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• 1.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap. Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Improved energy efficiency in juice production through waste heat recycling2013Inngår i: International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE 2013, 2013Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)

The global demand for Nordic wild berries has increased steadily, partly due to their healthy properties and their good taste. Juice concentrate is produced by pressing berries and heating up the juice. The by-products are berry skins and seeds. Traditionally, the by-products have been composted. Higher competiveness can be achieved by decreasing the production cost and increasing the product values. The berry skins and seeds have a commercial value since they are rich in vitamins and nutrients. To use and sell these by-products, they need to be separated from each other and dried to a moisture content of less than 10 %wt. A berry juice industry in the north of Sweden has been studied in order to increase the energy and resource efficiency and optimize the quality and yield of different berry fractions. This was done by means of process integration with thermodynamics and psychrometry along with measurements of the berry juice production processes. Our calculations show that the drying system could be operated at full without any external heat supply. This could be achieved by increasing the efficiency of the dryer by recirculating 80 % of the drying air and by heating the air with heat from the flue gases from the industrial boiler. This change would decrease the need for heat in the dryer with about 64 %. The total heat use for the plant could thereby be decreased from 1204 kW to 1039 kW. The proposed changes could be done without compromising the production quality or the lead time.

• 2.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap. Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Improved energy efficiency in juice production through waste heat recycling2014Inngår i: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 130, nr S1, s. 757-763Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)

Berry juice concentrate is produced by pressing berries and heating up the juice. The by-products are berry skins and seeds in a press cake. Traditionally, these by-products have been composted, but due to their valuable nutrients, it could be profitable to sell them instead. The skins and seeds need to be separated and dried to a moisture content of less than 10 %wt (on dry basis) in order to avoid fermentation. A berry juice plant in the north of Sweden has been studied in order to increase the energy and resource efficiency, with special focus on the drying system. This was done by means of process integration with mass and energy balance, theory from thermodynamics and psychrometry along with measurements of the juice plant. Our study indicates that the drying system could be operated at full capacity without any external heat supply using waste heat supplied from the juice plant. This would be achieved by increasing the efficiency of the dryer by recirculation of the drying air and by heat supply from the flue gases of the industrial boiler. The recirculation would decrease the need of heat in the dryer with about 52%. The total heat use for the plant could thereby be decreased from 1262 kW to 1145 kW. The improvements could be done without compromising the production quality.

• 3.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Cosmic dust and heavy neutrinos2007Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)

This Doctoral thesis treats two subjects. The first subject is the impact of early dust on the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The dust that is studied comes from the first generation of stars, which were hot and short-lived, ending their lives as giant supernovae. In the supernova explosions, heavy elements, produced through the fusion in the stars, were ejected into the interstellar medium. These heavy elements condensed to form dust, which can absorb and thus perturb the CMB radiation. The dust contribution to this radiation is calculated and found negligible. However, since the dust is produced within structures (like galaxy clusters), it will have a spatial correlation that could be used to detect it. This correlation is calculated with relevant assumptions. The planned Planck satellite could eventually detect and thus confirm this correlation. The second subject is heavy neutrinos and their impact on the diffuse gamma ray background. Neutrinos heavier than M_Z /2 ~ 45 GeV are not excluded by particle physics data. Stable neutrinos heavier than this might contribute to the cosmic gamma ray background through annihilation in distant galaxies as well as to the dark matter content of the universe. The evolution of the heavy neutrino density in the universe is calculated as a function of its mass, M_N, and then the subsequent gamma ray spectrum from annihilation of distant N-Nbar (from 0 < z < 5). The evolution of the heavy neutrino density in the universe is calculated numerically. In order to obtain the enhancement due to structure formation in the universe, the distribution of N is approximated to be proportional to that of dark matter in the GalICS model. The calculated gamma ray spectrum is compared to the measured EGRET data. A conservative exclusion region for the heavy neutrino mass is 100 to 200 GeV, both from EGRET data and our re-evalutation of the Kamiokande data. The heavy neutrino contribution to dark matter is found to be at most 15%. Finally, heavy neutrinos are considered within the context of a preon model for composite leptons and quarks, where such particles are natural. The consequences of these are discussed, with emphasis on existing data from the particle accelerator LEP at CERN. A numerical method for optimizing variable cuts in particle physics is also included in the thesis.

• 4.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Dust in the early universe2005Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)

This Licentiate thesis treats the impact of early dust on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The dust that is studied comes from the first generation of stars, which were hot and short-lived, ending their lives as giant supernovæ. In the supernova explosions, heavy elements, produced through the fusion in the stars, were ejected into the interstellar medium. These heavy elements condensed to form dust, which can absorb and thus perturb the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. The dust contribution to this radiation is calculated and found negligible. However, as the dust will be produced within structures (like galaxy clusters), it will have a spatial correlation that could be used to detect it. This correlation is calculated using relevant assumptions. The planned Planck satellite is likely to be able to measure and thus confirm this correlation.

