Rapporten belyser skogsarbetets förändring i storskogsbruket under perioden 1900 – 2013 under inflytande av rationalisering och humanisering som förändringsprocesser. Utgångsläget var ett ytterst slitsamt, riskabelt och lågbetalt säsongsarbete i kyla och snö, med bortaliggning i undermåliga kojor.

I periodens början fullbordades en spontan rationalisering som inletts i slutet av 1800-talet och som bestod av att effektivare handredskap – olika typer av sågar, barkspadar och hanteringsdon - ersatte yxan som universalredskap. Organiserad rationalisering av skogsarbetet kom igång först i slutet på 30-talet. Den hämtade då sin inspiration från industrin som vid det laget hade anpassat amerikanen F W Taylors rationaliseringskoncept till den svenska arbetsmarknaden och kulturen. Arbetsstudier blev grund för effektivisering av det manuella skogsarbetet och för en rättvisare lön. Men skogsbruket kom sedan att finna egna vägar, som ledde till en världsunik teknisk och organisatorisk utveckling med början på 1950-talet och kulmen kring 1990. Under de senaste två årtiondena har rationaliseringen i skogsbruket anslutit sig till ”mainstream” i näringslivets utveckling, som styrs allt mera av dels den globaliserade marknadens mekanismer samt dels ”Lean”, ett hopkok av amerikanska och japanska organisationskoncept, och med ”outsourcing” som främsta verktyg. Under perioden 1940-2005 utvecklades produktiviteten kraftigt, med särskilt stora språng 1960-75 och 1990-2005. Efter 2005 skedde en stagnation.

Humaniseringen av skogsarbetet inleddes med provinsialläkaren Hasslers larm 1907. Starten blev trög men skogsarbetarnas boende och mathållning kom att förbättras på många håll fram till 1930-talets slut. Då blev humanisering en integrerad del av den systematiska rationaliseringen, vilket innebar radikala förbättringar av det manuella skogsarbetet. När mekaniseringen tog fart under 50- och 60-talet kom människan i produktionssystemet bort ett tag, vilket ledde till omtag på humaniseringsprocessen. Ergonomin utvecklades som redskap och som vetenskap. Från slutet av 70-talet till slutet av 90-talet blev humaniseringen, stödd av flera aktörer, åter en integrerad del av rationaliseringen, nu underbyggd av det ”sociotekniska” organisationskoncept som utvecklats av engelska och norska arbetsforskare. Arbetets organisation kom i fokus. Den totala humankvaliteten kulminerade åren kring 1990. Skogsarbetet nådde då en höjdpunkt vad gäller mångsidighet, kontaktrikedom, variation, självbestämmande, ansvar och uppmärksamhet. Sedan inleddes en viss avhumanisering. Humaniseringsaktörerna försvagades eller försvann. Marknadens ”osynliga hand” tog alltmera över utvecklingen. Humankvaliteten försämrades på en rad punkter som i huvudsak kan hänföras till organisationsmiljön – färre personliga kontakter, längre arbetsresor, sämre skiftformer, kortare framförhållning och sämre kvalitet i planeringen samt sänkt relativ lönenivå. Försämringarna kompenseras delvis av att maskinernas förarmiljö och driftssäkerhet förbättrats avsevärt, men generellt har skogsarbetet förlorat i attraktivitet. Historiken summeras utförligt i kapitel 11.

I kapitlet 12 om framtidens arbetsliv nationellt och i skogsbruket hävdar författaren att det behövs ett tidsanpassat humaniseringskoncept av samma dignitet som det på 60-talet lanserade sociotekniska konceptet. En skiss på ett sådant ”socioekonomiskt” koncept presenteras, inklusive en begreppsapparat som gör anspråk på att vara innovativ, samt en rad åtgärdsförslag. Därvid beaktas lärdomar från det förgångna.

The purpose of this essay was to understand why the old mining site in Nautanen continues to pollute the enviroment in the immediate area. Based on the actor-network theory, different actors have had different interests in Nautanen. All actors have been studied neutrally and the starting point has been that there is an ontological equality between the actors – no actor is stronger than the other. Different materials have been processed through a qualitative case study method. The study showed that the post-treatment trials were not fully carried out. This was because two actors, Gällivare municipality and the landowner Sveaskog, were unable to agree on the future responsibility for Nautanen. Thus, it resulted in the project coming to an end and the pollution continuing to pollute. Analyzing the results highlights different evidence for different conclusions about wich actor is the stronger actor and is responsible for why Nautanen continues to pollute. Is it Gällivare municipality or Sveaskog? Is it the law or the state?

The Indigenous Sami people traditionally live in what is now Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Russia. A crucial matter for Indigenous peoples, including the Sami living in Sweden, is that of the recognition of their land rights and access to their traditional lands. This article’s aim is to present and analyse recent case law developments in Sweden that relate to the recognition and protection of Sami land rights, specifically the Girjas and Talma cases, through legal-scientific and textual analyses and relevant legal literature. Both cases concern Sami reindeer herding rights in Sweden and the Swedish state as defendant. These cases raise complex legal issues and historical circumstances, demonstrating the need for the Swedish state to treat Sami land rights as equal to other civil rights in Swedish society, in line with international human rights law.

