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  • 1.
    A. Oliveira, Roger
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    S. Salles, Rafael
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah K.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Deep Learning for Power Quality with Special Reference to Unsupervised Learning2023In: 27th International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2023), IEEE, 2023, p. 935-939, article id 10417Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 2.
    Abid, Fahim
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Busatto, Tatiano
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Intermodulation due to interaction of photovoltaic inverter and electric vehicle at supraharmonic range2016In: 2016 17th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Piscataway. NJ, 2016, p. 685-690, article id 7783471Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Advent of power electronic switching is introducing more and more non-linear loads in the low voltage grid. Besides harmonic current generation in the frequency range below 2 kHz, these non-linear loads are also responsible for current emission in the range of 2 kHz to 150 kHz, commonly known as supraharmonic emission. Supraharmonic currents mainly flow between nearby appliances and heavily influence the overall emission of neighboring devices. This paper presents an analysis of supraharmonic interaction between a photovoltaic inverter and an electric vehicle. It has been noticed that intermodulation distortion arises as a result of interaction between different switching frequencies used by the devices. Later, additional household equipment were added to photovoltaic and electric vehicle to observe their effect on intermodulation distortion. All the measurements were conducted in a controlled laboratory environment imitating a domestic customer.

  • 3.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    AC cables strengthening low frequency AC railway with purely active power loads2018In: 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), IEEE, 2018, , p. 5Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Converter-fed railway power systems traditionally use high voltage AC overhead transmission lines in the railway grid for increased loadability. An increased resistance to overhead high voltage AC transmission lines, may motivate cables as one alternative for the future. The focus of this paper is to compare a non-strengthened system with two cable solutions for comparing loadability, voltages, and reactive powers for different levels of load scaling. The studies confirmed that the obstacle of reactive power produced in lowly utilized cables is, even if less significant for low frequency AC, still present. A simplified load model is used representing trains with VSC-converters and three-phase motors as purely active loads regardless of motoring or regenerating. A previous study has been done on thyristor-based trains. The voltage levels while regenerating are higher than in the thyristor-train case study. Besides that the loadability for motoring and regenerating is higher with modern VSC-trains.

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  • 4.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    AC cables strengthening railway low frequency AC power supply systems: a deepened study2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    n railway power supply systems using ACfrequencies lower than the public grids of 50/60 Hz,high voltage AC overhead transmission lines in railwaygrid frequency are used as one measure of strengthen-ing the systems. An increased resistance to overheadhigh voltage AC transmission lines, may motivate ca-bles for future railway power systems.With the frequency of 50/60 Hz, reactive powerproduced in lowly utilized cables imposes an obstacle.For low frequency AC, this issue is less significant.Moreover, in converter-fed railways, no reactive powerwill leak into the feeding public grid.This paper studies AC cables in low-frequency ACrailway. Two reinforcement cable solutions are com-pared with no reinforcement. A simplified load model oftrains, with thyristor bridges and DC motors, is used

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  • 5.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Administrativ bilaga till Slutrapport2017Report (Other academic)
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  • 6.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Considering risks in power system operationand the consequences of different acceptedrisk levels2017Report (Other academic)
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  • 7.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Optimal drift och dimensionering avbanmatningssystem: Slutrapport Elektraprojekt2016Report (Other academic)
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  • 8.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Risker i drift av elkraftsystem och konsekvenser av olika accepterade risknivåer: Svensk kortversion2017Report (Other academic)
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  • 9.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Slutrapport2017Report (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 10.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Belea, Radu
    Atkins Sverige AB, Kopparbergsvägen 8, Västerås, 72213, Sweden.
    Klerfors, Bertil
    Chalmers Technical University, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Schütte, Thorsten
    STRI AB, Ingenjör Bââths gata 11, Plan E, Västerås, 72212, Sweden.
    Modern methods for balancing of single phase loads when feeding a.c. Electrified railways2017In: Eb - Elektrische Bahnen, ISSN 0013-5437, Vol. 115, no 6-7, p. 378-384Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Conventional compensation circuits for phase balancing of single phase AC railways for 50 or 60 Hz have high cost for the associated transformers. A new version of the classical Steinmetz scheme, using three single phase transformers connected as a W with the phase angles -60°, 0° and +60°, can reuse the two standard single phase transformers of a V-connected feeding station with a third identical transformer added. Power factor compensation can easily be included. For neutral sections between different feeding systems, a neutral section converter is proposed.

  • 11.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Belea, Radu
    Transilvania University, Kopparbergsvagen 8, Vasteras, Brasov, 72213, Romania.
    Klerfors, Bertil
    Chalmers Technical University, Hockeygatan 5, Vasteras, Gothenburg, 72240, Sweden.
    Schütte, Thorsten
    Kiel and Uppsala Universities, Ingenjor Baaths gata 11, Vasteras, 72212, Sweden.
    Warner, Bruce
    University of Cape Town, ABB Switzerland Ltd, Bruggerstr. 72, Baden, 5400, Switzerland.
    Modern methods for balancing of single phase loads when feeding a.c. Electrified railways2017In: Eb - Elektrische Bahnen, ISSN 0013-5437, Vol. 115, p. 13-19Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Conventional compensation circuits for phase balancing of single phase AC railways for 50 or 60 Hz have high cost for the associated transformers. A new version of the classical Steinmetz scheme, using three single phase transformers connected as a W with the phase angles -60°, 0° and +60°, can reuse the two standard single phase transformers of a V-connected feeding station with a third identical transformer added. Power factor compensation can easily be included. For neutral sections between different feeding systems, a neutral section converter is proposed.

  • 12.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Laury, John
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Evaluating a constant-current load model through comparative transient stability case-studies of a synchronous-synchronous rotary frequency converter-fed railway2019In: 2019 Joint Rail Conference, ASME Press, 2019, article id V001T09A003Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper continues the pursuit of getting a deeper understanding regarding the transient stability of low-frequency AC railway power systems operated at 16 2/3 Hz synchronously to the public grid. The focus is set on the impact of different load models. A simple constant-current load model is proposed and compared to a previously proposed and studied load model in which the train’s active power is regulated.

    The study and comparison is made on exactly the same cases as and grid as with the already proposed and more advanced load model. The railway grid is equipped with a low-frequency AC high-voltage transmission line which is subjected to a fault. The study is limited to railways being fed by different distributions of RFC (Rotary Frequency Converter) types. Both AT (auto transformer) and BT (booster transformer) catenaries are considered.

    The RFC dynamic models are essentially Anderson-Fouad models of two synchronous machines coupled mechanically by their rotors being connected to the same shaft.

    The differences in load behaviour between the proposed constant-current load model and the previously proposed and studied voltage-dependent active power load model are analyzed and described in the paper.