• 5.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Laboratoire d’Astrophysique, Observatoire de Grenoble.
Dust from reionization2004Inngår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 425, s. 9-14Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)

The possibility that population III stars have reionized the Universe at redshifts greater than 6 has recently gained momentum with WMAP polarization results. Here we analyse the role of early dust produced by these stars and ejected into the intergalactic medium. We show that this dust, heated by the radiation from the same population III stars, produces a submillimetre excess. The electromagnetic spectrum of this excess could account for a significant fraction of the FIRAS (Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer) cosmic far infrared background above 700 micron. This spectrum, a primary anisotropy (Delta T) spectrum times the nu2 dust emissivity law, peaking in the submillimetre domain around 750 micron, is generic and does not depend on other detailed dust properties. Arcminute-scale anisotropies, coming from inhomogeneities in this early dust, could be detected by future submillimetre experiments such as Planck HFI.

• 6.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Laboratoire d’Astrophysique, Observatoire de Grenoble. Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Observatoire de Lyon.
Dust distribution during reionization2007Inngår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 476, s. 1145-1150Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)

Context. The dust produced by the first generation of stars will be a foreground to cosmic microwave background.Aims. In order to evaluate the effect of this early dust, we calculate the power spectrum of the dust emission anisotropies and compare it with the sensitivity limit of the Planck satellite.Methods. The spatial distribution of the dust is estimated through the distribution of dark matter.Results. At small angular scales l ≥ 1000 the dust signal is found to be noticeable with the Planck detector for certain values of dust lifetime and production rates. The dust signal is also compared to sensitivities of other instruments. The early dust emission anisotropies are finally compared to those of local dustand they are found to be similar in magnitude at mm wavelengths.

• 7.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Materialvetenskap.
Mass limits for heavy neutrinos2008Inngår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 479, nr 2, s. 347-353Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)

Context. Neutrinos heavier than MZ/2 ∼ 45 GeV are not excluded by particle physics data. Stable neutrinos heavier than this might contribute to the cosmic gamma ray background through annihilation in distant galaxies, as well as to the dark matter content of the universe.Aims. We calculate the evolution of the heavy neutrino density in the universe as a function of its mass, MN, and then the subsequent gamma ray spectrum from annihilation of distant N ¯N (from 0 < z < 5).Methods. The evolution of the heavy neutrino density in the universe is calculated numerically. To obtain the enhancement due to structure formation in the universe, we approximate the distribution of N to be proportional to that of dark matter in the GalICS model. The calculated gamma ray spectrum is compared to the measured EGRET data.Results. A conservative exclusion region for the heavy neutrino mass is 100 to 200 GeV, both fromEGRET data and our re-evalutation of the Kamiokande data. The heavy neutrino contribution to dark matter is found to be at most 15%.

• 8.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap. Swerea MEFOS AB. SSAB EMEA, Luleå.
Exergy as a means for process integration in an integrated steel plant2011Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)

The Luleå energy system consists of SSAB (an integrated steel plant) – LuleKraft (the heat and power plant) – Luleå Energi (the district heating network). The exergy flows in the whole system have been studied and some possibilities on how to reduce the exergy losses are discussed. The exergy thermal efficiency of SSAB, LuleKraft and Luleå Energi are 70 %, 40 % and 30 % respectively. The relatively low exergy thermal efficiencies is a natural consequence of converting high-value chemical energy into heating water. In the integrated steel plant, the exergy losses are caused by the cooling of the steel prior to transport. In the heat and power plant, exergy is destroyed mainly in the furnace. In the district heating, exergy is destroyed mainly by the customer. A preliminary conclusion is that a lot of exergy is destroyed and lost in order to produce hot water, which doesn’t really need so much exergy. By lowering the water temperature of the district heating, a larger portion of the exergy can be converted to high-value electricity. Mapping by combined Exergy/energy analysis is important to find ways to improve energy efficiency. It can also be important to initiate regional energy collaboration.

• 9.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap. Swerea MEFOS AB. SSAB.
Possibility to combine exergy with other process integration methods for a steelmaking case2010Inngår i: PRES 2010, 13th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction / [ed] Jirí J. Klemeš; Hon Loong Lam; Petar S. Varbanov, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. , 2010, s. 1375-1380Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)

The energy system of Luleå consists of the steel plant, a local CHP using process gases from the plant and the district heating system. Process integration work to improve the efficiency of the system is presently carried out by mathematical programming using a MILP tool (reMIND). Further improvements would need an improved possibility of the tool to consider the thermodynamic quality of the energy flows. This project aims to include exergy parameters in the node equations and object functions. This has been carried out for a test case, including a part of the system. Programming principles and some results are described.