Forestry has a long history in Sweden and came during the 20th century to end up in a series of conflicts with the interest groups advocating the immaterial values of the forest. The purpose of this discourse analysis is to describe the power relationships that were prevalent during the 1980s forestry in the municipality of Jokkmokk. This study primarily focuses on highlighting the voices during the 1980s forestry in the municipality of Jokkmokk who were silenced by groups that prioritize the material values of the forest. How the colonized have acted and reacted will also be discussed. This study shows that the municipality of Jokkmokk became overly exploited in the 1980s which came to create the power relationships between forest interest groups. Felling affected both reindeer herding and the local population and it is possible to speak of the 1980s as a continued post-colonial era where a colonial discourse is prevalent. The survey also shows that it was possible to resist but that the votes in favor of the forest's immaterial values were easily neglected.

In this essay, a hypothesis, based on new theories in education and preventing current school problems,will be critically tested. In this testing, I will use two types of analytical methods. Through a qualitativeanalysis of the curricula, LGY70, LPF94 and GY11, this paper examines the views of knowledge,goals and school requirements reflected in them. Through a quantitative analysis of school statistics,obtained from the National Agency for Education and Swedish Statistics bureau, the effect of eachcurriculum on the proportion and number of students with a high school diploma, and equality betweenmale and female students' exam frequency, are examined. My hypothesis is: LGY 70, with amore classic view of knowledge, have been more efficient in these respects. In the analysis of thecurricula, other researchers' theories and analyses of the same curriculum are examined for comparativepurposes. The theoretical hypothesis background is based on modern research in cognitive science,brain research, linguistics, and the history of ideas. In theory, one objects to what the authorscall, a postmodernist paradigm within the school and the view of knowledge. The authors believe thata classical school of knowledge is more favourable for students' education and the solution to thecurrent school problems. The purpose of the essay is not to criticize the theory behind the hypothesis,i.e. the scientific theories, e.g. brain research or postmodernism. Nor does it criticize ideas in, pedagogy,socioeconomics, gender studies, et al. The study confirms the hypothesis, which also possiblyexplains that the curricula's view of knowledge affects school results and gender equality in schools.Besides, there is then also support that a classic form of knowledge, education and school is preferable.

The use of encyclopedias has since their entry in Sweden, played a central role in communicating and defining knowledge to society. This essay examines the representation of peoples (race) in Africa, Asia and the Orient in encyclopedias between 1845-2020. The essay aims to explain and show how several selected concepts have changed in the encyclopedias’ descriptions over time in Sweden. The results show that the encyclopedias were highly influenced by racial biology and scientific racism the further back in time the encyclopedias were issued. People from Africa, Asia and the Orient were described with external characteristics and at times associated with different psychic characteristics. Through the representation of appearance, at times presented as different and foreign, one can see a construction between “we” and “the others”. The encyclopedias also made descriptions of people with generalizing derogatory concepts that were imbued by racism and dogmatic views on the different. Descriptions of peoples appearance and character traits were something that gradually disappeared over time.

For several years, public debates about the future of the Arctic have included the growing global needs in minerals and energy resources. To explain and manage this development, it is important to understand impacts of previous extractive industries in the north. Using theoretical approaches from economic geography and science and technology studies, the aim of this article is to describe and explain the growth of mining in the Arctic and its consequences for people and environments. How and why have minerals in the Arctic been constructed as natural resources? What systems have been built to extract them, and what were their consequences? How has the legacies of mining been managed when the extraction has ceased and why? The development of mining is explained as resulting from not only economic interests, but also geopolitical considerations, institutional frameworks and cultural-ideological trends. The same drivers are involved in the making of post-extraction futures and the way people relate to the mining legacies through environmental remediation, re-purposing and heritagization.

