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  • 1.
    Abdel-Khalek, N.A.
    et al.
    Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Helwan, Cairo.
    Yassin, K.E.
    Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Helwan, Cairo.
    Kota, Hanumantha Rao
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Kandel, A-H
    Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University.
    Effect of starch type on selectivity of cationic flotation of iron ore2012In: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy: Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy: Section C, ISSN 0371-9553, E-ISSN 1743-2855, Vol. 121, no 2, p. 98-102Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cationic flotation is one of the most widely accepted technologies for upgrading siliceous iron ore using polysaccharides (mainly starches) as depressing agents for iron bearing minerals while floating silica with amines. In this paper, a group of starches are investigated as depressants for haematite. These starches are wheat, corn, rice, potato and dextrin. The role of starch type on the selectivity of the separation process has been studied through zeta potential, adsorption measurements as well as flotation tests. The effects of type of starch and pH of the medium have been studied. The results indicate that the selectivity of the separation process is strongly affected by the type of starch used, where better results are obtained with corn starch or wheat starch in comparison to the other types. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated that the interaction between starches and haematite surface is intermolecular interaction

  • 2.
    Abhale, Prakash Bansi
    et al.
    Global R and D, ArcelorMittal, Kolkatta.
    Yadav, Vishal Kumar
    Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (MTM), Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven.
    Nurni, Viswanathan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Ballal, Bharath Nidambur
    Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
    Efficient computation of gas flow in blast furnace in 3-D2012In: 6th Int. Congress on the Science and Technology of Ironmaking 2012, ICSTI 2012: Including Proceedings from the 42nd Ironmaking and Raw Materials Seminar, and the 13th Brazilian Symp. on Iron Ore, 2012, Vol. 1, p. 722-732Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Blast furnace continues to occupy prominent place among iron making technologies as it accounts for more than 90% of the hot metal produced in the world. In India, as a part of initiative from Ministry of Steel, efforts are being made to develop offline as well as online models with an aim to improve blast furnace performance. As a part of this effort, offline comprehensive models simulating the internal state of an operating blast furnace are being developed. Such comprehensive models involve systematic integration of various sub-models for gas flow, solid flow, reaction kinetics, enthalpy balance etc. Unlike in many other systems, these sub-processes are highly interlinked in blast furnace and hence call for large number of iteration among the sub-models which ultimately results in significant computation time. Our efforts in integration of these sub-models have indicated that the gas flow is one of the important bottle necks in achieving faster computation. This has led to a development of new and efficient computation scheme to simulate the gas flow in 2-D [1]. This new scheme provided efficient way of handling complex burden profile in a blast furnace. This paper presents the extension of this 2-D gas flow model to 3-D. Further, the 3-D model has been used to investigate the asymmetry in gas flow which can arise from blanking the tuyeres, asymmetric fusion or cohesive zone or formation scabs or scaffolds in the furnace behavior

  • 3.
    Abrahamsson, Filip
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Leaching of Pyrrhotite from Nickel Concentrate2017Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Non-oxidative acid leaching of pyrrhotite from Kevitsa’s Ni-concentrate and methods to recover by-products, have been investigated. Selective dissolution of pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS, 0<x<0.25) can enrich the content of the valuable metals, such as Ni and Co, in the final concentrate and will reduce the amount of Fe and S sent to the smelters. The pyrometallurgical smelting of leached concentrate will thus give less formation of smelter by-products in form of slag and SO2. The leaching was studied through an experimental design plan with parameter settings of  38.8% to 57.8% H2SO4 and temperatures from 60 to 100°C. The best results were obtained in experiments carried out at the lower experimental range. Leaching at 60°C with an initial acid concentration of 38.8% H2SO4 was found sufficient to selectively dissolve most of the pyrrhotite; leaving an enriched solid residue. A QEMSCAN analysis of the solid residue confirmed that most of the pyrrhotite had been dissolved and showed that pentlandite was still the main Ni-mineral. Chemical assays showed that more than 95% of the Ni, Co, and Cu remained in the final residue.

       The utilized leaching process generates by-products, in the form of large quantities of Fe2+ in solution and gaseous H2S. To recover Fe2+, crystallization of iron(ii) sulfate (FeSO4∙nH2O) from leach solution through cooling have been studied. The crystallized crystals were further dehydrated into the monohydrate (FeSO4∙H2O) through a strong sulfuric acid treatment (80%H2SO4). XRD analysis confirmed that FeSO4∙H2O was the main phase in the final crystals, and a chemical analysis showed a Fe content of about 30%, 1.5% Mg, 0.4% Ca, and 0.2% Ni.

       The possibility to leach the concentrate by circulating the acidic solution from the crystallization stage has been tested. The recirculation of the solution showed no negative effects, as the recoveries of elements and chemical assays of the final solid residue were found to be similar to the obtained assay when the concentrate was leached in a fresh solution.

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  • 4.
    Abramov, A.A.
    et al.
    Moscow State Mining University, Moscow.
    Forssberg, Eric
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Chemistry and optimal conditions for copper minerals flotation: theory and practice2005In: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, ISSN 0882-7508, E-ISSN 1547-7401, Vol. 26, no 2, p. 77-143Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reliable information on the surface state of sulphide copper minerals and regularities of sulphidization and flotation of oxidized copper minerals, the composition of sorption layer on the mineral surface forming during its interaction with xanthate or dixanthogen, and the influence of collector forms sorption on the copper minerals floatability and on the optimal conditions for these minerals flotation and depression has been obtained at present. The determined physicochemical models in the form of quantitative equations have been derived for the optimal conditions of flotation and depression of copper minerals under changing pH value and of sodium sulphide, lime, cyanide, zinc–cyanide complexes additions. The equations derived were proven in the laboratory and industrial scale and can be used both in automatic control systems at plants and for improvement of technological processes of selective flotation of copper containing ores.

  • 5. Adolfsson, Daniel
    et al.
    Engström, Fredrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Robinson, Ryan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Björkman, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Cementitious phases in ladle slag2011In: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 82, no 4, p. 398-403Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ladle slag is an internal by-product generated within the steelmaking industry during the refining of steel. The realisation of beneficial inherent properties of ladle slag as a binder supplement or substitute material is believed to be advantageous with respect to both economy and environment for steelmakers. For this reason, the current study has focused on highlighting the properties of ladle slag that are pertinent to the formation of calcium aluminate hydrates. Three fractions of ladle slag, two of which were based on different slag formers, have been characterised using XRF, XRD and calorimetric analysis. Commonly known hydraulic minerals such as mayenite, tricalcium aluminate and dicalcium silicate were detected during analysis. An important aspect in the utilisation of ladle slag is the slag handling methodology. Therefore, this study also highlights and discusses the need to reconsider slag handling procedures concerning unnecessary exposure to weathering and the possible need for further processing of the slag in order to better employ the inherent hydraulic properties of this material.

  • 6. Adolfsson, Daniel
    et al.
    Menad, Nourreddine
    Viggh, Erik O.
    Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans.
    Björkman, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Hydraulic properties of sulphoaluminate belite cement based on steelmaking slags2007In: Advances in Cement Research, ISSN 0951-7197, E-ISSN 1751-7605, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 133-138Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Based on modified Bogue calculations, steelmaking slags were combined in order to produce a belite-rich clinker activated with sulphoaluminate. The experiments were conducted on two different mixtures based on steelmaking slags together with additives, namely MixA and MixB. The objective of the present study was to investigate the hydraulic properties of the specimens, using conduction calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, and also to measure the mechanical strength of the specimens when hydrated for 2 and 28 days. The compressive strength was satisfactory in relation to the estimated compositions. Both mixtures behaved the same with regard to heat development as well as the amount of ettringite formed during the first 24 h of the hydration.