  • 13.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Laury, John
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Further studies on the transient stability of synchronous-synchronous rotary frequency converter fed railways with low-frequency AC high-voltage transmission2018In: International Journal of Energy Production and Management, ISSN 2056-3272, E-ISSN 2056-3280, Vol. 3, no 4, p. 266-276Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper continues the pursuit of getting a deeper understanding regarding the transient stability of low-frequency AC railway power systems operated at 16 2/3 Hz that are synchronously connected to the public grid. Here, the focus is set on such grids with a low-frequency AC high-voltage transmission line subject to a fault. The study here is limited to railways being fed by different distributions of Rotary Frequency Converter (RFC) types. Both auto transformer (AT) and booster transformer (BT) catenaries are considered. No mixed model configurations in the converter stations (CSs) are considered in this study. Therefore, only interactions between RFCs in different CSs and between RFCs, the fault, and the load can take place in this study. The RFC dynamic models are essentially two Anderson-Fouad models of synchronous machines coupled mechanically by their rotors being connected to the same mechani- cal shaft. Besides the new cases studied, also a new voltage-dependent active power load model is presented and used in this study.

  • 14.
    Abrahamsson, Lars
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Serrano Jimenez, Daniel
    University Carlos III.
    Laury, John
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    AC cables strengthening railway low frequency AC power supplysystems2017In: ASME/IEEE 2017 Joint Rail Conference, ASME Press, 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In present-day railway power supply systems using an AC frequency lower than the one in the public power system of 50/60 Hz, high voltage overhead transmission lines are used as one measure of strengthening the railway power supply system grids. This option may be economically beneficial, compared to strengthening the grid purely by increasing the density of converter stations or increasing the cross section areas of the overhead catenary wires. High voltage AC transmission lines in the railway power supply system allow larger distances between converter stations than would otherwise be possible for a given amount of train traffic. Moreover, the introduction of AC transmission lines implies reduced line losses and reduced voltage level fluctuations at the catenary for a given amount of train traffic. However, due to the increased public and government resistance for additional overhead high voltage AC transmission lines in general, different alternatives will be needed for the future improvements and strengthening of railway power systems. For a more sustainable transport sector, the share and amount of railway traffic needs to increase, in which case such a strengthening becomes inevitable. Earlier, usage of VSC-HVDC transmission cables has been proposed as one alternative to overhead AC transmission lines. One of the main benefits with VSC-HVDC transmission is that control of power flows in the railway power systems is easier and that less converter capacity may be needed. Technically, VSC-HVDC transmission for railway power systems is a competitive solution as it offers a large variety of control options. However, there might be other more economical alternatives reducing the overall impedance in the railway power system. In public power systems with the frequency of 50/60 Hz, an excess of reactive power production in lowly utilized cables imposes an obstacle in replacing overhead transmission lines with cables. In low frequency AC railway power system, the capacitive properties are less significant allowing longer cables compared to 50/60 Hz power systems. Moreover, in converter-fed railways, some kind of reactive compensation will automatically be applied during low-load. At each converter station, voltage control is already present following the railway operation tradition. Therefore, in this paper, we propose AC cables as a measure of strengthening low-frequency AC railway power systems. The paper compares the electrical performances of two alternative reinforcement cable solutions with the base case of no reinforcement. The options of disconnecting or toggling the cables at low load as well as the automatic reactive compensation by converter voltage control are considered. Losses and voltage levels are compared for the different solutions. Investment costs and other relevant issues are discussed.

  • 15.
    Ahlström, Johan
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Jafri, Yawer
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Wetterlund, Elisabeth
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
    Furusjö, Erik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Sustainable aviation fuels – Options for negative emissions and high carbon efficiency2023In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, ISSN 1750-5836, E-ISSN 1878-0148, Vol. 125, article id 103886Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mitigating the climate impact from aviation remains one of the tougher challenges in adapting society to fulfill stated climate targets. Long-range aviation cannot be electrified for the foreseeable future and the effects of combusting fuel at high altitude increase the climate impact compared to emissions of green-house gasses only, which further limits the range of sustainable fuel alternatives. We investigate seven different pathways for producing aviation biofuels coupled with either bio-energy carbon capture and storage (BECCS), or bio-energy carbon capture and utilization (BECCU). Both options allow for increased efficiency regarding utilization of feedstock carbon. Our analysis uses process-level carbon- and energy balances, with carbon efficiency, climate impact and levelized cost of production (LCOP) as primary performance indicators.

    The results show that CCS can achieve a negative carbon footprint for four out of the seven pathways, at a lower cost of GHG reduction than the base process option. Conversely, as a consequence of the electricity-intensive CO2 upgrading process, the CCU option shows less encouraging results with higher production costs, carbon footprints and costs of GHG reduction. Overall, pathways with large amounts of vented CO2, e.g., gasification of black liquor or bark, as well as fermentation of forest residues, reach a low GHG reduction cost for the CCS option. These are also pathways with a larger feedstock and corresponding production potential. Our results enable a differentiated comparison of the suitability of various alternatives for BECCS or BECCU in combination with aviation biofuel production. By quantifying the relative strengths and weaknesses of BECCS and BECCU and by highlighting cost, climate and carbon-efficient pathways, these results can be a source of support for both policymakers and the industry.

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  • 16.
    Ahlström, Johan M.
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Dep. of Space, Earth and Environment, Div. of Energy Technology.
    Pettersson, Karin
    Chalmers University of Technology, Dep. of Space, Earth and Environment, Div. of Energy Technology; RISE Research Institute of Sweden.
    Wetterlund, Elisabeth
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Harvey, Simon
    Chalmers University of Technology, Dep. of Space, Earth and Environment, Div. of Energy Technology.
    Value chains for integrated production of liquefied bio-SNG at sawmill sites: Techno-economic and carbon footprint evaluation2017In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 206, p. 1590-1608Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Industry’s increasing demand for liquefied natural gas could be met in the future by liquefied methane produced from biomass feedstock (LBG - liquefied biogas). This study presents results from an investigation of value chains for integrated production of LBG at a generic sawmill site, based on gasification of sawmill waste streams and forest residues. The objective was to investigate the cost for, as well as the carbon footprint reduction associated with, production and use of LBG as a fuel. Five different LBG plant sizes were investigated in combination with three different sawmill sizes. The resulting cases differ regarding biomass feedstock composition, biomass transportation distances, LBG plant sizes, how efficiently the excess heat from the LBG plant is used, and LBG distribution distances. Pinch technology was used to quantify the heat integration opportunities and to design the process steam network. The results show that efficient use of energy within the integrated process has the largest impact on the performance of the value chain in terms of carbon footprint. The fuel production cost are mainly determined by the investment cost of the plant, as well as feedstock transportation costs, which mainly affects larger plants. Production costs are shown to range from 68 to 156 EUR/MW hfuel and the carbon footprint ranges from 175 to 250 kg GHG-eq/MW hnet biomass assuming that the product is used to substitute fossil LNG fuel. The results indicate that process integration of an indirect biomass gasifier for LBG production is an effective way for a sawmill to utilize its by-products. Integration of this type of biorefinery can be done in such a way that the plant can still cover its heating needs whilst expanding its product portfolio in a competitive way, both from a carbon footprint and cost perspective. The results also indicate that the gains associated with efficient heat integration are important to achieve an efficient value chain.