Artikeln diskuterar kulturarvet i ljuset av den ’gröna omställning’ som svarar på EU:s mål och riktade finansiella satsningar för industriomvandlingen i norra Sverige. Det kan jämföras med den stora industriella omställningen vid 1900-talets början såväl genom att skapa nya möjligheter men också genom de målkonflikter som uppstår mellan nya och befintliga värden, både vad gäller naturförhållanden och ekonomi som kulturvärden och historiska lämningar av mänsklig verksamhet. Omställningen berör platser med en lång historia av mänskligt liv och arbete och som spelar en viktig roll för de som idag bor där och potentiellt för de som söker sig dit för att driva verksamhet eller för att bo, leva och arbeta. I många fall visar det sig svårt att ta denna potential tillvara av skäl som är strukturella, juridiska och politiska snarare än knutna till enskilda aktörer. Artikeln är författad av en multidisciplinär forskargrupp som använder ett praktikbaserat förhållningssätt och samskapande dialog för att undersöka hur förbättrade planeringsprocesser som tidigt involverar olika aktörer, intressen och expertis i förändringsprojekt kan bidra till att lösa målkonflikter och skapa möjligheter. Målkonflikter mellan exploatering och bevarandeintressen i samband med myndigheters och privata aktörers hantering av natur- och kulturmiljöer har länge varit i fokus för forskningen och artikeln syftar till att komplettera dessa perspektiv utifrån exempel som illustrerar möjligheter för att det fysiska kulturarvet ska ses som en strategisk historisk resurs i samhällsutvecklingen. En utgångspunkt är att kulturarv inte är statiskt utan värderas och omvärderas i en process där olika kulturvärden kan associeras med byggnader, platser och miljöer. Dessa kulturvärden förändras alltså över tid, och olika aktörer förhåller sig till dem på skiftande sätt. Genom processer som inbegriper förhandling med andra intressen kan landskap, platser, byggnader, föremål och deras användning förvandlas till kulturarv. Ett samskapande arbetssätt har möjliggjorts genom ett forsknings- och innovationsprojekt, finansierat av Vinnova, vilket genomförts genom en kombinerad metodansats med fallstudier, i projektet kallade lärcase, som ram för empiriska undersökningar och praktiskt genomförande. De lärcase som lyfts i denna artikel är dels Nautanen, en tidigare gruvmiljö i Norrbotten där nyetablering planeras av Boliden AB, dels Kvarnsvedens tidigare pappersbruk i Borlänge, där Northvolt etablerar en fabrik för produktion av bilbatterier vilket medfört rivning av en byggnad med konstaterade kulturhistoriska värden, den så kallade Bobergshallen. Med förslag till fortsatt forskning genom begreppsutveckling i en multidisciplinär och praktiknära kontext problematiserar artikeln begreppet cirkulär ekonomi i relation till kulturarvsfrågor och möjliggör att kulturarvet nyttjas som strategisk resurs i den gröna omställningen med förhoppning att realisera förväntningarna om grön nyindustralisering och attraktiva livsmiljöer.

In this article we explore the fate of high modernist architecture and settlement planning in the North, through the lens of mining towns in Sweden and Quebec. After WW2, cities across the world were subject to a wave of restructuring in accordance with high modernist ideals. The circumpolar north became the subject of some of the most radical examples, often described as utopian. In the Swedish Arctic, a renowned architect Ralph Erskine played a leading role. He combined functionalist principles, with ideas of creating settlements protecting inhabitants from harsh Arctic conditions, in harmony with the environment. Erskine...s ideas were implemented to a different extent in Kiruna and Svappavaara in north Sweden in the 1960's and in Fermont, Quebec, in the early 1970's. Our aim is to understand the challenges of creating industrial settlements in the Arctic, with the capacity to attract employees that are needed for resource extraction and other industries. While Erskine's architecture in Svappavaara and Kiruna will be demolished, the wall shaped town in Fermont is still intact and expanding. By comparing and highlighting differences, we call attention to the threat of demolition of legacies of an era that has yet to be defined as cultural heritage.

One of the characteristics of extractive industries, in the Arctic and elsewhere, is their sensitivity to fluctuations on world markets. When demand and prices are high companies expand operations and when they fall, companies tend to close extraction sites. Moreover, no ore body lasts forever. De-industrialisation poses particular challenges to communities in the Arctic, where distances are great, alternative economies few and where the environmental and social imprints of mining often are significant. How can communities that were developed based on extraction transition to post-extraction futures? This is a key question to pose when exploring how to achieve responsible development in the Arctic. This book chapter presents research within REXSAC exploring how mining communities in the Nordic Arctic has dealt with legacies of past mining operations and under which circumstances such legacies have been ascribed new values after extraction has ended. REXSAC has dealt with this research problem in an interdisciplinary way, combining methods and approaches from humanities, social- and natural sciences. The chapter will focus on this process of research and how it has generated insights in to three main post-extraction processes: environmental remediation, heritage making and re-economization.

Natural resource (NR) exploitation often gives rise to conflict. While most actors intend to manage collectively used places and their NRs sustainably, they may disagree about what this entails. This article accordingly explores the origin of NR conflicts by analysing them in terms of competing pathways to sustainability. By comparing conflicts over mine establishments in three places in northern Sweden, we specifically explore the role of place-based perceptions and experiences.

The results indicate that the investigated conflicts go far beyond the question of metals and mines. The differences between pathways supporting mine establishment and those opposing it refer to fundamental ideas about human–nature relationships and sustainable development (SD). The study suggests that place-related parameters affect local interpretations of SD and mobilisation in ways that explain why resistance and conflict exist in some places but not others. A broader understanding of a particular conflict and its specific place-based trajectory may help uncover complex underlying reasons. However, our comparative analysis also demonstrates that mining conflicts in different places share certain characteristics. Consequently, a site-specific focus ought to be combined with attempts to compare, or map, conflicts at a larger scale to improve our understanding of when and how conflicts evolve. By addressing the underlying causes and origins of contestation, this study generates knowledge needed to address NR management conflicts effectively and legitimately.