  • 7. Adolfsson, Daniel
    et al.
    Menad, Nourreddine
    Viggh, Erik O.
    Cementa AB, Malmö.
    Björkman, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Steelmaking slags as raw material for sulphoaluminate belite cement2007In: Advances in Cement Research, ISSN 0951-7197, E-ISSN 1751-7605, Vol. 19, no 4, p. 147-156Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present study, slags from the steelmaking industry are described and considered as a potential raw material within the field of sulphoaluminate belite cement. The objective of the study was to investigate the possibility of using a substantial amount of steelmaking slags as raw meal in the manufacture of a sulphobelitic clinker. A further aim was to compare the influence of different slags in relation to the formation of sulphoaluminate and the other clinker phases required. The behaviour of high temperature reactions was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Mineralogical observations were carried out through X-ray powder diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Three different mixtures and a single ladle slag were prepared using modified Bogue calculations, which are characterised by the assessment of a potential phase composition in order to produce belite-rich cement activated with sulphoaluminate. The results so far prove that steelmaking slags have the potential to be used as raw material, since sulphoaluminate along with polymorphs of dicalcium silicate and ferrite phases were detected after firing at 1200 degrees C in an air atmosphere.

  • 8.
    Adolfsson, Daniel
    et al.
    SSAB Merox SE-61380 Oxelösund, Sweden.
    Robinson, Ryan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Engström, Fredrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Björkman, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Influence of mineralogy on the hydraulic properties of ladle slag2011In: Cement and Concrete Research, ISSN 0008-8846, E-ISSN 1873-3948, Vol. 41, no 8, p. 865-871Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study is aimed at investigating the hydraulic characteristics of ladle furnace slag (LFS), under the pretence of using LFS as a cement substitute in certain applications. Furthermore, LFS has been considered as a possible activator in a blend containing 50% LFS, and 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Phases detected in LFS were quantified using Rietveld analysis. Calorimetric studies were performed at 20, 25 and 30 °C in order to calculate the apparent activation energy of hydration and thereby to suggest a kinetic model for the tested compositions within this temperature interval. In addition, compressive strength tests were performed on mortar prisms made with LFS, and LFS/GGBFS which had hydrated for 2, 7 and 28 days. Both compositions reached acceptable early strengths, (e.g. LFS, 33.1 MPa, and LFS/GGBFS, 17.9 MPa, after 2 days), but after 28 days hydration the blend was superior to neat LFS. Related apparent activation energies were determined using an Avrami–Erofeev model and gave Ea = 58 kJ/mol for neat LFS and Ea = 63 kJ/mol for the blend. The results imply that LFS or a LFS/GGBFS blend can be favourably used as supplement in binder applications such as binder in by-product metallurgical briquettes, which are used as recycle to the blast furnace or basic oxygen furnace depending on the specific briquette composition.

  • 9.
    Agarwal, Parminder
    et al.
    Michigan State University.
    Berglund, Kris
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Effect of polymeric additives on calcium carbonate crystallization as monitored by nephelometry2004In: Crystal Growth & Design, ISSN 1528-7483, E-ISSN 1528-7505, Vol. 4, no 3, p. 479-483Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effect of polymaleimide polymers on calcium carbonate crystallization was studied using nephelometry. Induction time and percent growth inhibition were determined for polymeric additives from the nephelometric data. The polymaleimide synthesized by KOH-initiated polymerization exhibited the greatest growth inhibition and longest nucleation time among the polymers investigated. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the calcium carbonate polymorph formed in the presence of these polymeric additives.

  • 10.
    Agarwal, Parminder
    et al.
    Michigan State University.
    Berglund, Kris
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    In situ monitoring of calcium carbonate polymorphs during batch crystallization in the presence of polymeric additives using Raman spectroscopy2003In: Crystal Growth & Design, ISSN 1528-7483, E-ISSN 1528-7505, Vol. 3, no 6, p. 941-946Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Polycarboxylic acids are well-known to affect calcium carbonate crystallization. Agarwal et al. (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, in press) reported previously the synthesis of polymaleimide by a variety of techniques and initiators. In the present work, the effect of these polymers on calcium carbonate crystallization was studied by a variety of techniques. Crystallization experiments were carried out in a 1-L LABMAX automated batch reactor, and the concentration of calcium in solution was determined in real time. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the relative amount of various calcium carbonate polymorphs as the crystallization occurred. However, Raman spectroscopy is a scattering technique, which may make it surface selective, and therefore results from solids may not be representative of bulk of sample. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to compare the results obtained by Raman spectroscopy. Peak intensity ratios were used for both Raman spectroscopy and XRD for calibration and measurement purposes. The results obtained by these two techniques for final percent vaterite for calcium carbonate crystallization in the presence of polymeric additives were in agreement within 2%. Therefore, use of Raman spectroscopy for in situ measurement of polymorph composition during calcium carbonate crystallization appears accurate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data were useful in understanding the crystal morphology and to determine crystal size.

  • 11.
    Agarwal, Parminder
    et al.
    Michigan State University.
    Yu, Qiuyue
    Michigan State University.
    Harant, Adam
    Michigan State University.
    Berglund, Kris
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Synthesis and characterization of polymaleimide2003In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, ISSN 0888-5885, E-ISSN 1520-5045, Vol. 42, no 13, p. 2881-2884Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Simplified syntheses of polymaleimide employing anionic polymerization (from the melt and from solution) and metal compound-alcohol initiators such as PbO, SnO, tin bis(2-ethyl hexanoate) in the presence of tert-butyl benzyl alcohol are presented. The resulting polymers contain a combination of C-N- and C-C-connected monomers. Preliminary structures of the polymers were determined using NMR spectroscopy. The ratio of C-N- and C-C-connected monomers was determined, and the percentage of C-N-connected monomer units was found to vary from 40 to 80%, with the higher percentage resulting from anionic polymerization. The molecular weights of the polymers, as determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with aqueous mobile phase and sodium polyacrylates standards, ranged between 1100 and 4200 for anionic polymerization and were about 11 500 for metal oxide-alcohol initiated polymerization. Solution-phase properties of the polymaleimides were evaluated by calcium chelation and precipitation inhibition studies. On the basis of the measured properties of these polymers, they are proposed as biodegradable, low-impact detergent additives to substitute currently used compounds.

  • 12.
    Aguilar, Wilson
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Chemical Engineering. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Cardenas, Edgar
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Chemical Engineering.
    Hedlund, Jonas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Chemical Engineering.
    Mouzon, Johanne
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Chemical Engineering. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Dendritic growth of NBA-ZSM-5In: Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, ISSN 1387-1811, E-ISSN 1873-3093Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Crystallization of ZSM-5 zeolite from a gel using n-butylamine as structure-directing agent was studied. Extreme high-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of dendritic features that are present at the crystal surface during most of the reaction time that become smoother towards completion of the crystallization. In addition, a web that likely stems from the gel, comprised of alumina-rich nanoparticles between the dendrites at the surface of the crystals was also identified. When the gel is not in direct contact with the crystal surface, dendrites and the web are not observed, and the crystals grow faster. Thus, the alumina-rich web retards the crystal growth and cause the formation of dendritic features.