• 10.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap. Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Energy Supply Potentials in the Northern Counties of Finland, Norway and Sweden towards Sustainable Nordic Electricity and Heating Sectors: A Review2018Inngår i: Energies, ISSN 1996-1073, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 11, nr 4, artikkel-id 751Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)

The lands in the northernmost corner of Europe present contradictory aspects in their social and economic development. Urban settlements are relatively few and small-sized, but rich natural resources (minerals, forests, rivers) attract energy-intensive industries. Energy demand is increasing as a result of new investments in mining and industries, while reliable energy supply is threatened by the planned phase out of Swedish nuclear power, the growth of intermittent power supplies and the need to reduce fossil fuel consumption, especially in the Finnish and Norwegian energy sectors. Given these challenges, this paper investigates the potentials of so far unexploited energy resources in the northern counties of Finland, Norway and Sweden by comparing and critically analyzing data from statistic databases, governmental reports, official websites, research projects and academic publications. The criteria for the technical and economic definition of potentials are discussed separately for each resource. It is concluded that, despite the factors that reduce the theoretical potentials, significant sustainable techno-economic potentials exist for most of the resources, providing important insights about the possible strategies to contribute to a positive socio-economic development in the considered regions.

• 11.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Materialvetenskap.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap. Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Materialvetenskap.
History of Globulettes in the Milky Way2018Inngår i: Astrophysics and Space Science, ISSN 0004-640X, E-ISSN 1572-946X, Vol. 363, nr 2, artikkel-id 28Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)

Globulettes are small (radii $< 10$ kAU) dark dust clouds, seen against the background of bright nebulae.

A majority of the objects have planetary mass.

These objects may be a source of brown dwarfs and free floating planetary mass objects in the galaxy.

In this paper we investigate how many globulettes could have formed in the Milky Way and how they could contribute to the total population of free floating planets.

In order to do that we examine H-alpha images of 27 H~II regions. In these images, we find 778 globulettes.

We find that a conservative value of the number of globulettes formed is $5.7\times 10^{10}$.

If 10 \% of the globulettes form free floating planets then they have contributed with $5.7\times 10^{9}$ free floating planets in the Milky Way. A less conservative number of globulettes would mean that the globulettes could contribute $2.0\times 10^{10}$ free floating planets.

Thus the globulettes could represent a non-negligible source of free floating planets in the Milky Way.

• 12.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Materialvetenskap.
Stockholm Observatory, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm University. Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Dusty globules in the Crab Nebula2017Inngår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 599, artikkel-id A110Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)

Context. Dust grains are widespread in the Crab Nebula. A number of small, dusty globules, are visible as dark spots against the background of continuous synchrotron emission in optical images. Aims. Our aim is to catalogue such dusty globules and investigate their properties. Methods. From existing broad-band images obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, we located 92 globules, for which we derived positions, dimensions, orientations, extinctions, masses, proper motions, and their distributions. Results. The globules have mean radii ranging from 400 to 2000 AU and are not resolved in current infrared images of the nebula. The extinction law for dust grains in these globules matches a normal interstellar extinction law. Derived masses of dust range from 1 to 60 × 10-6M, and the total mass contained in globules constitute a fraction of approximately 2% or less of the total dust content of the nebula. The globules are spread over the outer part of the nebula, and a fraction of them coincide in position with emission filaments, where we find elongated globules that are aligned with these filaments. Only 10% of the globules are coincident in position with the numerous H2-emitting knots found in previous studies. All globules move outwards from the centre with transversal velocities of 60 to 1600 km s-1, along with the general expansion of the remnant. We discuss various hypotheses for the formation of globules in the Crab Nebula

• 13.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap.
Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Energivetenskap. Linköping University, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Energy Systems. Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Energy and Environment, Division of Heat and Power Technology. CIT Industriell Energi. Swerea MEFOS AB.
Possibilities and problems in using exergy expressions in process integration2011Inngår i: Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress 2011 (WREC 2011): 9-13 May, Linköping, Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)

Industrial energy systems are complicated networks, where changes in one process influence its neighboring processes. Saving energy in one unit does not necessarily lead to energy savings for the total system. A study has been carried out on the possibility to use the exergy concept in the analysis of industrial energy systems. The exergy concept defines the quality of an amount of energy in relation to its surrounding, expressing the part that could be converted into work. The study consists of literature studies and general evaluations, an extensive case study and an interview study. In the latter it was found that non technical factors are major obstacles to the introduction of exergy.

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