Umbrella species are often spatially demanding and have limited ability to adapt to environmental changes induced by human land-use. This makes them vulnerable to human encroachment. In Sweden, broadleaved trees are disadvantaged by forestry, and commercially managed forests are often deprived of dead wood. This has led to a situation where previously widespread top predators in saproxylic food webs, such as the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos), have become species of conservation concern. The white-backed woodpecker is generally considered an umbrella species, and it has been linked to forests with large volumes of dead wood from broadleaved trees. In recent years, forest stands have been restored for the white-backed woodpecker, but post-treatment evaluations have rarely included other species that also occur in broad-leaved forests (co-occurring species). Many co-occurring species are saproxylic beetles. In this study, we collected saproxylic beetles and environmental data in restored and commercially managed forests to evaluate if habitat restoration for the white-backed woodpecker also benefited other species with similar habitat associations. We found that volumes of coarse woody debris were higher in restored than in commercially managed forests, and that a majority of man-made snags and downed logs were created from birch trees (Betula spp.). Most spruce trees (Picea abies) were extracted during forest restoration, and this opened up the forest canopy, and created stands dominated by broadleaved trees.Many saproxylic beetles were more common in restored forests, and there were significant differences in species composition between treatments. These differences were largely explained by species traits. Effects of sunexposure were particularly important, but many beneficiary species were also linked to dead wood from broadleaved trees. Red-listed saproxylic beetles showed a similar pattern with more species and individuals in restored sites. The white-backed woodpecker is still critically endangered in Sweden, but important prey species are already responding to forest restoration at the stand level. We recognize that landscape-level improvements will be required to bring the white-backed woodpecker back, but also that the umbrella species concept can provide a useful framework for successful forest restoration as many co-occurring saproxylic beetle species seemingly benefitted from restoration for the white-backed woodpecker

Based on findings made by Norrbotten County Museum around 2010 in the vicinity of Sangis in Arctic Sweden of advanced iron and steel production in a hunter-gatherer setting dated to the pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 200-50 BC), the aim of the present thesis is twofold. First, with a focus on know-how/established process stages, it investigates the possible wider geographical distribution of such production in the Arctic European area. The analysis is based on archaeometallurgical methods applied to materials from previously conducted and new surveys/excavations. Second, the aim is also to analyze the probable social/organizational conditions for the adaptation of iron and steel production among the ancient Arctic hunter-gatherer groups. The results are of breakthrough character, revealing an extensive spatial distribution of advanced iron and steel production at more than 40 sites in present-day northernmost Finland, Sweden, and Norway more than 2000 years ago (i.e., contemporary, and even partly prior to the Romans). The geographical spread of advanced and early iron technology which emerges through the results fundamentally challenges traditional perceptions of the emergence of ferrous metallurgy, especially when societies traditionally considered as less complex/highly mobile are addressed. Hence, iron- and steel production necessitated long-term organization/balancing with other subsistence activities in the collected rhythm of activities in the strongly seasonally influenced (climate-wise) landscape of the ancient Arctic hunter-gatherer communities. In addition to advanced knowledge, the new metal-related activities required significant supplies of raw materials (including their extraction, transportation, preparation, and storage) and thus (related) manpower. Overall, the results imply we ought to significantly broaden the perspectives of the ancient Arctic hunter-gatherer communities in terms of specialization and complex organization far beyond the traditional interpretative paradigm labeling prehistoric iron technology in the European Arctic as small-scale, dependent on imports, and underdeveloped or archaic. Also, because some parts of the process, like the necessary production of charcoal, required multi-year planning, the adaptation and investment of iron technology in the rhythm of activities in the landscape logistically bound the communities to specific locations in the landscape, thus implying reduced residential mobility, i.e.,  a higher degree of sedentism than previously recognized for these groups. The research process forming the basis of this thesis (conducted by a small group of archaeologists, archaeometallurgists, and historians of technology) was strongly characterized by the fact the results are completely at odds with both the larger international and Arctic European literature, implying both weak support for the interpretation of our results and perceived need for pin-pointing hidden assumptions in earlier research in order to “make room” for our results. In addition, the process was characterized by the fact that it took place in (and the ancient findings were made within) a region strongly marked by ethnopolitical forces and groups striving for identity building, where history (and particularly ancient findings) often gets to play a central role.

The role of ferrous metallurgy in ancient communities of the Circumpolar North is poorly understood due, in part, to the widespread assumption that iron technology was a late introduction, passively received by local populations. Analyses of two recently excavated sites in northernmost Sweden, however, show that iron technology already formed an integral part of the hunter-gatherer subsistence economy in Northern Fennoscandia during the Iron Age (c. 200-50 BC). Such developed knowledge of steel production and complex smithing techniques finds parallels in contemporaneous continental Europe and Western Eurasia. The evidence presented raises broader questions concerning the presence of intricate metallurgical processes in societies considered less complex or highly mobile. 

The article critically examines interpretations of Old World ferrous metallurgical developments with reference to their consequences for Arctic Fennoscandian iron research. The traditional paradigm of technological innovations recurrently links the emergence of iron technology to increasing social complexity and a sedentary agricultural lifestyle, typically downplaying ‘peripheral’ areas such as Arctic Fennoscandia and its hunter-gatherer communities. Even in postcolonial research of recent years, the archaeometallurgical record of Arctic Fennoscandia is interpreted and organized within the traditional frameworks on the time, course, and cultural context of the introduction of iron technology in Europe, where Arctic Fennoscandia is not considered to have any noteworthy role. However, current archaeological research with new data in Arctic Fennoscandia disputes prevailing ideas in European iron research and shows substantial evidence that iron technology was an integrated part of hunter-gatherer subsistence already during the Early Iron Age (c. 200 BC). Archaeometallurgical analyses reveal advanced knowledge in all the operational sequences of iron technology, including bloomery steel production and the mastering of advanced smithing techniques. Therefore, we urge dispensing with traditional ideas and call for an increased interest in the underlying mechanisms for the transfer of iron.