  • 13.
    Ahlberg, E.
    et al.
    Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology;University of Göteborg.
    Forssberg, K. S. Eric
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Wang, Xianghuai
    Luleå University of Technology.
    The surface oxidation of pyrite in alkaline solution1990In: Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, ISSN 0021-891X, E-ISSN 1572-8838, Vol. 20, no 6, p. 1033-1039Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The collector-less flotation of pyrite has been studied by conventional techniques and is correlated to the electrochemical behaviour of pyrite in alkaline solution (1m NaClO4, pH 11). It was concluded that the initial oxidation of pyrite produces a hydrophobic sulphur rich surface together with hydrophilic iron hydroxide species. Also upon grinding, the surface is covered by hydrophilic species and therefore no significant flotation was obtained in the absence of a collector. However, collectorless flotation was readily obtained in an iron complexing solution like EDTA. This indicates that the remaining sulphur-rich layer is responsible for the floatability of pyrite under these conditions.

  • 14.
    Ahlén, Gustaf
    et al.
    Recopharma AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Strindelius, Lena
    Recopharma AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Johansson, Tomas
    Recopharma AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Anki
    Recopharma AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Chatzissavidou, Nathalie
    Recopharma AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Sjöblom, Magnus
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Rova, Ulrika
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Holgersson, Jan
    Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Mannosylated mucin-type immunoglobulin fusion proteins enhance antigen-specific antibody and T lymphocyte responses2012In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 7, no 10, article id e46959Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Targeting antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APC) improve their immunogenicity and capacity to induce Th1 responses and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). We have generated a mucin-type immunoglobulin fusion protein (PSGL-1/mIgG2b), which upon expression in the yeast Pichia pastoris became multivalently substituted with O-linked oligomannose structures and bound the macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) with high affinity in vitro. Here, its effects on the humoral and cellular anti-ovalbumin (OVA) responses in C57BL/6 mice are presented.

    OVA antibody class and subclass responses were determined by ELISA, the generation of anti-OVA CTLs was assessed in 51Cr release assays using in vitro-stimulated immune spleen cells from the different groups of mice as effector cells and OVA peptide-fed RMA-S cells as targets, and evaluation of the type of Th cell response was done by IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 ELISpot assays.

    Immunizations with the OVA − mannosylated PSGL-1/mIgG2b conjugate, especially when combined with the AbISCO®-100 adjuvant, lead to faster, stronger and broader (with regard to IgG subclass) OVA IgG responses, a stronger OVA-specific CTL response and stronger Th1 and Th2 responses than if OVA was used alone or together with AbISCO®-100. Also non-covalent mixing of mannosylated PSGL-1/mIgG2b, OVA and AbISCO®-100 lead to relatively stronger humoral and cellular responses. The O-glycan oligomannoses were necessary because PSGL-1/mIgG2b with mono- and disialyl core 1 structures did not have this effect.

    Mannosylated mucin-type fusion proteins can be used as versatile APC-targeting molecules for vaccines and as such enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses.

  • 15.
    Ahmadi, R.
    et al.
    Iran Mineral Processing Research Centre (IMPRC), Karaj.
    Hashemzadehfini, M.
    Iran Mineral Processing Research Centre (IMPRC), Karaj.
    Parian, Mehdi Amiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Rapid determination of Bond rod-mill work index by modeling the grinding kinetics2013In: Advanced Powder Technology, ISSN 0921-8831, E-ISSN 1568-5527, Vol. 24, no 1, p. 441-445Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Generally, Bond work index is a common method for selecting comminution equipment as well as estimation of grinding efficiency and calculating required power. In the current research, a simple, fast and accurate procedure is introduced to find the rod-mill work index based on the conventional Bond work index. The grinding experiments were carried out on four typical samples of iron, copper, manganese and lead–zinc ore with three test-sieves in specified time periods and aimed to shortening the procedure. Furthermore, the grinding kinetics and mass balance equations were applied to model the standard Bond rod-mill work index. For comparing the standard Bond rod-mill work index and the new modeled method, work index (Wi) and produced fine particles in a cycle (Gi) for the four samples determined. The performed paired Student’s t-test results indicated that the Standard Deviation for Gi and Wi obtained by the shortened method are respectively 0.50 and 0.58 in respect of traditional Bond method.

  • 16.
    Ahmed, Hesham
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Seetharaman, Seshadri
    Kungliga tekniska högskolan, KTH.
    Isothermal dynamic thermal diffusivity studies of the reduction of NiO and NiWO4 precursors by hydrogen2011In: International Journal of Materials Research - Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, ISSN 1862-5282, E-ISSN 2195-8556, Vol. 102, no 11, p. 1336-1344Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Thermal diffusivity measurements of uniaxially cold pressed NiO and NiWO4 were carried out in a dynamic mode in order to monitor the kinetics of hydrogen reduction of the above-mentioned materials using a laser flash unit. The calculated activation energy was found to be higher than that for chemically-controlled reaction obtained earlier by thermogravimetry. The difference has been attributed to physical changes occurring along with the chemical reaction. The activation energy of sintering of the products was evaluated to be 33 and 36 kJ mol-1 for NiO and NiWO4, respectively. Thermal conductivities were calculated taking into consideration the change in heat capacity considering the compositional and the structural changes with the progress of the reaction. The potentiality of the laser-flash method as a complementary technique to thermogravimetry in understanding the mechanism of gas-solid reactions is discussed.

  • 17.
    Ajayi, John Ade
    et al.
    Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure.
    Awe, Samuel Ayowole
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Recovery efficiency study on ilesha placer gold ore by flotation using locallysourced frothers and collectors2010In: XXV International Mineral Processing Congress: IMPC 2010, "Smarter processing for the future" : Brisbane, Australia 6-10 September 2010 : congress proceedings, Carlton, Vic: The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2010, Vol. 2, p. 1695-1702Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The research conducted by the defunct Nigerian Mining Corporation revealed that minable quantities of gold deposit are present over an expanse of Ilesha-Ife area. This optimism prompted several researchers to study the response of Ilesha gold ore to amalgamation and cyanidation. Unfortunately, these methods (amalgamation and cyanidation) are environmentally hazardous and the reagents are rather expensive when available. This is the thrust for this research which is aimed at studying the amenability of Ilesha placer gold ore to froth flotation which is environmentally friendly using locally-sourced reagents. The mineralogical study of the deposit was carried out and the result showed that the Ilesha placer deposit is non-refractory with fine-grained gold particles. Potassium salts of groundnut and palm kernel oils (as collectors) and their fatty acids (as frothers) were prepared and used to float gold concentrate from Ilesha placer gold ore. The following flotation parameters: pulp density, impeller speed, pulp pH, collector concentration and particle size analysis were optimised. The results obtained shows that optimum recovery of 91.8 per cent and 89.56 per cent of gold concentrates were obtained at pulp pH of 9, pulp density of 100 g/cm3, impeller velocity of 1350 rpm and mineral particle size range of -75 μm when potassium salts of groundnut and palmkernel oils were used respectively as collectors. Thus Ilesha placer gold ore is amenable to froth flotation using locally-sourced frothers and collectors.