  • 17.
    Ahlström, Johan M.
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Dep. of Space. Earth and Environment, Div. of Energy Technology.
    Zetterholm, Jonas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Pettersson, Karin
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.
    Harvey, Simon
    Chalmers University of Technology, Dep. of Space. Earth and Environment, Div. of Energy Technology.
    Wetterlund, Elisabeth
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Economic potential for substitution of fossil fuels with liquefied biomethane in Swedish iron and steel industry: Synergy and competition with other sectors2020In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 209, article id 112641Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, the iron and steel industry (ISI) is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Most of the emissions result from the use of fossil reducing agents. Nevertheless, the use of fossil fuels for other purposes must also be eliminated in order to reach the Swedish emissions reduction targets. In this study, we investigate the possibility to replace fossil gaseous and liquid fuels used for heating in the ISI, with liquefied biomethane (LBG) produced through gasification of forest residues. We hypothesize that such utilization of fuels in the Swedish ISI is insufficient to independently drive the development of large-scale LBG production, and that other sectors demanding LBG, e.g., for transportation, can be expected to influence the economic potential for the ISI to switch to LBG. The paper investigates how demand for LBG from other sectors can contribute to, or prevent, a phase-out of fossil fuels used for heating purposes in the ISI under different future energy market scenarios, with additional analysis of the impact of a CO2 emissions charge. A geographically explicit cost-minimizing biofuel production localization model is combined with heat integration and energy market scenario analysis. The results show that from a set of possible future energy market scenarios, none yielded more than a 9% replacement of fossil fuels used for heating purposes in the ISI, and only when there was also a demand for LBG from other sectors. The scenarios corresponding to a more ambitious GHG mitigation policy did not achieve higher adoption of LBG, due to corresponding higher biomass prices. A CO2 charge exceeding 200 EUR/tonCO2 would be required to achieve a full phase-out of fossil fuels used for heating purposes in the ISI. We conclude that with the current policy situation, substitution of fossil fuels by LBG will not be economically feasible for the Swedish ISI.

  • 18.
    Ahlström, Johan
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology.
    Pettersson, Karin
    Chalmers University of Technology.
    Wetterlund, Elisabeth
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Harvey, Simon
    Chalmers University of Technology.
    Dimensioning of value chains for production of liquefied bio-SNG2016In: Meeting Sweden's current and future energy challenges, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2016, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2016Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 19.
    Ahmed, Kazi Main Uddin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    On the Energy Efficiency and Reliability of Data Centers in Operation2023Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The new generation information technology (IT) services like mobile Internet, Internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, processing of big data, applications of artificial intelligence, etc. are becoming popular with the development of the information and communication technology (ICT) industry. In this industry, the dependency on the data centers is also increasing to ensure the quality of services (QoS). Thus, the energy consumption of the data centers is increasing with the increasing demand for computational resources in it because the load sections of the data center with sensitive equipment run $24$ hours a day, $365$ days of the year. Regarding data center operation, it is becoming a technical challenge to make a trade-off between reducing the energy consumption to limit the operational costs and ensuring higher reliability of the data center.

    A way to help data center operators to cope with the posed challenges is by identifying the ``right size of the computational resource'', considering the power losses and service availability of the data center. This endeavor requires power consumption models that can consider different load sections with different types of equipment. The power consumption models of the load sections can address the electrical load demand and the power losses, especially losses in the internal power conditioning system (IPCS). On the other hand, the service availability of the data center mainly depends on the availability of the computational resources like servers and on the availability of the power supply through the IPCS. It is important to characterize the servers' failure and repair times to develop the stochastic model of the server unavailability in operation. The availability of adequate power supply through the IPCS depends on its component failures and the power supply capacity of its components. The bottleneck of the power supply capacity of the IPCS is subjected to the power losses of the equipment in the IPCS. Additionally, the voltage disturbances like voltage dips and swells in the IPCS also interrupt the power supply units (PSUs) of the servers, which also degrades the QoS of the data center.

    The outcomes of this thesis can be synthesized as follows: 1) A comparative analysis of the energy consumption models of the major load sections in the data center, and an analysis of the impact of the power losses in the IPCS on the outage probability of the servers. 2) Reliability indices to assess the adequacy of the computational resources in the data center considering the outages of power supplies and the servers in operation. 3) The impacts of voltages disturbances in the IPCS on the power supply outages, hence on the interruptions of servers. 4) An analysis of the trade-off between the energy efficiency and reliability in operational planning of the data center.

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  • 20.
    Ahmed, Kazi Main Uddin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Alvarez, Manuel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math H. J.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    A Novel Reliability Index to Assess the Computational Resource Adequacy in Data Centers2021In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 9, p. 54530-54541Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The energy demand of data centers is increasing globally with the increasing demand for computational resources to ensure the quality of services. It is important to quantify the required resources to comply with the computational workloads at the rack-level. In this paper, a novel reliability index called loss of workload probability is presented to quantify the rack-level computational resource adequacy. The index defines the right-sizing of the rack-level computational resources that comply with the computational workloads, and the desired reliability level of the data center investor. The outage probability of the power supply units and the workload duration curve of servers are analyzed to define the loss of workload probability. The workload duration curve of the rack, hence, the power consumption of the servers is modeled as a function of server workloads. The server workloads are taken from a publicly available data set published by Google. The power consumption models of the major components of the internal power supply system are also presented which shows the power loss of the power distribution unit is the highest compared to the other components in the internal power supply system. The proposed reliability index and the power loss analysis could be used for rack-level computational resources expansion planning and ensures energy-efficient operation of the data center.

  • 21.
    Ahmed, Kazi Main Uddin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Alvarez, Manuel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math H. J.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Characterizing Failure and Repair Time of Servers in a Hyper-scale Data Center2020In: Proceedings of 2020 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe) 26-28 October, 2020, IEEE, 2020, p. 660-664Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hyper-scale data centers are used to host cloud computing interfaces to support the increasing demand for storage and computational resources. For achieving specific service level agreements (SLA), this infrastructure demands highly available cloud computing systems. It is necessary to analyze the server failure incidents to determine the way of improving the reliability of the system since the computational interruption causes financial losses for the data center owners. Regarding the reliability analysis, it is important to characterize the time to failure and time to repair of the servers. In this paper, a publicly available data set from Google cloud-cluster data center will be analyzed to find the distribution function for the time to failure and the time to repair for the servers in a cloud based data centers.