The article presents results seriously challenging conventional frameworks on the time, course, and cultural context for the introduction of iron and steel in Europe, these for the major narrative of the development of civilizations indeed important metals. It concerns 2000-year-old finds from as many as 42 different sites across the national borders of present-day northernmost Norway, Finland, and Sweden in Arctic Europe, of advanced iron and steel production (i.e., contemporary with Roman steel production) within the hitherto unthinkable cultural context of hunter-gatherers. Due to insufficient frameworks for the undersigned as historian and archaeologist to interpret these findings through, we used archeometric analyses in combination with an arctic climate- and landscape/taskscape lens to reach new insights into the ancient arctic iron- and steel-making hunter-gatherers. These turned out to be particularly fruitful perspectives for gaining insights into the previously overall weakly explored social/organizational aspects of early ironmaking, as well as for the overall inadequately explored ancient arctic hunter-gatherers. We urge other historians and archaeologists to use similar methods to possibly uncover additional (“unthinkable”) locations/regions with advanced and early metalworking.

Creating an understanding of the present and the future through the past is an expression that can be used to explain the purpose of the history subject. Is this description of purpose sufficient to, as a teacher, be able to motivate students to absorb and fortify the knowledge that the subject offers or is something more required? This qualitative study with quantitative elements aims to, based on the pedagogical approach embodied learning, describe and discuss teachers' experiences of shaping and conducting history teaching that creates motivation and immersion among students in middle school grades four to six. In order to be able to describe and discuss teachers' experiences, a combination of semi-structured interviews with active history teachers and a student questionnaire answered by these active teachers' student groups are used. Through this, it appears that the understanding of the present and the future is an important aspect of history teaching, but it also appears that the choice of teaching methods can affect how this understanding can be used to the full. Varying the choice of teaching methods at the same time as giving students the opportunity to fortify this understanding in relation to the purpose of the history subject can be a winning concept in order to capture all students who, in turn, want to absorb information in different ways.

This research report examines the driving forces and strategies in the Swedish pulp and paper industry to phase-out of oil and accomplishing energy savings in the 1970s - and '80s. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of development and contribute to a further understanding of the knowledge building that took shape in the Swedish pulp and paper industry on the energy area in the awake of the oil crises. During the investigated period, the use of fossil fuels dropped with more than 70 per cent, and this was mainly achieved by substituting oil by internal biofuels. This transition started as response to the first oil crisis in 1973, but was further reinforced by the energy policy, which expanded from the mid 1970s and onwards. The replacement of oil was achieved trough short-term measures to improve the energy efficiency and to increase the use of biofuels, while the use of external electricity played a minor role. It was soon recognized that also long-term investments in R&D was needed. Collaborations between companies through trade associations and committees came to be a characteristic strategy employed by the industry to advance knowledge and new technology on the energy area. This report demonstrates the central role that the changing prices of oil had on the pulp and paper industry to explore the possibilities of a more efficient use of internal biofuels, which previously not had been utilised. In this sense, the oil crisis forced the industry sector into a more sustainable path. It also demonstrates the central role that the government played, and can play, to support and enhance the development of new technological development paths. As for the oil crises, a big part of the energy policy objectives i.e. to phase out oil from the Swedish energy system, coincided with the industry’s needs to lower the costs and risks from being dependent on oil.

Organizational networks had a strong influence on the diffusion of green knowledge within the Swedish pulp-and-paper industry from the mid-1960s to the 1980s. The environmental adaptations made by this industrial sector were not merely the result of a corporate initiative or of the response by firms or industries to environmental regulation. An examination of the innovation-system approach that was used to further the industry’s environmental goals reveals that the knowledge and technology development underpinning the project depended on a network of diverse actors. Within this network, the semi-governmental Institute for Water and Air Protection, working with a consulting company, was a critical generator and intermediary of knowledge. Thus, the success of the project was largely due to the Institute’s balanced relations with government and industry.

This paper explores industry strategies to accomplish energy transition in the wake of the Oil Crisis in 1973 with the Swedish pulp and paper sector in the 1970s and the 1980s as case study. Over this period the use of fossil fuels was reduced by 70 percent within the sector. The lion’s share of this reduction was achieved by the substitution of oil by biofuels. Besides cutting the costs of energy this substitution also resulted in significant environmental improvements. Substituting oil by biofuels proved to be the overall most reasonable way to decrease the use of oil, even though alternatives such as coal were considered. Initially, oil reductions and energy conservation were accomplished by relatively small measures, but there was a great need for long-term R&D to push the technology development further. Inter-firm and state-firm collaborations therefore became strategically important. The strategies for substitution further interacted strongly with institutional changes in the energy policy field, the on-going greening of the industry as well as an urgent need to enhance international competitiveness. Our study concludes that the oil crises enforced a more sustainable production in a dynamic way, where government strategies to support and push technology development further played a central role.

