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• 1.
Luleå tekniska universitet.
Luleå tekniska universitet. Luleå tekniska universitet.
Development and validation of a numerical model of flow through embankment dams: comparisons with experimental data and analytical solutions1999In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 35, no 3, p. 395-406Article in journal (Refereed)

The development and validation of a numerical simulation model of the flow through embankment dams is described. The paper focuses on basic verification studies, that is, comparisons with analytical solutions and data from laboratory experiments. Two experimental studies, one dealing with the flow in a Hele-Shaw cell and the other with the flow through a bed of packed glass beads, are also described. Comparisons are carried out with respect to the phreatic surfaces, pressure profiles, seepage levels and discharges. It is concluded that the agreement between experimental, analytical and numerical results is generally satisfactory

• 2.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Mathematical Science.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Mathematical Science. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Mathematical Science.
Darcy's law for flow in a periodic thin porous medium confined between two parallel plates2016In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 115, no 3, p. 473-493Article in journal (Refereed)

We study stationary incompressible fluid flow in a thin periodic porous medium. The medium under consideration is a bounded perforated 3D-domain confined between two parallel plates. The distance between the plates is $$\delta$$, and the perforation consists of $$\varepsilon$$-periodically distributed solid cylinders which connect the plates in perpendicular direction. Both parameters $$\varepsilon$$, $$\delta$$ are assumed to be small in comparison with the planar dimensions of the plates. By constructing asymptotic expansions, three cases are analysed: (1) $$\varepsilon \ll \delta$$, (2) $$\delta /\varepsilon \sim \text {constant}$$ and (3) $$\varepsilon \gg \delta$$. For each case, a permeability tensor is obtained by solving local problems. In the intermediate case, the cell problems are 3D, whereas they are 2D in the other cases, which is a considerable simplification. The dimensional reduction can be used for a wide range of $$\varepsilon$$ and $$\delta$$ with maintained accuracy. This is illustrated by some numerical examples.

• 3.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Investigation of Hydrodynamic Dispersion and Intra-pore Turbulence Effects in Porous Media2019In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634Article in journal (Refereed)

The aim of the present paper is to evaluate and compare the pore level hydrodynamic dispersion and effects of turbulence during flow in porous media. In order to compute these quantities, large eddy simulations of turbulent flow in five unit cells comprised of spherical particles are performed and the results are averaged over the cells. Visualizations of vortical structures reveal that the size of the turbulence structures is of the size of the pores. Investigations furthermore yield that volume-averaged values of the hydrodynamic dispersion are of the same order as the Reynolds stress within the pores. It is also shown that the effect of intra-pore turbulence and hydrodynamic dispersion on the redistribution of macroscopic momentum within the porous medium is negligible compared to Forchheimer term. A discussion is provided on the accuracy of the eddy viscosity hypothesis in the modeling of the volume-averaged intra-pore Reynolds stresses. Finally, the effect of variation in the pore-scale geometry on the turbulence structures and averaged values of hydrodynamic dispersion and Reynolds stress is investigated.

• 4.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
A Subgrid-Scale Model for Turbulent Flow in Porous Media2019In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 129, no 3, p. 619-632Article in journal (Refereed)

Given the analogy between the filtered equations of large eddy simulation and volume-averaged Navier–Stokes equations in porous media, a subgrid-scale model is presented to account for the residual stresses within the porous medium. The proposed model is based on the kinetic energy balance of the filtered velocity field within a pore; hence, when using the model, numerical simulations of the turbulent flow in the pores are not required. The accuracy of the model is validated with available data in the literature on turbulent flow through packed beds and staggered arrangement of square cylinders. The validation yields that the model successfully captures the effect of the pore-scale turbulent motion. The model is then used to study turbulent flow in a wall-bounded porous media to assess its accuracy.

• 5.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Flow-induced deformations within random packed beds of spheres2014In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 104, no 1, p. 43-56Article in journal (Refereed)

Low Reynolds number flow-induced alterations of permeability of random packing of mono-sized spheres is studied. The number of spheres is several thousands and the porosities ranges between 0.4 and 0.6. The change of permeability is obtained for elastic deformations of the positions of the spheres using either of two methods. Each sphere is elastically attached to single points or the spheres that are connected via an elastic porous network. The system of spheres is divided into smaller volumes with Voronoi diagrams and the flow is derived by usage of a dual stream function. The local saturated flow fields are approximated as for close packed spheres and the overall flow pattern is obtained by minimising the dissipation rate of energy. The results show that the permeability for large random systems increases as a function of velocity and thus the deformation. The alteration is, however, much less than for two-dimensional cases like parallel cylinders. The relative increase in permeability becomes larger as the porosity increases from 0.4 to 0.6.