  • 22.
    Ahmed, Kazi Main Uddin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Alvarez, Manuel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math H.J.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Reliability Analysis of Internal Power Supply Architecture of Data Centers in Terms of Power Losses2021In: Electric power systems research, ISSN 0378-7796, E-ISSN 1873-2046, Vol. 193, article id 107025Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The number of data centers and the energy demand are increasing globally with the development of information and communication technology (ICT). The data center operators are facing challenges to limit the internal power losses and the unexpected outages of the computational resources or servers. The power losses of the internal power supply system (IPSS) increase with the increasing number of servers that causes power supply capacity shortage for the devices in IPSS. The aim of this paper is to address the outage probability of the computational resources or servers due to the power supply capacity shortage of the power distribution units (PDUs) in the IPSS. The servers outage probability at rack-level defines the service availability of the data center since the servers are the main computational resource of it. The overall availability of the IPSS and the power consumption models of the IPSS devices are also presented in this paper. Quantitative studies are performed to show the impacts of the power losses on the service availability and the overall availability of the IPSS for two different IPSS architectures, which are equivalent to the Tier I and Tier IV models of the data center.

  • 23.
    Ahmed, Kazi Main Uddin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math H. J.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Alvarez, Manuel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Letha, Shimi Sudha
    Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers, Chandigarh, India.
    The Impacts of Voltage Disturbances Due to Faults In the Power Supply System of A Data Center2022In: 2022 20th International Conference on Harmonics & Quality of Power (ICHQP) Proceedings: “Power Quality in the Energy Transition”, IEEE, 2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The internal power condition system (IPCS) in data centers is prone to have cable faults that cause voltage dips and swells. The voltage dips and swells impact the power supply units (PSUs) with the servers. The servers connected with the PUSs restart or turn-off when the input voltage comes out of the voltage-tolerance range. This paper analyses the impact of such voltage disturbances on server outages due to a single-phase fault in the IPCS. The voltage-tolerance range of the PSUs is considered according to the guideline of the Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC). The voltage dip propagates to the healthy load sections from the fault location, while voltage swells are also observed due to sudden load reduction. Moreover, the current limitation mode of the inverter in the uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is identified as a cause of voltage dip to almost zero experienced by the PSUs. The reliability of the data center considering the outage probability of the servers are finally quantified to show the impacts of the voltage dips and swells in the IPCS.

  • 24.
    Ahmed, Kazi Main Uddin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math H.J
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Alvarez, Manuel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    A Review of Data Centers Energy Consumption And Reliability Modeling2021In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 9, article id 152536Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Enhancing the efficiency and the reliability of the data center are the technical challenges for maintaining the quality of services for the end-users in the data center operation. The energy consumption models of the data center components are pivotal for ensuring the optimal design of the internal facilities and limiting the energy consumption of the data center. The reliability modeling of the data center is also important since the end-user’s satisfaction depends on the availability of the data center services. In this review, the state-of-the-art and the research gaps of data center energy consumption and reliability modeling are identified, which could be beneficial for future research on data center design, planning, and operation. The energy consumption models of the data center components in major load sections i.e., information technology (IT), internal power conditioning system (IPCS), and cooling load section are systematically reviewed and classified, which reveals the advantages and disadvantages of the models for different applications. Based on this analysis and related findings it is concluded that the availability of the model parameters and variables are more important than the accuracy, and the energy consumption models are often necessary for data center reliability studies. Additionally, the lack of research on the IPCS consumption modeling is identified, while the IPCS power losses could cause reliability issues and should be considered with importance for designing the data center. The absence of a review on data center reliability analysis is identified that leads this paper to review the data center reliability assessment aspects, which is needed for ensuring the adaptation of new technologies and equipment in the data center. The state-of-the-art of the reliability indices, reliability models, and methodologies are systematically reviewed in this paper for the first time, where the methodologies are divided into two groups i.e., analytical and simulation-based approaches. There is a lack of research on the data center cooling section reliability analysis and the data center components’ failure data, which are identified as research gaps. In addition, the dependency of different load sections for reliability analysis of the data center is also included that shows the service reliability of the data center is impacted by the IPCS and the cooling section.

  • 25.
    Ahmed, Kazi Main Uddin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    de Oliveira, Roger Alves
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Alvarez, Manuel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Risk Assessment of Server Outages Due To Voltage Dips In the Internal Power Supply System of a Data Center2021In: CIRED 2021 - The 26th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021, p. 708-712, article id 0090Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The data centers host sensitive electronic devices like servers, memory, hard disks, network devices, etc., which are supplied by the power supply units. The regulated direct current (DC) output of the power supply units fluctuates with input voltage variation since they typically contain single phase switch-mode power supplies. The voltage dips caused by faults in the internal power supply system of the data center can be large enough to violate the Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) proposed voltage-tolerance guideline. The output of the power supplies, hence the operation of the servers will be interrupted due to such voltage dips. In this paper, the outage probability of the servers caused by the voltage dips are analyzed for different fault location in the internal supply system of a data center.

  • 26.
    Ahmed, Kazi Main Uddin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Sutaria, Jil
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Electrical Energy Consumption Model of Internal Components in Data Centers2019In: Proceedings of: 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe), IEEE, 2019, article id 331Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the context of modern information technology (IT) industry, cloud computing is gaining popularity for big data handling. Therefore, IT service providers like Google, Facebook and Amazon are expanding their technical resources by building data centers to improve the data processing and data storage facilities under cloud service pattern. However, data centers consume a large amount of electrical energy. In recent years, a lot of research has been done to reduce the electrical energy consumption of data centers by high performance computing. However, very few researchers have focused on the electrical energy consumption by the electrical components inside the data center. In this paper, a component based electrical energy consumption modelling approach is presented to identify the losses of different components as well as their interactions to the total electrical energy consumption of the data center. The electrical energy consumption models of servers and other components are presented as a function of server utilization.

  • 27.
    Ahmed, Kazi Pushpa
    et al.
    Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    Mourin, Adnin
    Information Systems, Linnaeus University, Sweden.
    Ahmed, Kazi Main Uddin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Application of Predictive Maintenance in Industry 4.0: A Use-Case Study for Datacenters2021In: 2021 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), IEEE, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the context of the upcoming 4th generation industrial revolution (industry 4.0), mechanical failures in the cyber-physical systems have huge financial impacts. The IT industry like Google, Facebook, Microsoft, etc. mostly depends on the Datacenters (DCs) to assure the quality of services. The equipment of the DC including the power supply system and the computational resources are sensitive to supplied power quality, thus predictive maintenance is needed to prevent failures and limit financial losses. The predictive maintenance assures operational security based on the monitored data that can characterize the failures of the physical machines, and also ensures the maximum return of the capital investment by prolonging the useful life of the equipment. The size of the monitored data typically occupies large memory space that can compare with “big-data” nowadays. Thus, the big-data-sized monitored data analysis is an additional computational challenge to characterize the failures of physical machines, hence, schedule the predictive maintenance. However, characterizing the failure and repair time of the major components based on the measured data is still a challenge that is the goal of this paper. Meanwhile, the revenue of the business also largely depends on the accuracy of predictive maintenance in general. In this paper, a predictive maintenance approach is presented based on the stochastic failure time of the major components of the DC. Additionally, the business challenges for predictive maintenance considering industry 4.0 are also analyzed in this paper.