Development and diffusion of "Clean Technologies" (CT) are generally acknowledged as particularly important to stabilise climate change and promoting industrial growth that are more sustainable. This paper deals with the development and diffusion of CT within Swedish forest industry during a period when pioneering steps were taken towards cleaner production processes. We will focus on the 1960s and 70s and address the role of business cooperation and state-industry cooperation in targeting pollution problems which for the most part were common for all plants in the pulp and paper sector. The role of cooperation and joint financed research institutes will be especially discussed. The Swedish forest industry embarked on pollution abatement long before this became a general concern. Already in 1954 the Water laboratory of the Forest Industry was set up to develop methods for reduction of pollution. During the sixties, initial environmental care was taken in close cooperation with the government. In 1966 the water laboratory was reorganised and enlarged to become the "Institute of Water and Air Protection (IVL)". In this new form, IVL was financed jointly by the Swedish government and the industry. When a more rigid anti pollution legislation was taken in 1969, the forest industry responded to the challenge by setting up numerous ambitious collective pollution abatement projects. Those R&D project were coordinated by the board of the Forest Industry Research Foundation for Air and Water Protection (SSVL), to organise development projects. In this paper, we focus on the novel activities of IVL and SSVL and explore its achievements on CT development and diffusion in Swedish pulp and paper industries, which became pioneering the development of important CT during the 1970s.

By employing historical case study methodology, this paper examines the transition towards renewable energy and increased energy efficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI) during the 1970s and 1980s. Between 1973 and 1990, CO2 emissions were cut by 80 % in this sector, and this was mainly achieved by substituting away from oil to biofuels in the form of by-products from the pulp manufacturing process. The CO2 reduction was also a result of energy efficiency improvements and increased internal production of electricity through back-pressure turbine power generation. Sweden was highly dependent on oil at the advent of the first Oil Crisis in 1973, and the increased oil prices put pressure on the Swedish government and the energy-intensive PPI to reduce this oil dependency. Of central importance for the energy transition was the highly collaborative strategy of the PPI, both internally among pulp mills as well as between the sector as a whole and the corporatist Swedish state administration. The Swedish government chose a proactive strategy by emphasizing knowledge management and collaboration with the industry along with the substitution of internal biofuels for oil. The transition was also characterized by a strong focus on unutilized potentials in the PPI; a previous waste problem now could be transformed into energy savings and improved energy efficiency. Energy taxes and fees also played an important role in Swedish energy policy during the 1970s and the 1980s. All in all, the study illustrates the central role of governments and their ability to push industrial sectors into new technological pathways through a wide palette of mutually reinforcing policy instruments. The results further point at the importance of a more holistic understanding of the interplay between different policies and their impacts in the longer run.

In this paper, we address the issue of organizational networks and the diffusion of green knowledge within the Swedish pulp and paper industry (P&P) from the mid-1960s to the 1980s. During this period, the Swedish P&P underwent a period of rapid environmental improvements. Our case demonstrates that the environmental adaptation of this line of business cannot be understood from merely a corporate focus—that is, as something accomplished by single firms or industries simply as a response to environmental regulation. By employing an innovation system approach, we find that the knowledge and technology development underpinning environmental adaptation within the Swedish P&P has involved a network of diverse actors. In this context, the semi-governmental Institute for Water and Air Protection (IVL) and its service company held important roles as intermediaries of knowledge within the network, not the least because of IVL's position "in between" government and industry. We suggest that one of the many important challenges for future research should be to compare how different national institutional settings have shaped the formation of "green" innovation systems. This would beneficially include national features of corporate stakeholder relations, as these influence firms' interplay with other firms as well as with other actors in the innovation system.

The pulp and paper industry (PPI) has historically caused serious water pollution and offensive fumes and therefore peak the environmental agenda in virtually every nation with such production. Serious pressure on the pulp and paper industry to reduce emissions started in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, and was driven by new regulatory frameworks, public debates and changing market preferences, such as a new demand for chlorine free paper products on the European market in the 1990s. For any polluting industry technology is at the very core of the challenge of reducing the environmental impact, and this has been the case also for the PPI. Technological strategies and timing for investments have differed between countries and regions depending on the different institutional environments, organizational solutions and market demand characteristics. In the chapter we will focus on the Swedish PPI from the late 1960s until today, and discuss how the interplay between regulatory- and market/opinion pressure, technology development and environmental performance has evolved. We will also include the development of energy technology in our analysis, which before the 1990s was not distinctly connected to environmental concerns. The Swedish development will be partly contrasted to the parallel Finnish and North American development, mainly from an institutional and technology development perspective, and we will focus on explanations to the differing development paths. The chapter constitutes a synthesis of a longstanding research collaboration of Bergquist and Söderholm with focus on the environmental and energy technology strategies of the Swedish PPI. The comparative analyses of the Swedish and North American, respectively Finnish development is however previously partly unpublished. When it comes to the source materials used for these earlier publications concerning the Swedish case, we have primarily used board minutes (from individual companies as well as from industry organizations on the environment and energy), annual reports, trade journals, environmental licensing documents and interviews with representatives of the industry as well as government agencies. Concerning the comparative analyzes, including with North America and Finland, those have so far mainly been based on literature studies. The Swedish-Finnish comparison will however be supplemented by interviews.

