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  • 1.
    Byström, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Sjöström, Johan
    SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås.
    Wickström, Ulf
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Lange, David
    SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås.
    Veljkovic, Milan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Large scale test on a steel column exposed to localized fire2014In: Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, ISSN 2040-2317, E-ISSN 2040-2325, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 147-160Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A localized fire is a fire which in a compartment is unlikely to reach flash-over and uniform temperature distribution. Designing for localized fires is generally more difficult than for flash-over compartment fires because of the complexity of the problem. There is also a lack of experimental data. We report here on a full scale test series on a steel column exposed to localized fires. The setup is a 6 meters tall hollow circular column, ϕ = 200 mm with a steel thickness of 10 mm. The unloaded column was hanging centrally above different pool fires. Temperatures of gas and steel were measured by thermocouples, and adiabatic surface temperatures at the steel surface were measured by plate thermometers of various designs. The results are compared with estimates based on Eurocode 1991-1-2 which in all cases studied overestimate the thermal impact for this setup. The input from plate thermometers was used to compute the steel temperatures using finite element methods. Excellent agreement was found if the radiation exchange within the column due to asymmetry of the exposure was taken into account.

  • 2.
    Iqbal, Naveed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Heistermann, Tim
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Veljkovic, Milan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Lopes, Fernanda
    University of Coimbra, Department of Civil Engineering.
    Santiago, Aldina
    ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra.
    Silva, Luís Simões da
    Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Universidade de Coimbra , ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra.
    Numerical Study of Steel Beams in Sub-frame Assembly Validation of Existing Hand Calculation Procedures2015In: Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, ISSN 2040-2317, E-ISSN 2040-2325, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 123-140, article id 4Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The design methods currently proposed by the codes prescribe the strength assessment of structures to be based on their strength limit state. These design methods can be applied to isolated steel members to determine their design strengthin fire. The real response of a structural member is, however, more complex due to the thermal expansion and the presence of restraints against this expansion by the surrounding structure. It is therefore imperative to study the response of a structural member at high temperature in a way which includes its interaction with its surroundings. This paper focus on the numerical investigation of steel beams in structural frames connected to concrete filled tubular (CFT) columns through reverse channel connections and comparison to hand calculation procedures. Finite element models (FEM) of the sub-frames were validated against fire tests conducted on sub-frames and then their results were compared to the proposed simplified hand calculation procedures (HCM).

  • 3.
    Sandström, Joakim
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Fire Engineering. Brandskyddslaget AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Life safety in single-story steel frame buildings, Part I - deterministic design2019In: Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, ISSN 2040-2317, E-ISSN 2040-2325, Vol. 10, no 4, p. 435-445Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper discusses fire safety design of single story-, single compartment buildings and evaluates whether time to structural damage is a relevant criterion when lethal fire conditions develop long before any structural fire damage can occur. Current performance-based design practice aims at achieving the life safety objective by preventing structural failure for the entire duration of a natural fire or for a fixed time of standard fire exposure. Prevention of structural fire damage is always relevant for multistory buildings, or buildings with complex geometries as structural fire damage may then threaten occupants and/or firefighters outside the area directly affected by the fire. However, for single-story-, single-compartment buildings, prevention of structural fire damage is less relevant in relation to the life safety objective.

    The advantage of the new design philosophy presented in this paper is the possibility to define how the level of structural fire resistance in single-story-, single-compartment buildings can be determined in a consistent way. This level of fire resistance requirement in these buildings differ amongst countries but could be harmonized by accepting of the design philosophy suggested in this paper.

    The proposed approach is demonstrated in a design case study of a steel truss in a typical Swedish single-story steel frame building. While not complying with deemed to satisfy fire resistance ratings, it is argued that the proposed design still can fulfill the life safety objective.

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  • 4.
    Sandström, Joakim
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Fire Engineering. Brandskyddslaget AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Life safety in single-story steel frame buildings, Part II - probabilistic design2020In: Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, ISSN 2040-2317, E-ISSN 2040-2325, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 379-394Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    This paper aims to investigate the probability of unacceptable consequences from structural fire damage in a typical Scandinavian single-story steel frame building and discusses it in relation to life safety. This paper is a complement to the paper “Life safety in single-story steel frame buildings, Part I – deterministic design” by Sandström (2019) which considers the same design philosophy but with a probabilistic design approach.

    Design/methodology/approach

    The reliability of a single-story steel frame building is investigated by using crude Monte Carlo simulation by including consideration to the fire conditions.

    Findings

    The investigated building does not meet the safety levels as stipulated by EN 1990 for structural fire damage. However, by including consideration to the fire conditions in the compartment, it is shown that the life safety objective is not compromised by the structural fire damage, i.e. the structure remains intact as long as any individuals/firefighters can survive within the fire area compartment.

    Originality/value

    This paper presents practical application of a conceptual paper presenting a general approach to structural fire safety design and the life safety objective.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 5.
    Schmid, Joachim
    et al.
    Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich.
    Santomaso, Alessandro
    Commissario delegato per l’emergenza della mobilità riguardante l’A4, Trieste.
    Brandon, Daniel
    RISE, Research Institute of Sweden.
    Wickström, Ulf
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Fire Engineering.
    Frangi, Andres
    (Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich.
    Timber under Real Fire Conditions: the influence of oxygen content and gas velocity on the charring behavior2018In: Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, ISSN 2040-2317, E-ISSN 2040-2325, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 222-236Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    The purpose of this study is to investigate the influencing factors on the charring behaviour of timber, the char layer and the charring depth in non-standard fires.

    Design/methodology/approach

    This paper summarizes outcomes of tests, investigating the influences on the charring behavior of timber by varying the oxygen content and the gas velocity in the compartment. Results show that charring is depending on the fire compartment temperature, but results show further that at higher oxygen flow, char contraction was observed affecting the protective function of the char layer.

    Findings

    In particular, in the cooling phase, char contraction should be considered which may have a significant impact on performance-based design using non-standard temperature fire curves where the complete fire history including the cooling phase has to be taken into account.

    Originality/value

    Up to now, some research on non-standard fire exposed timber member has been performed, mainly based on standard fire resistance tests where boundary conditions as gas flow and oxygen content especially in the decay phase are not measured or documented. The approach presented in this paper is the first documented fire tests with timber documenting the data required.

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