  • 28.
    Alfieri, Luisa
    et al.
    Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Centro Direzionale of Naples.
    Bracale, Antonio
    Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Centro Direzionale of Naples.
    Carpinelli, Guido
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II.
    Larsson, Anders
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    A Wavelet-Modified ESPRIT Hybrid Method for Assessment of Spectral Components from 0 to 150 kHz2017In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 97Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Waveform distortions are an important issue in distribution systems. In particular, the assessment of very wide spectra, that include also components in the 2-150 kHz range, has recently become an issue of great interest. This is due to the increasing presence of high-spectral emission devices like end-user devices and distributed generation systems. This study proposed a new sliding-window wavelet-modified estimation of signal parameters by rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) method, particularly suitable for the spectral analysis of waveforms that have very wide spectra. The method is very accurate and requires reduced computational effort. It can be applied successfully to detect spectral components in the range of 0-150 kHz introduced both by distributed power plants, such as wind and photovoltaic generation systems, and by end-user equipment connected to grids through static converters, such as fluorescent lamps.

  • 29.
    Alfieri, Luisa
    et al.
    Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Centro Direzionale of Naples.
    Bracale, Antonio
    Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Centro Direzionale of Naples.
    Carpinelli, Guido
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II.
    Larsson, Anders
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Accurate assessment of waveform distortions up to 150 kHz due to fluorescent lamps2017In: 2017 6th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power: Renewable Energy Resources Impact, ICCEP 2017, Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017, p. 636-644, article id 8004756Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fluorescent lamps are among the most diffuse electrical components that introduce significant waveform distortions in low voltage distribution systems. These distortions involve a wide range of frequencies (i.e., from 0 kHz to 150 kHz), and spectral components characterized by a non-uniform behavior in time and frequency domains. Early IEC standards covered formally only the range from 0 kHz to 9 kHz, defining grouping and group total harmonic distortion both for the low-frequencies (i.e., from 0 kHz to 2 kHz) and for frequencies ranging from 2 kHz to 9 kHz. Recently, the IEC standards have suggested to extend the grouping, previously defined for the range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz, also to the range from 9 kHz to 150 kHz. In this paper, the waveform distortions of a variable number of fluorescent lamps were quantified by applying the main Power Quality indices currently available for such devices. Indices are evaluated using both the IEC method and an hybrid method proposed recently in the relevant literature, i.e., the sliding-window Wavelet-Modified ESPRIT method. Numerical applications on measured data show the waveform distortion levels versus the number of lamps, quantifying also the different performances of the aforesaid spectral analysis methods

  • 30.
    Alfieri, Luisa
    et al.
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
    Bracale, Antonio
    Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Centro Direzionale of Naples.
    Larsson, Anders
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    New Power Quality Indices for the Assessment of Waveform Distortions from 0 to 150 kHz in Power Systems with Renewable Generation and Modern Non-Linear Loads2017In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 10, no 10, article id 1633Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The widespread use of power electronics converters, e.g., to interface renewable generation systems with the grid or to supply some high-efficiency loads, has caused increased levels of waveform distortions in the modern distribution system. Voltage and current waveforms include spectral components from 0 kHz to 150 kHz, characterized by a non-uniform time-frequency behavior. This wide interval of frequencies is currently divided into "low-frequency" (from 0 kHz to 2 kHz) and "high-frequency" (from 2 kHz to 150 kHz). While the low-frequencies have been exhaustively investigated in the relevant literature and are covered by adequate standardization, studies for the high-frequencies have been addressed only in the last decade to fill current regulatory gaps. In this paper, new power quality (PQ) indices for the assessment of waveform distortions from 0 kHz to 150 kHz are proposed. Specifically, some currently available indices have been properly modified in order to extend their application also to wide-spectrum waveforms. In the particular case of waveform distortions due to renewable generation, numerical applications prove that the proposed indices are useful tools for the characterization of problems (e.g., overheating, equipment malfunctioning, losses due to skin effects, hysteresis losses or eddy current losses) in cases of both low-frequency and high-frequency distortions

  • 31.
    Alfjorden, Rikard
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Black liquor to advanced biofuel: A techno-economic assessment2019Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis looked at a biorefinery pilot plant that converted lignin in black liquor into biofuel. A heat/mass balance was made which was used to create a heat/mass balance for a theoretical large-scale plant. This then created the CAPEX for building the plant. OPEX for the largescale plant and income from sold biofuels was calculated and payback time found. This was done for three different cases with different flows and yield to optimize the plant. A sensitivity analysis was then made to find the most important parameters regarding CAPEX, OPEX and payback time.

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  • 32.
    Alhamwi, Mouaz
    et al.
    Vattenfall R&D, Sweden.
    Etherden, Nicholas
    Vattenfall R&D, Sweden.
    Mulenga, Enock
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Empirical Analysis of Voltage Variations in Low Voltage Distribution Grids from Photovoltaic2019In: Solar Integration Workshop 2019, Energynautics GmbH , 2019, article id 216Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The rapid expansion of photovoltaic (PV) systems has raised voltage concerns. This paper investigates voltage variations measured at four hundred on-line PV installations in Sweden. Small (<10 kW inverter size) three phase residential PV systems had the least impact whereas single phase systems had the most impact for the same amount of power injected per phase. PV systems were grouped based on post code location into urban and rural areas. Urban areas were found to be more resilient to PV induced  voltage fluctuations with a narrower back-ground voltage band in comparison to rural areas, indicating that PV inverter measurements can be an efficient method to empirically determine grid strength.