  • 18.
    Akhtar, Farid
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry.
    Ojuva, Arto
    Stockholm University, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry.
    Wirawan, Kompiang
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Hedlund, Jonas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Bergström, Lennart
    Stockholm University, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry.
    Hierarchically porous binder-free silicalite-1 discs: a novel support for all-zeolite membranes2011In: Journal of Materials Chemistry, ISSN 0959-9428, E-ISSN 1364-5501, Vol. 21, no 24, p. 8822-8828Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Thermal expansion mismatch between the zeolite film and the support is an important cause for the formation of defects and cracks during the fabrication and use of zeolite membranes. We have studied how silicalite-1 discs with a permeability comparable to commercially available alumina supports can be produced by pulsed current processing (PCP) as a novel substrate for all-zeolite membranes. Hierarchically porous and mechanically strong membrane supports where the surface area and crystallography of the silicalite-1 particles were maintained could be obtained by carefully controlling the thermal treatment during PCP consolidation. In situ X-ray diffraction and dilatometry showed that the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the silicalite-1 substrate was negative in the temperature range 200-800 degrees C while the commonly used alumina substrate displayed a positive CTE. The critical temperature variation, Delta T, and thicknesses for crack-free supported zeolite films with a negative CTE were estimated using a fracture energy model. Zeolite films with a thickness of 1 mu m can only sustain a relatively modest Delta T of 100 degrees when supported onto alumina substrates while the all-zeolite membranes can support temperature variations above 500 degrees

  • 19.
    Alatalo, Johanna
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Charge dynamics in tumbling mills: simulation and measurements with an in-mill sensor2011Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Grinding is a process of reducing the particle size distribution of an extracted ore commonly performed in tumbling mills. The process is complex with many factors affecting the result, predominately the ores physical and chemical properties. The ore feed to a concentrator varies and optimisation is important, since grinding has high energy consumption and therefore is an expensive process. In an attempt to increase the knowledge of pebble mill grinding, experiments were performed with a pilot-scale mill at the LKAB R&D facilities at Malmberget. The purposes of the experiments were to investigate how the mill reacts to changes in the system and to find out how the grinding ability is affected by the changes. The first set of experiments concentrated on different operational settings, varying the filling degree, the volume-% solids and the percentage of critical speed of the mill. In the second set of experiments, different pebbles mixtures with varying magnetite content and different size fractions were tested. An interesting response variable (result) is the product size for the different operational conditions, since higher amount of fine material < 45 μm can be seen as a probable increase of production rate. The environment inside a mill is too harsh for direct measurements and there is a lack of knowledge of the events occurring inside the mill. Information on the events in the charge can be achieved by the use of different sensors. In the experiments, a Continuous Charge Measurement (CCM) system by Metso Minerals has been used to learn more about the charge dynamics. This system consists of a strain gauge detector embedded in one rubber lifter and measures the deflection as the lifter passes through the charge in the mill. The information received from the deflection curve is used in the evaluation of the experiments. The data from the experiments have been analysed with the aid of a statistical program. The analyses show that there will be an increased production of fines at low critical speed especially when the mill has high filling degree. This setting will also increase the power consumption but it improves the grindability of the ore even more. A higher degree of filling also give a smaller toe angle and a higher shoulder angle as expected. In addition, there is an advantage to keep the magnetite pebbles fraction as high as possible. This will increase the power consumption and maximum deflection of lifters, but at the same time increase the amount < 45 μm, the grindability and the pebbles consumption. A pebble size fraction of 10-35 mm will improve the grindability and amount < 45 μm. To further increase the understanding of charge dynamics, simulations are used to possibly illustrate the events inside the mill. However, for simulations to be reliable it demands that they are verified against process data. Previously, a series of experiments with a steel media charge were performed with the CCM system installed and this provides an opportunity to validate simulation results. The measured lifter deflection signal is used to compare with signals from two- and three-dimensional DEM simulations of the pilot-scale mill. The resulting deflection signals from simulation show that the three-dimensional case displays a better profile and the difference of toe and shoulder angles are less than in the twodimensional case. This means that the simulations are more reliable when they are run in three dimensions and they may be used to increase the understanding of the mill and its charge.

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  • 20.
    Alatalo, Johanna
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Conference in Minerals Engineering: Luleå, 2 -3 februari 20102010Collection (editor) (Other academic)
  • 21.
    Alatalo, Johanna
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Conference in minerals engineering: Luleå, 3-4 februari 20092009Collection (editor) (Other academic)
  • 22.
    Alatalo, Johanna
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Conference in Minerals Engineering: Luleå, 8-9 February 20112011Collection (editor) (Other academic)
  • 23. Alatalo, Johanna
    et al.
    Pålsson, Bertil
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Qualitative statistical analysis of simulated data from a pilot scale mill2011In: Particle-based Methods - Fundamentals and Applications / [ed] Eugenio Oñate; D.R.J. Owen, Barcelona: International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), 2011, p. 43-51Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Grinding is the process of reducing a particle size distribution of an extracted ore and is commonly performed in a tumbling mill. It is a complex procedure and there is a lack of knowledge of what really happens inside the mill. A number of pilot-scale experiments were done at LKAB's pilot plant at Malmberget, Sweden [1]. In this particular pilot mill, a continuous charge measurement system is installed in one of the lifters and it gives a deflection signal produced by the mill charge. From this signal it is possible to detect features correlated to the settings of the mill. Large, real experiments are very difficult to control and are of course, very costly and time consuming. A 10 cm slice of the mill was simulated with discrete element method (DEM) for different mill operating conditions. From the simulations a deflection signal was extracted and validated against real data. There is a difference in the signal, mainly due to the lack of slurry in the simulations, but the behaviour when the mills operating conditions changes seems to be the same in both the simulated and the measured signals. To analyse the data from the simulation a statistical analysis on a full factorial design was done. Two levels of degree of filling of the mill, two different rotational speeds, two levels of friction and different types of particles were selected as factors. The response data are two angles: toe and shoulder angle. The toe angle is when the lifter hits the charge and the shoulder angle is when the lifter leaves the charge. The analysis show that the toe angle increases when the degree of filling is low and the rotational speed is high. It is also clear that the particle shape influences the charge behaviour. The simulated changes correspond to changes detected in pilot mill runs. This is important since it validates the DEM model. In essence, mill simulations are easily done and the changes of factor levels cause the simulated mill to react in similar manner as in real cases. One advantage is that in simulations one factor can be isolated and changed while the others are kept at constant values, which in turn creates the possibility to investigate one factor at a time. In real experiments, the factors are more dependent on each other and there is a very high disturbance from noise.

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  • 24.
    Alatalo, Johanna
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Pålsson, Bertil I.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Tano, Kent
    LKAB, Malmberget, Sweden.
    Influence of pebble mill operating conditions on measurements with an in-mill sensor2011In: Minerals & metallurgical processing, ISSN 0747-9182, Vol. 28, no 4, p. 193-197Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Autogenous grinding is a process of reducing the particle size distribution of an extracted ore by using the ore itself as the grinding media. It is a process that is difficult to control and there is a lack of knowledge of the events occurring inside the mill. To find out more about how the mill behaves under different processing conditions, a full factorial test was performed with iron ore in a pilot-scale pebble mill at the LKAB R&D facility in Malmberget. To complement this work, a strain gauge detector was embedded in one of the mill’s rubber lifters, the Metso Minerals continuous charge measurement (CCM) system, and was used to get more information about the charge dynamics. The data from the experiments has been analyzed. For production purposes, an increase in the number of particles smaller than 45 μm can be regarded as a probable increase in the production rate. The analysis shows that there will be an increase in fines at 65% of critical speed, especially when the mill is 45% full. This setting will also increase the power consumption, but improves the grindability of the ore even more. The deflection of the lifters is smaller for lower critical speeds. A higher degree of filling also gives a smaller toe angle and a higher shoulder angle as expected.