• 6.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Mining and Geotechnical Engineering.
Fluid flow induced internal erosion within porous media: modelling of the no erosion filter test experiment2011In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 89, no 3, p. 441-457Article in journal (Refereed)

An investigation of the potential to numerically model the no erosion filter test is performed here, where the flow through a large ensemble of particles is considered by applying minimisation of dissipation rate of energy on the ensemble that is discretised with modified Voronoi diagrams and Delaunay triangulation. Low-Reynolds number simulations are applied to each part of the Voronoi diagram using computational fluid dynamics. The mechanical friction between particles is modelled by increasing the effective viscosity for closely spaced particles. Microscopic mechanisms for successful and unsuccessful sealing of filters are obtained. The numerical results agree with previously presented experimental observations by Sherard and Dunnigan. A conformity is that the sealing starts from the end of the channel and continues outwards in the radial direction. The sealing implies that the permeability can be reduced several orders of magnitude during a test.

• 7. Frishfelds, Vilnis
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. University of Latvia.
Lattice gas analysis of liquid front in non-crimp fabrics2010In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 84, no 1, p. 75-93Article in journal (Refereed)

The liquid flow front during impregnation of non-crimp fabrics is considered. Irregularities in fibre bundle architecture lead to generation of bubbles at this front. The velocity of this interface is highly influenced by capillary forces mainly caused by the small fibres inside the bundles. In order to better understand which shapes the liquid front takes up at different conditions, a lattice gas model has been applied. First, the macroscopic properties of the solved gas in the liquid are discussed. Next, bubble inclusions are analyzed as to liquid-gas interface position and concentrations of minor component in each phase. The capillary effects at the fluid front are studied for systems both with and without gaps between the bundles. The flow in the interior of the fibre bundles is scrutinized, as well, by also considering the viscous stresses. The flow through unidirectional fabrics is considered by a one-dimensional model, which suggests that the liquid front inside bundles and gaps moves with the same speed when the liquid front inside the bundle has to catch up with the liquid front in the gap

• 8.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
Longitudinal dispersion coefficient: effects of particle-size distribution2013In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 99, no 1, p. 1-16Article in journal (Refereed)

The effects of particle-size distribution on the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (DL) in packed beds of spherical particles are studied by simulating a tracer column experiment. The packed-bed models consist of uniform and different-sized spherical particles with a ratio of maximum to minimum particle diameter in the range of 1–4. The modified version of Euclidian Voronoi diagrams is used to discretize the system of particles into cells that each contains one sphere. The local flow distribution is derived with the use of Laurent series. The flow pattern at low particle Reynolds number is then obtained by minimization of dissipation rate of energy for the dual stream function. The value of DL is obtained by comparing the effluent curve from large discrete systems of spherical particles to the solution of the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Main results are that at Peclet numbers above 1, increasing the width of the particle-size distribution increases the values of DL in the packed bed. At Peclet numbers below 1, increasing the width of the particle-size distribution slightly lowers DL.

• 9.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Transitional and Turbulent Flow in a Bed of Spheres as Measured with Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry2017In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 117, no 1, p. 45-67Article in journal (Refereed)

Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry has been used to investigate inertia dominated, transitional and turbulent flow in a randomly packed bed of monosized PMMA spheres. By using an index-matched fluid, the bed is optically transparent and measurements can be performed in an arbitrary position within the porous bed. The velocity field observations are carried out for particle Reynolds numbers, (Formula presented.), between 20 and 3220, and the sampling is done at a frequency of 75 Hz. Results show that, in porous media, the dynamics of the flow can vary significantly from pore to pore. At (Formula presented.) around 400 the spatially averaged time fluctuations of total velocity reach a maximum and the spatial variation of the time-averaged total velocity, (Formula presented.) increases up to about the same (Formula presented.) and then it decreases. Also in the studied planes, a considerable amount of the fluid moves in the perpendicular directions to the main flow direction and the time-averaged magnitude of the velocity in the main direction, (Formula presented.), has an averaged minimum of 40% of the magnitude of (Formula presented.) at (Formula presented.) about 400. For (Formula presented.), this ratio is nearly constant and (Formula presented.) is on average a little bit less than 50% of (Formula presented.). The importance of the results for longitudinal and transverse dispersion is discussed.