  • 33.
    Ali, Asad
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Laaksonen, Aatto
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science. Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, ‘‘Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi 700469, Romania; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
    Huang, Guo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Hussain, Shahid
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Luo, Shuiping
    College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
    Shen, Pei Kang
    School of Resources, Environment and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metal and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
    Zhu, Jinliang
    School of Resources, Environment and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metal and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
    Ji, Xiaoyan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Emerging strategies and developments in oxygen reduction reaction using high-performance Platinum-based electrocatalysts2023In: Nano Reseach, ISSN 1998-0124, E-ISSN 1998-0000Article, review/survey (Refereed)
  • 34.
    Ali, Asad
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science. School of Resources, Environment and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004 Guangxi, P. R. China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
    Liang, Fengxing
    School of Resources, Environment and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004 Guangxi, P. R. China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
    Feng, Huiyan
    School of Resources, Environment and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004 Guangxi, P. R. China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
    Tang, Mei
    School of Resources, Environment and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004 Guangxi, P. R. China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
    Jalil Shah, Syed
    School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
    Ahmad, Fawad
    Department of Chemistry, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, (47010), Punjab, Pakistan.
    Ji, Xiaoyan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Kang Shen, Pei
    School of Resources, Environment and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004 Guangxi, P. R. China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
    Zhu, Jinliang
    School of Resources, Environment and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Nanning 530004 Guangxi, P. R. China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
    Gram-scale production of in-situ generated iron carbide nanoparticles encapsulated via nitrogen and phosphorous co-doped bamboo-like carbon nanotubes for oxygen evolution reaction2023In: Materials Science for Energy Technologies, E-ISSN 2589-2991, Vol. 6, p. 301-309Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Optimizing electrocatalytic activity and recognizing the most reactive sites for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are valuable to the order of renewable power. In this research article, we explored an innovative in-situ annealing technique for constructing iron carbide nanoparticles (Fe3C NPs) encapsulated via nitrogen and phosphorous doped bamboo-shape carbon nanotubes (NP-CNTs) for OER. Interestingly, the constructed Fe3C NPs@NP-CNT-800 composite exhibited remarkable electrochemical operation and offered a stable current density of 10 mA/cm2 at a lower overpotential (280 mV) in an alkaline solution. Furthermore, an innovative Fe3C NPs@N,P-CNT-800 hybrid surpassed the standard RuO2 electrocatalyst in terms of OER performance and showed negligible degradation in chronoamperometric (21 h) and chronopotentiometry (3000 cycles) analyses. The remarkable performance and stability are ascribed to the Fe3C NPs, novel tubular bamboo-like morphology of its carbon materials, and heteroatom doping, which contribute to the electrochemical interfaces, large surface area, active catalytic sites, and rapid charge transfer kinetics.

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  • 35.
    Ali, Salamat
    et al.
    School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
    Ahmad, Awais
    Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C3), E-14014 Córdoba, Spain.
    Hussain, Iftikhar
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
    Shah, Syed Shoaib Ahmad
    Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
    Ali, Shafqat
    Department of Physics, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Khairpur, Sindh, 66202, Pakistan.
    Ali, Asad
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Javed, Muhammad Sufyan
    Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan; School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
    Experimental and Theoretical Aspects of MXenes-Based Energy Storage and Energy Conversion Devices2023In: Journal of Chemistry and Environment, E-ISSN 2959-0132, Vol. 2, no 2, p. 54-81Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) have become an appealing framework for developing various energy applications. MXenes with van der Waals (vdW) interactions are facile, highly efficient, affordable, and self-assembled features that improve energy density. MXenes exhibit large surface area, high electric conductivity, and excellent electrochemical characteristics for various energy applications. This review summarizes and emphasizes the current developments in MXene with improved performance for energy storage or conversion devices, including supercapacitors (SCs), various types of rechargeable batteries (RBs), solar cells, and fuel cells. We discuss the crystal structures of MXenes properties of MXenes and briefly discuss them for different types of energy applications. Finally, the critical outlook and perspective for the MXene progress for applications in energy applications are also described.

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  • 36.
    Almeida, Gabriel C. S.
    et al.
    Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil.
    De Souza Salles, Rafael
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Silva, Maise N. S.
    Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil.
    Zambroni de Souza, Antonio Carlos
    Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil.
    Ribeiro, Paulo Fernando
    Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil.
    The Need of Normative Technologies for Smart Living Cities2022In: Interdisciplinary and Social Nature of Engineering Practices: Philosophy, Examples and Approaches / [ed] Antonio Carlos Zambroni de Souza; Maarten J. Verkerk; Paulo Fernando Ribeiro, Springer, 2022, Vol. 61, p. 283-309Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 37.
    Alriksson, Stina
    et al.
    Linnéuniversitetet.
    Grip, Carl-Erik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Steel industry environmental objectives: stakeholder preference assessment using conjoint analysis2013In: Ironmaking & steelmaking, ISSN 0301-9233, E-ISSN 1743-2812, Vol. 40, no 8, p. 605-612Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish steel industry has combined traditional methods such as life cycle analysis with less traditional methods such as preference analysis in order to move towards a closed steel eco cycle. The paper describes the use of conjoint analysis to study preferences of six different stakeholder groups regarding four environmental objectives (reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, reduced use of non-renewable resources, reduced use of non-renewable energy and weight reduction in products) and to identify gaps in preferences between the stakeholder groups. Our results suggested that there was a difference in preference between the stakeholder groups: respondents that were closer to the steel industry favoured all four environmental objectives, while members of public and political decision makers preferred a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. One of the conclusions of our study is that there is a need of improved information to clients and public on the environmental benefits of product weight reduction.

  • 38.
    Alvarez, Manuel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Distribution Network Planning Considering Capacity Mechanisms and Flexibility2019Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has posed challenges to the distribution system operator (DSO) from the operation and regulatory point of view. High penetration of DERs could have negative impacts on the performance of the distribution grid, and depending on the regulatory framework, the DSO's remuneration as well. In liberalized electrical systems, the focus on promoting eciency has led to the implementation of an incentive-based regulation that exerts additional pressure on the DSOs to reduce costs. Additionally, the European Parliament Directive 2009/72/EC establishes a regulatory unbundling among the distribution, production, and retailing activities within the same vertically integrated electric utility.

    A way of helping the DSO to cope with the posed challenges is by providing it with exibility. This exibility can be acquired from the planning stage, and later be used during the system operation. This exibility can stem from the DSO's ability to exert control on the demand and the supply side to balance the system and correct its operational state.

    Based on the European DSOs' current situation at facing the increasing penetration of DERs, this thesis investigates in non-wired exible grid tools to solve the distribution network expansion problem. The investigation focuses on exibility providers, in particular on energy storage systems and hydropower, and also on capacity mechanisms to translate the capacity from DERs into the grid's capacity for planning purposes.

    Given that the share of renewable sources among the DERs is increasing, and considering the importance of energy storage systems in providing exibility to balance renewable energy production, the eort has been turned on to developing a hydropower model and a generic storage model that t both planning and operational studies.

    Given the need for gearing the DERs' behavior into the DSO's decision making process during the planning and operational timescales, the design and implementation of a distribution capacity mechanism have been developed. The design of the capacity mechanism has been conceived considering its integration within the distribution network expansion problem.

    The outcomes of this thesis can be synthesized as follows: 1) A generic hydraulic/storage model provided with an equivalent marginal cost that aids in considering the impact of present decisions in the future costs. 2) A market oriented distribution capacity mechanism that gears DERs and the DSOs to benefit mutually. 3) A distribution network expansion planning formulation that integrates the capacity resource from DERs through the distribution capacity mechanism.