  • 25.
    Alatalo, Johanna
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Pålsson, Bertil
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Tano, Kent
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Comparing experimental measurements of mill lifter deflections with 2D and 3D DEM predictions2010In: Discrete element methods: simulations of discontinua : theory and applications / [ed] Antonio Munjiza, London: School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 26.
    Alatalo, Johanna
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Pålsson, Bertil
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Tano, Kent
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Evaluation of data from a pilot scale pebble mill2011In: Conference in minerals engineering: Luleå, 8-9 February 2011 / [ed] Johanna Alatalo, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2011Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 27.
    Alatalo, Johanna
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Pålsson, Bertil
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Tano, Kent
    LKAB, Research & Development, 983 81 Malmberget.
    Influence of charge type on measurements with an in-mill sensor2012In: Minerals Engineering, ISSN 0892-6875, E-ISSN 1872-9444, Vol. 39, p. 262-267Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The process of grinding is complex with many factors affecting the result. As the composition of the ore fed to the concentrator varies, implying changes in grindability, the optimal operation conditions for a pebble mill will also vary. In an attempt to increase the understanding of charge dynamics, a series of statistically planned experiments were done in a pilot-scale pebble mill with differing charge types. This pebble mill is equipped with an in-mill sensor, which measures the deflection of a single lifter as it passes through the mill charge. The experimental setup was a factorial design with two factors; two levels of magnetite pebbles content and three different size distributions. The experiments show that there is an advantage to keep the magnetite pebbles proportion as high as possible. This will increase the power consumption and maximum deflection of the lifters, but at the same time increase the production of <45 μm material, the grindability and the pebbles consumption. A pebble size fraction 10–35 mm improves the grindability the most and the amount of <45 μm material. It is strongly suggested that the 10–35 mm and 100% magnetite pebbles fraction should be tested in a larger scale pebble mill to confirm these findings.

  • 28. Alatalo, Johanna
    et al.
    Öberg, Eva
    LKAB.
    Pålsson, Bertil
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Verifierig av datorsimulerad kapacitetsökning vid anrikningsverket i Malmberget2006In: Konferens i mineralteknik / [ed] Marianne Thomaeus; Eric Forssberg, Föreningen Mineralteknisk Forskning / Swedish Mineral Processing Research Association , 2006Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 29.
    Albertsson, Galina Jelkina
    et al.
    Division of Materials Process Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).
    Teng, Lidong
    Division of Materials Process Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).
    Engström, Fredrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Seetharaman, Seshadri
    Division of Materials Process Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).
    Effect of the heat treatment on the chromium partition in CaO-MgO-SiO2-Cr2O3 synthetic slags2013In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 44, no 6, p. 1586-1597Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mg-spinel phase is known to be important for control of Cr leaching from Cr-containing slags. The objective of the present study is to get an understanding of the phase relationships in the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Cr2O3 system with a view to control the precipitation of Cr-spinel in the slag phase. The equilibrium phases in CaO-MgO-SiO2-Cr2O3 slag system in the range of 1673 K to 1873 K (1400 °C to 1600 °C) have been investigated experimentally and compared with the results from thermodynamic calculations. The slag compositions close to the industrial slag systems were chosen. The Cr2O3 and MgO contents in the slag were fixed to be 6 and 8 wt pct, respectively. The basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag was varied in the range of 1.0 to 2.0. The slags were synthesized at a pre-determined oxygen partial pressure (10-4) or air (2.13 × 104 Pa) at a temperature above the liquidus temperature. The samples were then soaked at targeted temperatures for 24 hours in controlled atmosphere in order to achieve the equilibrium state before quenching in water. Four different heat-treatment regimes (defined as Ia, Ib, II.a and II.b) in Section II-D) were used in the present experiments. The lower oxygen partial pressure was maintained by a suitable mixture of CO and CO2 gases. Phases present and their compositions in the quenched slags were studied using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The chromium content in the phases present was analyzed using wavelength-dispersive spectrometer. The experimental results obtained are compared with the calculation results from Factsage software. The size of spinel crystals increased drastically after slow-cooling from 1873 K (1600 °C) followed by annealing at 1673 K (1400 °C) for 24 hours (heating regimes II) compared to samples being quenched directly after soaking at 1873 K (1600 °C) (heating regime I.a). It was found that the amount of foreign elements in the spinel phase, and other phases decreased after soaking at oxygen partial pressure of 10-4 Pa resulting in phases with less defects and foreign oxide contents compared to those treated in air. The size of spinel crystals was found to be larger in samples with lower basicity

  • 30.
    Albertsson, Galina
    et al.
    Division of Materials Process Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).
    Teng, Lidong
    Division of Materials Process Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).
    Björkman, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Seetharaman, Seshadri
    Division of Materials Process Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).
    Effect of low oxygen partial pressure on the chromium partition in CaO–MgO–SiO2–Cr2O3–Al2O3 synthetic slag at elevated temperatures2013In: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 84, no 7, p. 670-679Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The objective of the present work is to get an understanding of the impact of Al2O3 addition on the phase relationships in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–Cr2O3 slags at low oxygen partial pressures ( = 10−4 Pa), with a view to control the precipitation of Cr-spinel in the slag. The equilibrium phases in CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–Cr2O3 slag system in the range on 1673–1873 K have been investigated. The compositions close to the industrial slag systems were chosen. The Cr2O3 content was fixed at 6 wt% and MgO at 8 wt%. Al2O3 contents in the slag were varied in the range of 3–12 wt%. The basicity (CaO/SiO2) of slag was set to 1.6. Gas/slag equilibrium technique was adopted. The samples were heated to 1873 K and soaked at this temperature for 24 h. The samples were then slow cooled to 1673 K and equilibrated for an additional 24 h. The oxygen partial pressure was kept at 10−4 Pa. A gas mixture of CO/CO2 was used to control the oxygen partial pressure. After the equilibration, the samples were quenched in water. The chromium distribution and phase compositions in the quenched slags were studied using SEM–WDS and XRD techniques. The results were compared with the phase equilibrium calculations obtained from FACTSAGE software and the samples equilibrated in air. The size of spinel crystals increased drastically after slow cooling followed by annealing compared to samples being quenched after soaking at 1873 K. It was also found that low oxygen partial pressure had a strong impact on chromium partition. The amount of spinel phase increases with increased Al2O3 content.