• 10.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Measurements of Transitional and Turbulent Flow in a Randomly Packed Bed of Spheres with Particle Image Velocimetry2017In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 116, no 1, p. 413-431Article in journal (Refereed)

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) has been used to investigate transitional and turbulent flow in a randomly packed bed of mono-sized transparent spheres at particle Reynolds number, (Formula presented.). The refractive index of the liquid is matched with the spheres to provide optical access to the flow within the bed without distortions. Integrated pressure drop data yield that Darcy law is valid at (Formula presented.). The PIV measurements show that the velocity fluctuations increase and that the time-averaged velocity distribution start to change at lower (Formula presented.). The probability for relatively low and high velocities decreases with (Formula presented.) and recirculation zones that appear in inertia dominated flows are suppressed by the turbulent flow at higher (Formula presented.). Hence there is a maximum of recirculation at about (Formula presented.). Finally, statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of time-averaged velocities shows that the velocity distribution is clearly and weakly self-similar with respect to (Formula presented.) for turbulent and laminar flow, respectively

• 11.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Experimental investigation of transitional flow in porous media with usage of a pore doublet model2014In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 101, no 2, p. 333-348Article in journal (Refereed)

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow in porous media is studied with a new method. To mimic inter-connected pores, a simplified geometry is studied consisting of a pipe with a relatively large diameter that is split into two parallel pipes with different diameters. This is a pore-doublet set-up and the pressure drops over the parallel pipes are recorded by pressure transducers for different flow rates. Results show that the flow in the parallel pipes is redistributed when turbulent slugs pass through one of them. The presence of the slugs is revealed by positive skewness in the pressure signals as well as an increase of the standard deviation of the pressure drops and correlation between the pressure drops of the pipes. A frequency analysis of the pressure drops show that lower band frequency pressure variations in one pipe are communicated to the other pipe while higher band frequencies are filtered out.

• 12.
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Chalmers University of Technology. Chalmers University of Technology.
Measurement of the permeability tensor of compressed fibre beds2002In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 47, no 3, p. 363-380Article in journal (Refereed)

A new method to measure the permeability tensor of highly compressed fibre beds is developed. The method is based on saturated parallel flow and is evaluated through experiments with various textile materials: press fabrics used in papermaking and fibre reinforcements designed for composites. Since the materials are in the form of sheets, two measuring cells are used, one for the principal in-plane permeabilities and the other for the out-of-plane permeability. A unique feature is that the edge and the bulk flow are measured separately, so that any influence from enhanced or suppressed edge flow may be eliminated. The technique is evaluated with good results in terms of scatter in the measured permeability and the influence of test geometry, pressure, and liquid properties.

• 13. Nordlund, Markus
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
Effect of multi-scale porosity in local permeability modelling of non-crimp fabrics2008In: Transport in Porous Media, ISSN 0169-3913, E-ISSN 1573-1634, Vol. 73, no 1, p. 109-124Article in journal (Refereed)

The influence of multi-scale porosity of fibre reinforcements on local permeability is investigated, in order to determine the possibility of simplifying permeability models for more efficient permeability calculations. Unit cell models of a biaxial Non-Crimp Fabric are developed and used to investigate, whether or not the porous bundles can be excluded, when modelling the local permeability. Numerical accuracy of calculations is controlled to guarantee the quality of the results and the conclusions drawn from them. It is found that fibre bundles with high fibre density can be excluded from permeability models, while bundles with low fibre volume fractions need to be included. A new method to model the local permeability of multi-scale reinforcements is developed and verified for low fibre density in the bundles. In this method, the effects of the flow inside the fibre bundles are included through modifications of the boundary conditions of a single-scale model representing the interbundle regions. The local permeability of multi-scale reinforcements can, therefore, be calculated by models with simplified fluid domains for all fibre bundle porosities, instead of being calculated by models consisting of the entire multi-scale geometry.

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