Although the dioxin alarm broke at the same time in Sweden and the US in the mid-1980s, Swedish pulp and paper (P&P) firms led the way towards the new market for low-chlorine and chlorine-free P&P products. This study explores the transition in the Swedish P&P industry and contrasts the Swedish case to the US experience. We highlight the importance of already established technological paths to deal with pollution, paths which were strongly formed by the different national environmental policies since the 1970s. Thus while US P&P firms were technologically locked-in when the dioxin alarm broke, the strategy of Swedish P&P firms to proactively collaborate in environmental research and development (R&D) together with a national policy that favoured process integrated abatement technology, helped Swedish firms take technological leadership. This article particularly stresses the implications of technological path-dependency and different national regulatory styles in understanding the evolution of different modes of corporate environmental strategies.

This paper addresses the issue of environmental policy instrument choice for achieving deep emissions reductions in the industrial sector. Specifically, it provides: (a) a theoretical review of the conditions under which performance standards can provide efficient incentives for environmental compliance and innovation ; and (b) an analysis of the design and the outcomes of the standards-based regulation of industrial pollutants in Sweden during the period 1970 - 1990. The empirical findings suggest that the Swedish regulatory approach comprised many key elements of an efficient policy-induced transition towards radically lower emissions in the metal smelting and pulp and paper industries. The regulation relied heavily on performance standards, thus granting flexibility to firms in terms of selecting the appropriate compliance measures, and the standards were implemented in combination with extended probation periods. R&D projects and the new knowledge that was advanced incrementally in interaction between the company, the environmental authorities and the research institutions provided a direct catalyst to the regulatory process. As such the Swedish regulatory approach provided scope for creative solutions, environmental innovation, and permitted the affected firms to coordinate pollution prevention measures with productive investments.

This paper addresses the issue of environmental policy instrument choice for achieving deep emission reductions in the industrial sector. Specifically, it provides: (a) a theoretical and empirical review of the conditions under which performance standards can provide efficient incentives for deep emission reductions and technology adoption; and (b) an analysis of the design and the outcomes of the standards-based regulation of industrial pollutants in Sweden during the period 1970–1990. Our empirical findings suggest that the Swedish regulatory approach comprised many key elements of an efficient policy-induced transition towards radically lower emissions in the metal smelting and pulp and paper industries. The regulation relied solely on performance standards, thus granting flexibility to firms in terms of selecting the appropriate compliance measures. These standards were implemented in combination with extended compliance periods. R&D projects and the new knowledge that was advanced incrementally in interaction between the company, the environmental authorities and research institutions provided a direct catalyst to the regulatory process. In these ways the Swedish regulatory approach provided scope for creative solutions, environmental innovation, and permitted the affected companies to coordinate pollution abatement measures with productive investments.

Den svenska välfärdsstaten skall tillhandahålla service till allmänheten men för att göra det är staten beroende av att samarbete med privata aktörer. I Övertorneå och Haparanda var kommunerna beroende av Ekfors Kraft AB för att tillfredsställa energi- och belysningsbehovet. Under början av 2000-talet kunde inte parterna komma överens vilket resulterade i att gatu- och vägbelysningen inte tändes hösten 2006. I denna undersökning kommer konfliktens uppkomst och uppgörelse att redogöras. Syftet är att kartlägga aktörernas roll i konflikten och lokalbefolkningens syn på nyhetsrapporteringen. Detta sker genom en kvalitativ studie med utgångspunkt från aktör-nätverksteorin och konkurrensteorin. För att undersöka det offentliga, privata och lokalbefolkningens perspektiv utgörs materialet av domstolsprotokoll, myndighetshandlingar och två intervjuer.

Slutsatserna som dras utifrån materialet och frågeställningarna är att konflikten uppstod till följd av bristande konkurrens med Ekfors Kraft AB och kommunerna som drivande aktörer. Målsättningen med undersökningen är att förhindra liknande konflikter eller förmildra dess konsekvenser för allmänheten i framtiden.

Källkritiken tycks vara ett svårorienterat undervisningsinnehåll för historielärare på gymnasiet enligt resultatet av denna uppsats. Syftet var att ta reda på hur lärare reflekterar kring källkritik som undervisningsinnehåll och genom intervjuer med sju lärare har många insikter kommit till ytan. Intervjuerna visar bland annat att lärarna tycker att det är svårt att rymma källkritiken i ett pressat tidsschema och att läroplanens mål är svåra att uppnå. En prioriteringsordning där historiskt stoff ställs före källkritiken syns i många av lärarnas redogörelser och eleverna har enligt flertalet lärare svårt att applicera källkritik och uppnå höga betyg i kunskapskravet. En anledning till deras svårigheter tycks enligt vissa lärare vara deras bristande historiska förkunskaper, och intresset verkar också vara av betydelse. Många lärare efterfrågar tips på bättre uppgifter för att komma åt dessa problem och tycker att det är svårt att formulera givande uppgifter på egen hand.