  • 31.
    Alexandrova, L.
    et al.
    Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
    Kota, Hanumantha Rao
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Forssberg, Eric
    Grigorov, L.
    Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Sofia.
    Pugh, R.J.
    Institute for Surface Chemistry, Box 5607, SE-11486 Stockholm.
    The influence of mixed cationic-anionic surfactants on the three-phase contact parameters in silica-solution systems2011In: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, ISSN 0927-7757, E-ISSN 1873-4359, Vol. 373, no 1-3, p. 145-151Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The formation of thin wetting films on silica surface from aqueous solution of a) tetradecyltrimetilammonium bromide (C14TAB) and (b) surfactant mixture of the cationic C14TAB with the anionic sodium alkyl- (straight chain C12-, C14- and C16-) sulfonates, was studied using the microscopic thin wetting film method developed by Platikanov. Film lifetimes, three-phase contact (TPC) expansion rates, receding contact angles and surface tension were measured. It was found that the mixed surfactants caused lower contact angles, lower rates of the thin aqueous film rupture and longer film lifetimes, as compared to the pure C14TAB. This behavior was explained by the strong initial adsorption of interfacial complexes from the mixed surfactant system at the air/solution interface, followed by adsorption at the silica interface. The formation of the interfacial complexes at the air/solution interface was proved by means of the surface tension data. It was also shown, that the chain length compatibility between the anionic and cationic surfactants controls the strength of the interfacial complex and causes synergistic lowering in the surface tension. The film rupture mechanism was explained by the heterocoagulation mechanism between the positively charged air/solution interface and the solution/silica interface, which remained negatively charged.

  • 32.
    Alexandrova, L.
    et al.
    Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
    Rao, K. Hanumantha
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Forssberg, Eric
    Grigorov, L.
    Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Sofia.
    Pugh, R.J.
    Three-phase-contact parameters measurements for silica-mixed cationic-anionic surfactant systems2009In: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, ISSN 0927-7757, E-ISSN 1873-4359, Vol. 348, no 1-3, p. 228-233Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The stability and interactions in thin wetting films between the silica surface and air bubble containing (a) straight chain C10 amine and (b) cationic/anionic surfactant mixture of a straight chain C10 amine with sodium C8, C10 and (straight chain) C12 sulfonates, were studied using the microscopic thin wetting film method developed by Platikanov [Platikanov D., J. Phys. Chem., 68 (1964) 3619]. Film lifetimes, three-phase contact (TPC) expansion rate, receding contact angles and surface tension were measured. The presence of the mixed cationic/anionic surfactants was found to lessen contact angles and suppresses the thin aqueous film rupture, thus inducing longer film lifetime, as compared to the pure amine system. In the case of mixed surfactants hetero-coagulation could arise through the formation of positively charged interfacial complexes. Mixed solution of cationic and anionic surfactants shows synergistic lowering in surface tension. The formation of the interfacial complex at the air/solution interface was confirmed by surface tension data. It was also shown, that the chain length compatibility between the anionic and cationic surfactants system controls the strength of the interfacial complex. The observed phenomena were discussed in terms of the electrostatic heterocoagulation theory, where the interactions can be attractive or repulsive depending on the different surface activity and charge of the respective surfactants at the two interfaces.

  • 33.
    Alexandrova, L.
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Rao, K. Hanumantha
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Forssberg, Eric
    Pugh, R.J.
    Grigorov, L.
    University of Sofia.
    Thin film studies in mixed cationic-anionic surfactant system2003In: Proceedings of the XXII International Mineral Processing Congress / [ed] Leon Lorenzen, Marshalltown, South Africa: South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2003, p. 838-846Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 34.
    Alhalaweh, Amjad
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Medical Science.
    Vilinska, Annamaria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Gavini, Elisabetta
    Department of Drug Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, via Muroni 23, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
    Rassu, Giovanna
    Department of Drug Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, via Muroni 23, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
    Velaga, Sitaram P.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Medical Science.
    Surface thermodynamics of mucoadhesive dry powder formulation of zolmitriptan2011In: AAPS PharmSciTech, E-ISSN 1530-9932, Vol. 12, no 4, p. 1186-1192Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microparticle powders for nasal delivery were formulated to contain the model drug, zolmitriptan, and varying proportions of different polymers. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of these formulative parameters on the surface chemistry of the spray-dried microparticles and their potential for adhesion to the tested substrates, porcine mucin, and nasal tissue. The polymers used were chitosans of varying ionization states and molecular weights and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The surface energies of the surfaces of the microparticles were determined using contact angle measurements and the van Oss model. The theory of surface thermodynamics was applied to determine the theoretical potential for the different materials to adhere to the substrates. It was found that the drug or polymers alone, as well as the various formulations, were more likely to adhere to mucin than to nasal tissue. Further, there was a trend for higher molecular weight chitosans to adhere better to the substrates than lower molecular weight chitosans. Similarly, adhesion was improved for formulations with a higher content of polymers. These theoretical predictions may be compared with further experimental results and be of use in making informed decisions on the choice of formulations for future expensive bio-studies.

  • 35.
    Andersson, Charlotte
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Björkman, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Thermal diffusivity measurements in magnetite based iron ore pellets2011In: Proceedings: METEC InSteelCon 2011 : Düsseldorf, Germany, CCD Congress Center Düsseldorf, 27th June - 1st July, 2011 ; it unites for international congresses/conferences under one roof: ECIC, 6th European Coke and Ironmaking Congress; ECCC, 7th European Continuous Casting Conference; EECRsteel, 1st International Conference on Energy Efficiency and CO2 Reduction in the Steel Industry; STEELSIM, 4th International Conference on Modelling and Simulation of Metallurgical Processes in Steelmaking, Düsseldorf, 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 36. Andersson, Charlotte
    et al.
    Björkman, Bo
    Engström, Fredrik
    Mostaghel, Sina
    Samuelsson, Caisa
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    The need for fundamental measurements for a sustainable extraction of metals2010Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 37.
    Andersson, Charlotte
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Björkman, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Engström, Fredrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Mostaghel, Sina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Samuelsson, Caisa
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    The need for fundamental measurements for a sustainable extraction of metals2011In: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy: Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy: Section C, ISSN 0371-9553, E-ISSN 1743-2855, Vol. 120, no 2, p. 199-204Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The increased need for efficient material processing and efficient utilisation of more complex raw materials and the need for recycling or reusing byproduct and waste streams, are all increased challenges in material processing. To cope with these challenges, there is a need for new basic physical and thermodynamic data. The present paper gives four examples, as well as preliminary data, of areas where increased knowledge of fundamental parameters will increase the possibility for a sustainable extraction of metals. The examples include measurement of solubility of pure individual slag minerals, determination of distribution of leachable elements between different mineralogical phases in slag, influence of alumina on liquidus temperature of a copper slag and thermal diffusivity measurements in magnetite based iron ore pellets, all important in different ways to increase the sustainability of the respective materials involved

  • 38. Andersson, Charlotte
    et al.
    Hedlund, Jonas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Effects of exposure to water and ethanol on silicalite-1 membranes2008In: Journal of Membrane Science, ISSN 0376-7388, E-ISSN 1873-3123, Vol. 313, no 1-2, p. 120-126Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effects of long exposures to ethanol, water and 0.1 M aqueous solutions of ammonia, sodium hydroxide, tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) and hydrochloric acid on thin TPA-silicalite-1 membranes were studied. Single gas permeation experiments, porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the membranes. It was found that a short exposure (24 h) will only dissolve synthesis residues and will not affect membrane quality negatively. The only medium that had an effect after 24 h was sodium hydroxide, which almost dissolved the film completely. After exposing TPA-silicalite-1 membranes for 30 days in the various liquids, the membrane quality decreased in the order ethanol < 0.1 M hydrochloric acid < 0.1 M TPAOH < water < 0.1 M ammonia < 0.1 M sodium hydroxide due to dissolution of the silicalite-1 crystals. This study has shown that prolonged exposure to aqueous solutions will lead to dissolution of silicalite-1 crystals causing an increase in micro- and mesopores in the film. The amount and size of the pores will depend on the pH of the aqueous medium. Higher pH gives a higher dissolution and hence more non-zeolitic pores in the silicalite-1 film. Ethanol has no effect on the dissolution of the zeolite film even after 30 days. This finding has an effect in membrane preparation and in several membrane applications such as pervaporation and separation of hydrocarbons isomer mixtures.