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  • 39.
    Alvarez, Manuel
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Zhong, Jin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Gil-de-Castro, Aurora
    University of Cordoba, Electronics and Electronic Technology Area, University of Cordoba.
    A Smart Distribution Toolbox for Distribution System Planning2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The distribution system planner should be able to coordinate smart grid solutions in order to find cost effective expansions plans. These plans should be able to deal with new added system uncertainties from renewable production and consumers while guaranteeing power quality and availability of supply. This paper proposes a structure for distribution systems planning oriented to help the planner in deciding how to make use of smart solutions for achieving the described task. Here, the concept of a system planning toolbox is introduced and supported with a review of relevant works implementing smart solutions. These are colligated in a way that the system planner can foresee what to expect with their combined implementation. Future developments in this subject should attempt to theorize a practical algorithm in an optimization and decision making context.

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  • 40.
    Alvarez, Manuel
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Frías, Pablo
    Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain.
    Cossent, Rafael
    Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain.
    Jabr, Rabih
    American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
    Zhong, Jin
    The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
    A Capacity Mechanism Design for Distribution Network Expansion Planning2018In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), 2018, article id 8493874Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Capacity remuneration mechanisms have been originally oriented to ensure availability and continuity of supply on the power generation pool. Equivalent generation-based capacity mechanisms could be implemented to enhance and prolong the usability of the distribution grid. In particular, such capacity mechanisms would provide an alternative to traditional expansion options leading to investment deferral. In this work, a distribution capacity mechanism to fit within a distribution network planning methodology will be proposed and discussed. The capacity mechanism will be outlined following similar guidelines as for the design of capacity mechanisms used in the energy only market. The result of the design is a volume based capacity auction for a capacity-constrained system, oriented to both the active and the reactive power provision.

  • 41.
    Alvarez Perez, Manuel Alejandro
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bermúdez, Juan
    Universidad Simón Bolívar.
    Zhong, Jin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science. The University of Hong Kong.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    A Generic Storage Model Based on a Future Cost Piecewise-Linear Approximation2019In: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, ISSN 1949-3053, E-ISSN 1949-3061, Vol. 10, no 1, p. 878-888Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work presents a generic storage model (GSM) inspired by the scheduling of hydraulic reservoirs. The model for steady state short-term (ST) operational studies interlaces with the long-term (LT) energy scheduling through a piecewise-linear Future Cost Function (FCF). Under the assumption that a Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) approach has been used to solve the energy schedule for the LT, the FCF output from that study will be processed to obtain an equivalent marginal opportunity cost for the storage unit. The linear characteristic of a segment of the future cost function (FCF) will allow a linear modeling of the storage unit production cost. This formulation will help to coordinate the renewable resource along with storage facilities in order to find the optimal operation cost while meeting end-point conditions for the long-term plan of the energy storage. The generic model will be implemented to represent a battery storage and a pumped-hydro storage. A stochastic unit commitment (SUC) with the GSM will be formulated and tested to assess the day-ahead scheduling strategy of a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) facing uncertainties from production, consumption, and market prices.

  • 42.
    Alvarez Perez, Manuel Alejandro
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bermúdez, Juan
    Universidad Simón Bolívar.
    Zhong, Jin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    A Hydro-Reservoir Generic Storage Model for Short-Term Hydrothermal Coordination2017In: IEEE PES PowerTech Manchester 2017: towards and beyond sustainable energy systems, 2017, Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017, article id 7980882Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work presents a linear solution for the short-term hydro-thermal scheduling problem linked to long-term conditions through a piecewise-linear Future Cost Function (FCF). Given end-point conditions to conform long-term water releases, and given actual reservoir conditions, a segment of a pre-built piecewise future cost function will be chosen. The linear characteristic of the FCF segment will allow a linear modeling of the hydro-power plant, in a similar fashion as a thermal unit with an equivalent marginal opportunity cost. A short-term hydro thermal coordination problem will be formulated considering parallel and cascaded hydro-reservoirs. Three study cases involving different reservoir configurations and scenarios will be computed to test the model. The results of this model mimics coherently the future-cost hydro-thermal coordination problem for the different configurations tested. Given similarities with other forms of energy storage, a new theoretical model for generic storage will be proposed and discussed.

  • 43.
    Alvarez Perez, Manuel Alejandro
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bermúdez, Juan
    Department of Energy Conversion and Transport, Simón Bolívar University.
    Zhong, Jin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Reservoir-Type Hydropower Equivalent Model Based on a Future Cost Piecewise Approximation2018In: Electric power systems research, ISSN 0378-7796, E-ISSN 1873-2046, Vol. 155, p. 184-195Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The long-term (LT) scheduling of reservoir-type hydropower plants is a multistage stochastic dynamic problem that has been traditionally solved using the stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) approach. This LT schedule of releases should be met through short-term (ST) scheduling decisions obtained from a hydro-thermal scheduling that considers uncertainties. Both time scales can be linked if the ST problem considers as input the future cost function (FCF) obtained from LT studies. Known the piecewise-linear FCF, the hydro-scheduling can be solved as a one-stage problem. Under certain considerations a single segment of the FCF can be used to solve the schedule. From this formulation an equivalent model for the hydropower plant can be derived and used in ST studies. This model behaves accordingly to LT conditions to be met, and provides a marginal cost for dispatching the plant. A generation company (GENCO) owning a mix of hydro, wind, and thermal power will be the subject of study where the model will be implemented. The GENCO faces the problem of scheduling the hydraulic resource under uncertainties from e.g. wind and load while determining the market bids that maximize its profit under uncertainties from market prices. A two-stage stochastic unit commitment (SUC) for the ST scheduling implementing the equivalent hydro model will be solved.

  • 44.
    Alvarez Perez, Manuel Alejandro
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Cossent, Rafael
    Universidad Pontificia de Comillas.
    Zhong, Jin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Regulatory Matters Affecting Distribution Planning With Distributed Generation2017In: CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal, E-ISSN 2515-0855, Vol. 2017, no 1, p. 2869-2873Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Under the present European directive concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, distribution companies are not allowed to own distributed generation (DG) but encouraged to include it as a planning option to defer investment in traditional grid reinforcements. Distribution system operators (DSOs) have used the provision of capacity contracted to DG as a viable alternative under current regulatory arrangements. Here, the topics bonding DSOs and DG owners under the present regulation will be explored and a planning structure that considers distribution capacity contracts as a planning option will be proposed. This will serve as a road map for DSOs to implement its preferred planning tools in an optimisation context, considering costs of investment, reliability, operation, and capacity provision while complying with current regulation.

  • 45.
    Alvarez Perez, Manuel Alejandro
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Rönnberg, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Cossent, Rafael
    Universidad Pontificia de Comillas.
    Zhong, Jin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Bollen, Math
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Remuneration Assessment of a VPP Providing Distribution Capacity Services2017In: IEEE PES PowerTech Manchester 2017: towards and beyond sustainable energy systems, Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017, article id 7980881Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A Distribution System Operator (DSO) might consider a capacity contract as a planning alternative to defer grid investments. A Virtual Power Plant (VPP) might be able to provide such capacity and change its production as requested by the DSO. This article presents an assessment of the impact of this type of distribution capacity contract (DCC) on VPP's remuneration. This assessment is done by comparing the optimal production / bidding strategy which maximize its profit, under presence or absence of these contracts. The impact of intermittent generation and storage while evaluating these scenarios will be investigated as well. A stochastic unit commitment will be used to determine the VPP's strategy under uncertainties from wind power, load, market prices, and the requested power by the DSO. The model showed that the VPP involvement in distribution capacity contracts can improve its remuneration when certain types of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) are used to provide the service.

