore, researchers need to develop a comprehensive set of tools to facilitate successful KT, considering factors such as expertise, communication skills, trust-building, and participant-centered approaches. By employing these strategies, researchers can effectively bridge the gap between academia and practice, facilitating successful KT in various fields.

This paper addresses human capital in the Arctic in relation to tourism. More specifically, with an ever-increasing number oftourists recognizing the attractiveness of the Arctic, tour companies are increasingly recognizing the opportunities. The media(typically southern media) sells the image, either before or after the tourists arrive, and communities are often left to deal with therepercussions – whether those are social, economic, environmental, or the like. Many of the repercussions are negative; however,even when perceived as positive they can create tensions within small communities and showcase a variety of capacity issues.This paper focuses on the realities and possibilities of tourism in the Arctic. It offers an up-to-date descriptive overview of tourismnumbers and valuations. In addition, ‘realities’ also focuses on the current suite of challenges and ‘possibilities’ addresses criticalquestions that need to be asked as tourism grows. We are in an uncertain age and academic critique of the Arctic tourismphenomenon is growing as quickly as the numbers. This paper is almost fully circumpolar in outlook, written by individuals fromthose jurisdictions, and aims to intersect with other sectors active in the Arctic.

Arctic mining towns are vulnerable to de-industrialization, as most jobs are in a single industry, with long distances to other employers or business opportunities. Other challenges are the legacies of mining that companies leave behind. Research has shown that such legacies can be used for sustaining industrial settlements beyond the end of the industries that supported them. This chapter seeks to understand under what circumstances legacies of mining can contribute to the long-term sustainability of Arctic mining towns in crisis. It explores the history of two Arctic mining towns, Kiruna in Sweden and Schefferville in Canada, and how actors there dealt with the crisis, how they used legacies from the past in this process, and what the outcomes were, after both towns were hit by economic crisis in the 1970s. By using the concepts of re-use and heritagization we show that the possibilities to sustain Arctic mining towns in crisis by creating new values out of mining legacies, depends on several factors: institutions, perceptions of values, and the momentum embedded in socio-technical systems for mining. Local initiatives for sustaining Arctic mining towns in crisis are discussed.

Social media has affected the lives of the individuals, and the societies, globally speaking. The study presents a meta-analysis of six published and two ongoing studies on young readers’ use of digitised media. The studies were presented as articles in journals, and as conference papers, between December 2009 and December 2017. The data for all articles was collected online, on open networking sites, or social media. The data collection draws on virtual etnography, while the theoretical framework includes gender studies, media, sociology of literature, education and intersectionality.

The meta-analysis discusses theories and practice regarding young readers’ use of digital environments and the activities related to their preferred reading, to share material and thoughts, to process personal experiences and to publish school work. In these activities, the young readers use digitised media for inclusion into a networking community or a particular group.

The results show that young readers’ use of digitised media can be classified in four key categories: personal development, promotion of self, socio-political engagement and as an alternative to educational establishment. These four key categories show that young readers not only use digitised media for inclusion, but also for taking a stance on a personal, or societal, level.

For educators, political scientists and politicians who might believe that young people do not read, or do not care for politics or the future, this meta-analysis might provide a more nuanced image.

Digitization is transforming every domain nowadays, leading to a growing body of knowledge on digital service innovation. Coupled with the generation and collection of big data, data-driven digital services are becoming of great importance to business, economy and society. This paper aims to classify the different types of data-driven digital services, as a first step to understand their characteristics and dynamics. A taxonomy is developed and the emerging characteristics include data acquisition mechanisms, data exploitation, insights utilization, and service interaction characteristics. The examined services fall into 15 distinct types and are further clustered into 3 classes of types: distributed analytics intermediaries, visual data-driven services, and analytics-embedded services. Such contribution enables service designers and providers to understand the key aspects in utilizing data and analytics in the design and delivery of their services. The taxonomy is set out to shape the direction and scope of scholarly discourse around digital service innovation research and practice.

Rapporten är skriven att jag förklarar hur översiktsplanen ser ut för Örnsköldsvik- och Umeås kommun, likheter, inspiration- och vad som skiljer dessa två planer från varandra. Arbetet med rapporten beskriver samtidigt vad en översikt- och detaljplan är. Hur processen för respektive plan går till som och vilken roll kommunen har. För att få en övergripande bild hur processen går till som och handlar om så börjar rapporten med att förklara alla viktiga begrepp och beskriva uppbyggnaden hur allt hänger ihop. Vidare övergår rapporten till att beskriva Örnsköldsviks översiktsplan och sedan Umeås översiktsplan. I slutet på rapporten så beskrivs vad som skiljer dessa två översiktsplaner med varandra.