  • 39. Andersson, Charlotte
    et al.
    Hedlund, Jonas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Jareman, Fredrik
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Sterte, Johan
    Silicalite-1 membranes with small crystal size2004In: Recent advances in the science and technology of zeolites and related materials. Part A: proceedings of the 14th International Zeolite Conference, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004, p. 626-631Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Silicalite-1 membranes with small crystal size were prepared using a multiseeding method, where the support was repeatedly seeded and exposed to a short hydrothermal treatment up to five times. The film were characterized using SEM, single gas permeation, porosimetry and mixture separation experiment Films with three or four layers were of high quality i.e with minor defects according to the porosimetry experiments but showed poor separation of binary mixtures. This result may be attributed to the small crystal size and/or large amount of grain boundaries in the films.

  • 40. Andersson, Christian
    et al.
    Helmerius, Jonas
    Berglund, Kris
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Rova, Ulrika
    Effects of neutralising agent, organic acids, and osmolarity on succinic acid production by Escherichia coli AFP1842008Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Using a low-cost medium Escherichia coli AFP184 has previously been reported to produce succinic acid with volumetric productivities close to 3 g L-1 h-1. At a total organic acid concentration of 30 g L-1 the productivity decreased drastically resulting in final succinate concentrations of 40 g L-1. The economical viability of biochemical succinic acid production would benefit from higher final succinic acid concentrations and volumetric productivities maintained at >2.5 g L-1 h-1 for an extended period of time. In the present work the effects of osmolarity and neutralising agent (NH4OH, KOH, NaOH, K2CO3, and Na2CO3) on succinic acid production by AFP184 were investigated. Highest concentration of succinic acid was obtained with Na2CO3, 75 g L-1. It was also found that the osmolarity resulting from succinate production and subsequent base addition, only marginally affected the productivity per viable cell. Organic acid inhibition due to the produced succinic acid on the other hand significantly reduced succinic acid productivity per viable cell. When using NH4OH productivity completely ceased at approximately 40 g L-1. Volumetric productivities remained at 2.5 g L-1 h-1 for 5 to 10 hours longer when using K- or Na-bases than when using NH4OH. However, loss of cell viability occurred, and together with the acid inhibition decreased the volumetric productivities. In this study it was demonstrated that by altering the neutralising agent it was possible to increase the period of high volumetric productivity in the anaerobic phase and improve the final succinic acid concentration by almost 100 %

  • 41.
    Andersson, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Helmerius, Jonas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Hodge, David
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Berglund, Kris
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Rova, Ulrika
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Inhibition of succinic acid production in metabolically engineered Escherichia Coli by neutralizing agent, organic acids, and osmolarity2009In: Biotechnology progress (Print), ISSN 8756-7938, E-ISSN 1520-6033, Vol. 25, no 1, p. 116-123Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The economical viability of biochemical succinic acid production is a result of many processing parameters including final succinic acid concentration, recovery of succinate, and the volumetric productivity. Maintaining volumetric productivities >2.5 g L-1 h(-1) is important if production of succinic acid from. renewable resources should be competitive. In this work, the effects of organic acids, osmolarity, and neutralizing agent (NH4OH, KOH, NaOH, K2CO3, and Na2CO3) on the fermentative succinic acid production by Escherichia coli AFP184 were investigated. The highest concentration of succinic acid, 77 g L-1. was obtained with Na2O3. In general, irrespective of the base used, succinic acid productivity per viable cell was significantly reduced as the concentration of the produced acid increased. Increased osmolarity resulting from base addition during succinate production only marginally affected the productivity per viable cell. Addition of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine to cultures resulted in an increased aerobic growth rate and anaerobic glucose consumption rate, but decreased succinic acid yield. When using NH4OH productivity completely ceased at a succinic acid concentration of similar to 40 g L-1. Volumetric productivities remained at 2.5 g L-1 h(-1) for tip to 10 h longer when K- or Na-bases where used instead of NH4OH. The decrease in cellular succinic acid productivity observed during the anaerobic phase was found to be due to increased organic acid concentrations rather than medium osmolarity.

  • 42. Andersson, Christian
    et al.
    Hodge, David
    Berglund, Kris
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Rova, Ulrika
    Effect of different carbon sources on the production of succinic acid using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli2007In: Biotechnology progress (Print), ISSN 8756-7938, E-ISSN 1520-6033, Vol. 23, no 2, p. 381-388Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Succinic acid (SA) is an important platform molecule in the synthesis of a number of commodity and specialty chemicals. In the present work, dual-phase batch fermentations with the E. coli strain AFP184 were performed using a medium suited for large-scale industrial production of SA. The ability of the strain to ferment different sugars was investigated. The sugars studied were sucrose, glucose, fructose, xylose, and equal mixtures of glucose and fructose and glucose and xylose at a total initial sugar concentration of 100 g L-1. AFP184 was able to utilize all sugars and sugar combinations except sucrose for biomass generation and succinate production. For sucrose as a substrate no succinic acid was produced and none of the sucrose was metabolized. The succinic acid yield from glucose (0.83 g succinic acid per gram glucose consumed anaerobically) was higher than the yield from fructose (0.66 g g-1). When using xylose as a carbon source, a yield of 0.50 g g-1 was obtained. In the mixed-sugar fermentations no catabolite repression was detected. Mixtures of glucose and xylose resulted in higher yields (0.60 g g-1) than use of xylose alone. Fermenting glucose mixed with fructose gave a lower yield (0.58 g g-1) than fructose used as the sole carbon source. The reason is an increased pyruvate production. The pyruvate concentration decreased later in the fermentation. Final succinic acid concentrations were in the range of 25-40 g L-1. Acetic and pyruvic acid were the only other products detected and accumulated to concentrations of 2.7-6.7 and 0-2.7 g L-1. Production of succinic acid decreased when organic acid concentrations reached approximately 30 g L-1. This study demonstrates that E. coli strain AFP184 is able to produce succinic acid in a low cost medium from a variety of sugars with only small amounts of byproducts formed.

  • 43.
    Andersson, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Petrova, Ekaterina
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Berglund, Kris
    Luleå University of Technology. Departments of Forestry and Chemical Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA.
    Rova, Ulrika
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Maintaining high anaerobic succinic acid productivity by product removal2010In: Bioprocess and biosystems engineering (Print), ISSN 1615-7591, E-ISSN 1615-7605, Vol. 33, no 6, p. 711-718Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During dual-phase fermentations using Escherichia coli engineered for succinic acid production, the productivity and viable cell concentration decrease as the concentration of succinic acid increases. The effects of succinic acid on the fermentation kinetics, yield, and cell viability were investigated by resuspending cells in fresh media after selected fermentation times. The cellular succinic acid productivity could be restored, but cell viability continuously decreased throughout the fermentations by up to 80% and subsequently the volumetric productivity was reduced. Omitting complex nutrients in the resuspension media had no significant effect on cellular succinate productivity and yield, although the viable cell concentration and thus the volumetric productivity was reduced by approximately 20%. By resuspending the cells, the amount of succinate produced during a 100-h fermentation was increased by more than 60%. The results demonstrate that by product removal succinic acid productivity can be maintained at high levels for extended periods of time.