Lunaressens is a concept with the goal of spreading awareness about the menstrual cycle and breaking down taboos and stigma around the subject so that women can feel more accepted and encouraged to embrace their cyclical nature.

The concept is primarily aimed at women because they are cyclical individuals regardless of which stage of life they are in, and therefore this is a discovery of individual understanding that people are more than just cramps and blood stains. The user will receive tools through an information book that serves as a diary of self-introspection to gain understanding and from there be able to become aware of creating a world where women can live in harmony with their body and their cyclical nature.

I have explored my area with the following questions: “How can I, through graphic design, provide tools to teach women to understand their inner cycles?”, “How can I, through graphic design, impact menstrual stig-ma in a male-dominated world?”, “How can I, through graphic design, increase awareness about menstrual autonomy?”. Through information design and I have explored the project together with visual explorations, market analysis, design thinking, user testing, storytelling in order to symbolize femininity, well-being, and strength in a way that the solution has a sense of empowerment for the user.

The purpose of the article is to analyze a number of historical explanations behind the slow process of change in stormwater management in Swedish urban planning and practice. We achieve this by studying three different periods of the long-term establishment of the Swedish urban water system over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, developments which were strongly linked to stormwater. The article recognizes the social construction of the system, i.e., how it grew out of human desires and how it grew extensively during the twentieth century due to an expansive growth of system-supporting public initiatives. These included funding opportunities as well as the establishment of different institutions and organizations. The analysis indicates that in their current efforts to transform urban stormwater management in a more sustainable direction, policymakers and implementers ought to be encouraged by an increased awareness of this social construction; what humans by their desires once built up, they should also be able to transform. Still, an important implication is also the need for such transforming efforts to determinately break away, both physically and mentally, from the traditional pipe-bound system and system culture.

The book is the first comprehensive one based on archival materials description of studies and research internships of Poles who matriculated on University of Göttingen in 1884-1933 and undertook studies in exact sciences. The first chapter of the work is a methodological introduction, the second chapter presents the development of exact sciences at the university in Göttingen from its foundation to the expulsion of scientists by the Nazi governments in 1933. The third chapter was devoted to general problems related to studies in Göttingen. In chapters four and five - in chronological order - presented are Poles who completed research internships at the University of Göttingen, and people who obtained a doctorate in philosophy in mathematics, mathematical statistics and physics here, or who took a doctoral exam in these disciplines. A short summary of the research is the sixth chapter discussing the role of former Gettingenian students in the Second Polish Republic in the interwar period. An important part of the publication is the penultimate chapter containing short biographies of nearly eighty Polish women who matriculated at the University of Göttingen. The biographies were supplemented with archival information collected during the inquiries in Göttingen, as well as in many Polish and foreign archives and libraries. A few notes are the first biographical information on these characters. The advantages of the monograph are rich documentation and illustrative material obtained from Polish and foreign archives. The publication is aimed primarily at academics and students interested in the history of mathematics, physics, astronomy and mathematical statistics. It may also interest people interested in the history of university education, including Polish-German scientific contacts in the period 1870-1939, and historians of philosophy, logic and chemistry.

There is a great determination towards an increased accessibility in today’s society.  This creates some problems, when the building in question is a historic building of cultural significance, due to legislations and protective regulations. This thesis is executed as research for The National Property Board Sweden (SFV), who deals with these kinds of difficulties daily.

The objective of this theses was to explore the influence of accessibility adaptation on cultural values in historic buildings from the 19^th century, with a focus on doorways. The aim is also to identify possible faults and weaknesses that could cause a loss in cultural values.

The study is based on a literature review and observations of eight doorways in the historical buildings Gamla Riksarkivet, Kungliga Operan, Linneanum and Uppsala Universitetshus. For each doorway actions and procedures have been identified and categorized based on the affected cultural values using two different evaluation models.

The visual changes are, according to the result, the most frequent reason behind the affected cultural values that has been studied. The increase in social reforms and legislation about accessibility are the result of a changing society that has altered its preceptions of disabilities. This could be traced back as one of the major reasons that might be behind the loss of cultural values. Accessible environments are important, we should however consider that the cultural heritage is poorly accessible for a reason.

It has been discovered that the studied archive files and documents have a lack of information, what actions and procedures the building had endured are vague. The amount of details explaining the procedures and justification of the actions are also limited, especially in the permit applications from SFV and its resolve from RAÄ.

In order to facilitate the issue of how the legislation for accessibility and cultural values should ​​be interpreted, policy documents of how the laws should relate to each other are required.

This essay studies the women that sat in Luleå Stadsfullmäktige between 1910 and 1919 and the bills, questions and the applications they sent in and worked with. The essay is a qualitative survey with a descriptive approach since it tries to describe and tell what these women worked with and what questions they were especially involved in. The survey is to demarcated to 1910 -1919 because 1910 was the first year that a woman could be elected to Stadsfullmäktuge and this opened new doors for what women could participate in within muncipality politics. The survey ends 1919 because the material was so extenstive and because women’s suffrage had occured. The survey found what questions the women worked with. For exampel sobriety, potato cultivation and women’s salary.