Syftet med studien var att analysera hur förskollärare konstruerar undervisning inom hållbar utveckling utomhus. Studien utgår från en socialkonstruktionistisk teori och en kvalitativ metod där datainsamlingen skedde genom intervjuer med fyra förskollärare från olika förskolor. Materialet analyserades och bearbetades genom en tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att förskolläraren konstruerar undervisningen inom hållbar utveckling utomhus genom tre olika konstruktioner och att de tre dimensionerna inte har en jämn fördelning i arbetet med hållbar utveckling. Konstruktionerna som redovisas i resultat utgår från dessa rubriker: den förgivettagna konstruktionen, den enkelspåriga konstruktionen och den planerade konstruktionen. Slutligen visar det sig att arbetet med hållbar utveckling är liknande enligt respondenterna och att prioriteringen ligger i den ekologiska dimensionen. Den ekonomiska och sociala dimensionen visar sig vara svår att få grepp om och göra konkret undervisning för barnen i förskolan. Arbetet med hållbar utveckling i utomhusmiljön är något som förskollärarna applicerar den ekologiska dimensionen på. De övriga dimensionerna undervisas inte lika övergripande utomhus.

Flexibility is often a keyword for people working in project-oriented organisations. It definitely influences their everyday life, since they are expected to be available and engaged anytime and anywhere and often with different types of obligations. However, there are constraints limiting people's possibilities in every specific time-space. The time-geographical perspective provides concepts for analysing constraints, by identifying: Capacity, coupling, steering or authority constraints. The aim of this paper is to discuss the time-geographical concept of constraints and analyse how they are overcame by a flexible use of time. The paper is based on two field studies. The first was conducted in twelve households and included in-depth interviews at two occasions and in between the household members wrote time-diaries during a week. The second was more extensive. Two focus groups, each with 24 persons, who all had written time-diaries, were interviewed. The conclusion of these studies is that different forms of constraints define the outcome of flexibility and that the use of time can be an expression of power.

Parks and green areas are important to a city and have many different characteristics and functions, both for individuals and the climate challenges society is facing.

For the people they offer a place to socialize, relax and enjoy while promoting biodiversity, taking care of stormwater and giving character to the city. When these green spaces are presented to the public, they are raised as attractive, inviting and safe where there is the opportunity for various activities during the day. But in the evening and night time, their character is at risk of changing as darkness falls, the place is depopulated and people's movement patterns change. This work focuses on studying people's perceptions on sense of safety today in parks and green areas in cities during the evening and night hours, and what physical factors that cause this perception.

The study is designed as a survey that has been sent out by e-mails and social media to people all over Sweden. The survey asks questions about people's own perceptions on sense of safety in urban parks and green areas during the evening and night hours, what physical factors affect, the view of the municipalities' communication and the work of the authorities. The result shows that people in the cities are not feel safe in our parks and green areas during the dark hours of the day. It also shows that people avoid moving or staying in parks and green areas during the evening and night hours. From the survey it is possible to find out which physical factors that affect people perception of safety, such as the size and location of the vegetation, lighting and unclear walking paths. From these affecting physical factors it is shown that dark places are the larges factor for felling of safety. The survey respondents also state that with a higher presence of police and more cameras deployed, the feeling of safety would increase. With the public's views of what gives the felling of safety nowday agains municipalities' safety work proves here that they have not succeeded. The result of the study gives room to for a discussion about strengthening the physical environment in our parks and green areas.

This paper discusses the soundscape of Hanoi and of the countryside north of Hanoi in the Bac Ninh province with the experience of the two authors as artists in two collaborative projects, Arrival Cities: Hanoi and Que/Homelands. The content is structured in three layers, a conversation between the two authors on their individual experience of the projects, a jointly written text which takes a more distant perspective to the topic and a series of video and audio files taken from the two artistic projects. While the two projects were completely independent, this paper identifies ways in which they complement each other and, taken together, the sound art collected within the projects may have a further political meaning. The authors suggest that the shifting soundscapes of Vietnam are a direct reflection of social and political change in the country.