  • 44.
    Andersson, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Larsson, Roland
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Almqvist, Andreas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Grahn, Mattias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Minami, Ichiro
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Semi-deterministic chemo-mechanical model of boundary lubrication2012In: Faraday discussions, ISSN 1359-6640, E-ISSN 1364-5498, Vol. 156, p. 343-360Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A model for tribofilm growth is developed. The model is used in combination with numerical contact mechanics tools to enable evaluation of the combined effects of chemistry and contact mechanics. The model is tuned with experimental data and is thereafter applied to rough surfaces. The growth of the tribofilm is evaluated for 3 different contact cases and short-term tribofilm growth behaviour is analyzed. The results show how tribofilms grow in patches. The model is expected to be used as a tool for analysis of the interaction between rough surfaces.

  • 45.
    Andersson, Sofia
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Influence of metal ions on lignin-based carbon fiber quality2017Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Carbon fiber is a lightweight, versatile material with many current and potential applications. To be able to expand the market for carbon fiber composites in other areas than special applications the production costs must be reduced. One way of accomplishing this could be to use a less expensive raw material where lignin is a good example as it can be provided at lower cost, is renewable and abundantly available compared to commercially used raw materials today.

    So far, the mechanical properties of lignin-based carbon fibers are inferior relative to commercial carbon fibers. For lignin-based carbon fibers to enter the commercial market more research is necessary to gain knowledge of the conversion of lignin to carbon fiber. The LightFibre project investigates the possibilities to produce carbon fibers based on a mixture of softwood kraft lignin and cellulose. The kraft lignin is isolated from black liquor in the kraft/sulfate process with the LignoBoost process. This master thesis project was conducted within in the LightFibre project and evaluated whether metal ions generally present in kraft lignin had an influence on the final carbon fiber quality in terms of mechanical properties and morphology. The mechanical properties were determined with tensile testing, the morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the relative abundance of studied elements with electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

    The influence of the chosen metal ions was tested by impregnation of dry-jet wet spun prefibers based on 70 wt.% softwood kraft lignin and 30 wt.% dissolving pulp cellulose. The fibers were impregnated in room temperature with solutions containing Na2SO4, K2SO4, MgSO4, FeSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 salts where the cations were the focus in these trials. The concentrations used for impregnation were 0.2 and 1M of the cations.

    The obtained mechanical properties of the carbon fibers of the samples impregnated with different metal ions did not deviate significantly from the reference which had a tensile strength of 870 MPa and tensile modulus of 68 GPa. The analysis of morphology with SEM showed no defects or damage of any of the fibers. Therefore, it was concluded that the impregnated metal ions: K+, Na+, Al3+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ at the obtained levels in the fibers cause no effects on the fibers during the stabilization and carbonization that affects the mechanical performance of final carbon fiber.  The amount of potassium in one of the samples was estimated to 0.1 wt.%.

    From the results of this study it may be suggested that the general recommendation of <0.1 wt.% ash in lignin can be exceeded, for dry-jet wet-spun kraft lignin/cellulose-based carbon fibers.

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  • 46.
    Andraous, Johnny I.
    et al.
    Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
    Claus, Michael J
    Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University.
    Berglund, Kris
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Lindemann, Deirdre J.
    Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University.
    Effect of liquefaction enzymes on methanol concentration of distilled fruit spirits2004In: American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, ISSN 0002-9254, E-ISSN 1943-7749, Vol. 55, no 2, p. 199-201Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Liquefaction enzymes are often used during fermentation of fruit mashes to improve the yield of ethanol and the ability to pump the mash. The liquefaction enzymes hydrolyze pectin, but in addition to the desired pectin hydrolysis activity, the enzymes also have pectinesterase activity which hydrolyzes the methyl ester in pectin resulting in methanol formation. Fermentations of various apple varieties and Bartlett pears were conducted using liquefaction enzymes. The resulting distilled products contained concentrations of methanol above the legal limit of 280 mg/100 mL of 40% ethanol, with the observed methanol concentrations in a range between 320 and 656 mg/100 mL of 40% ethanol. In contrast to the undesired increase in methanol concentration, the enzymes provide only a marginal increase in ethanol yield. The results indicate that liquefaction enzymes should be used with caution for pomace fruit and that methanol monitoring should be implemented if these enzymes are used for commercial products.

  • 47.
    Antti, Britt-Marie
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Forssberg, Eric
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Pulp chemistry in calcite flotation.: Modelling of oleate adsorption using theoretical equilibrium calculations1989In: Mining engineering, ISSN 0026-5187, Vol. 2, no 1, p. 93-109Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper considers the conditions required for direct flotation of calcite. Flotation experiments have been performed with oleate as the collector reagent and water glass as the dispersant and modifier. To be able to explain what happens in the flotation, solubility and adsorption experiments have been conducted parallel to, and under the same conditions as, the flotation experiments. Theoretical equilibrium calculations have been made with the help of data from the practical experiments for the purpose of modelling the adsorption experiments. With theoretical equilibrium calculations it is possible to predict that silicate ions will form complexes with calcium ions at the mineral surface.

  • 48.
    Antti, Britt-Marie
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Forssberg, Eric
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Pulp chemistry in industrial mineral flotation. Studies of surface complex on calcite and apatite surfaces using FTIR spectroscopy1989In: Mining engineering, ISSN 0026-5187, Vol. 2, no 2, p. 217-227Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Flotation experiments in a Hallimond tube have been performed on calcite and apatite at pH levels and oleate concentrations judged to be interesting from the point of view of adsorption isotherms. For the calcite system, adsorption isotherms indicate precipitation of calcium oleate after monolayer formation at pH 9, 10 and 11. In the apatite system, a double layer of oleate is formed. This means that apatite, unlike calcite, is sensitive to collector reagent overdosage. With the aid of FTIR techniques it is possible to demonstrate the existence of a surface complex in the apatite system with a calcium-oleate ratio of 1:1 at monolayer coverage of the surface. In conditions corresponding to bulk precipitation of calcium oleate, this compound can be detected by FTIR analysis of unfloated material.

  • 49.
    Antzutkin, Oleg
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Amyloidosis of Alzheimer's A peptides: solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies2004In: Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, ISSN 0749-1581, E-ISSN 1097-458X, Vol. 42, no 2, p. 231-246Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aggregation cascade for Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptides, its relevance to neurotoxicity in the course of Alzheimer's disease and experimental methods useful for these studies are discussed. Details of the solid-phase peptide synthesis and sample preparation procedures for Alzheimer's β-amyloid fibrils are given. Recent progress in obtaining structural constraints on Aβ-fibrils from solid-state NMR and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data is discussed. Polymorphism of amyloid fibrils and oligomers of the 'Arctic' mutant of Aβ(1-40) was studied by 1H,13C solid-state NMR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and a real-time aggregation of different polymorphs of the peptide was observed with the aid of in situ AFM. Recent results on binding of Cu(II) ions and Al-citrate and Al-ATP complexes to amyloid fibrils, as studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state 27Al NMR techniques, are also presented.

  • 50.
    Antzutkin, Oleg
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Molecular structure determination: applications in biology2002In: Solid state NMR spectroscopy: principles and applications, Oxford: Blackwell Science , 2002, p. 280-390Chapter in book (Other academic)
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