  • 46.
    Alves de Oliveira, Roger
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Malfoy, Alex
    School of Engineering, Bordeaux Institute of Technology, Bordeaux, France.
    Rönnberg, Sarah K.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Deep Anomaly Detection of Voltage Waveform Distortion in the Transmission Grid due to Geomagnetically Induced Currents2024In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements, ISSN 0018-9456, Vol. 73, article id 2509212Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 47.
    An, Rong
    et al.
    Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
    Laaksonen, Aatto
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science. Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi 700469, Romania; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
    Wu, Muqiu
    Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
    Zhu, Yudan
    State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
    Shah, Faiz Ullah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Chemical Engineering.
    Lu, Xiaohua
    State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
    Ji, Xiaoyan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Atomic force microscopy probing interactions and microstructures of ionic liquids at solid surfaces2022In: Nanoscale, ISSN 2040-3364, E-ISSN 2040-3372, no 14, p. 11098-11128Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ionic liquids (ILs) are room temperature molten salts that possess preeminent physicochemical properties and have shown great potential in many applications. However, the use of ILs in surface-dependent processes, e.g. energy storage, is hindered by the lack of a systematic understanding of the IL interfacial microstructure. ILs on the solid surface display rich ordering, arising from coulombic, van der Waals, solvophobic interactions, etc., all giving near-surface ILs distinct microstructures. Therefore, it is highly important to clarify the interactions of ILs with solid surfaces at the nanoscale to understand the microstructure and mechanism, providing quantitative structure–property relationships. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) opens a surface-sensitive way to probe the interaction force of ILs with solid surfaces in the layers from sub-nanometers to micrometers. Herein, this review showcases the recent progress of AFM in probing interactions and microstructures of ILs at solid interfaces, and the influence of IL characteristics, surface properties and external stimuli is thereafter discussed. Finally, a summary and perspectives are established, in which, the necessities of the quantification of IL–solid interactions at the molecular level, the development of in situ techniques closely coupled with AFM for probing IL–solid interfaces, and the combination of experiments and simulations are argued.

  • 48.
    An, Rong
    et al.
    Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
    Wu, Nanhua
    Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
    Gao, Qingwei
    College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
    Dong, Yihui
    Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
    Laaksonen, Aatto
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science. Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, ‘‘Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi 700469, Romania; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
    Shah, Faiz Ullah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Chemical Engineering.
    Ji, Xiaoyan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Fuchs, Harald
    Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
    Integrative Studies of Ionic Liquid Interface Layers: Bridging Experiments, Theoretical Models and Simulations2024In: Nanoscale Horizons, ISSN 2055-6756Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ionic liquids (ILs) are a class of salts existing in the liquid state below 100 C, possessing low volatility, high thermal stability as well as many highly attractive solvent and electrochemical capabilities, etc., making them highly tunable for a great variety of applications, such as lubricants, electrolytes, and soft functional materials. In many applications, ILs are first either physi- or chemisorbed on a solid surface to successively create more functional materials. The functions of ILs at solid surfaces can differ considerably from those of bulk ILs, mainly due to distinct interfacial layers with tunable structures resulting in new ionic liquid interface layer (ILIL) properties and enhanced performance. Due to an almost infinite number of possible combinations among the cations and anions to form ILs, the diversity of various solid surfaces, as well as different external conditions and stimuli, a detailed molecular-level understanding of their structure–property relationship is of utmost significance for a judicious design of IL–solid interfaces with appropriate properties for task-specific applications. Many experimental techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, surface force apparatus, and so on, have been used for studying the ion structuring of ILIL. Molecular Dynamics simulations have been widely used to investigate the microscopic behavior of the ILIL. To interpret and clarify the IL structure and dynamics as well as to predict their properties, it is always beneficial to combine both experiments and simulations as close as possible. In another theoretical model development to bridge the structure and properties of ILIL with performance, thermodynamic (TD) prediction & property modeling has been demonstrated as an effective tool to add the properties and function of the studied nanomaterials. Herein, we present recent findings from applying the multiscale triangle “experiment–molecular simulation–TD modeling” in the studies of ion structuring of ILs in the vicinity of solid surfaces, as well as how it qualitatively and quantitatively correlates to the overall ILs properties, performance, and function. We introduce the most common techniques behind “experiment–molecular simulation–modeling” and how they are applied for studying the ILIL structuring, and we highlight the possibilities of the ILIL structuring in applications such as lubrication and energy storage.

  • 49.
    An, Rong
    et al.
    Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
    Zheng, Hangbing
    Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
    Dong, Yihui
    Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
    Liu, Chang
    State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
    Zou, Luyu
    Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
    Feng, Tao
    Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
    Laaksonen, Aatto
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science. State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China; Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden; Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Romania; Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Campus Monserrato ,SS 554 Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, Italy.
    Ji, Xiaoyan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Ti-Si-Zr-Zn Nanometallic Glass Substrate with a Tunable Zinc Composition for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Cytochrome c2023In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, ISSN 1944-8244, E-ISSN 1944-8252, Vol. 15, no 21, p. 25275-25284Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 50.
    Anderson, Jan-Olof
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Westerlund, Lars
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Analysis of the heat demand in batch kilns2012Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    During the production of lumber more than half of the entering timber to the sawmill becomes biomass. About 12 %wt of the entering timber is combusted to supply heat for the sawmill. Major part of the heat is supply the kilns. Due to the high evacuation losses the energy efficiency in a traditional drying kiln is only 13 %. This makes the lumber drying to a low and ineffective process in an energy point of view.Forced drying technologies are a compromise between high lumber quality, low lead time and decreased energy use. Often is the quality and lead time prioritised. This paper advises an appropriate method to simulate the energy efficiency when drying lumber in a batch kiln. To ensure real life drying conditions, with sufficient quality and lead time the initial conditions were made from simulated drying schemes, from simulation program called Torksim. By combine thermodynamics and psychrometric relationship, the energy streams and losses during the drying scheme were established. The program can be used to compare several drying conditions and clarify the magnitude of losses. Different types of technologies affecting the kiln energy efficiency and to compare drying conditions to each other. For instance heat exchanger, heat pumps, condense walls, absorption system etc.The used drying conditions are suitable for north European lumber and climate, but the initial conditions can be changed for analyses of other types of drying conditions. The program is a usable tool to analyses different types of technologies effect on the kiln energy efficiency and to compare drying conditions and different drying scheme to each other.

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