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  • 1.
    Alakangas, Lena
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bark, Glenn
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Ericsson, Magnus
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Söderholm, Patrik
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Social Sciences.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Weihed, Pär
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Widerlund, Anders
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Öhlander, Björn
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Norrbottens malm- och mineralresurs och dess potentiella betydelse för innovation, samhälle och miljö2014Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Gruvindustrins betydelse för samhällsutveckling och infrastruktur i Sverige och inte minst i Norrbottens län är mycket stor. De geologiska förutsättningarna att hitta nya brytvärda förekomster i Norrbotten är goda. Länet är tillsammans med Västerbotten en av Europas viktigaste regioner för utvinning av metaller. Det syns också i den nyligen framtagna regionala mineralstrategin för Norrbotten och Västerbotten. Visionen för den regionala mineralstrategin: ”Genom långsiktigt hållbart nyttjande av Norrbottens och Västerbottens läns mineralresurser har ytterligare tillväxt skapats i regionen och hela Sverige. Vi har utvecklat och stärkt vår ställning som ledande gruv- och mineralnation.”Eftersom framtidspotentialen för gruvnäringen är mycket god men okunnigheten hos både allmänhet och beslutsfattare om näringens betydelse för innovation och samhällsutveckling är stor, kopplat med en utbredd oro för miljöpåverkan, måste dessa viktiga framtidsfrågor belysas. Med finansiering från Länsstyrelsen i Norrbotten bedrevs därför under första hälften av 2014 en förstudie som syftade till att sammanfatta kunskapsläget om framtidens gruvindustri i Norrbotten. Resultaten av förstudien redovisas i den här rapporten. En viktig slutsats är att det under nästa strukturfondsperiod (med start 2015) behövs ett framtidsinriktat forskningsprogram för att belysa de möjligheter som finns. Denna förstudie utgör grund för en kommande ansökan till strukturfonderna. Kompetensen som finns vid Luleå tekniska universitet, Sveriges centrum för gruvrelaterad forskning och utbildning, bör användas för att studera troliga framtidsmöjligheter och hur de ska kunna användas för att få en så positiv utveckling som möjligt för länet. Projektet bör innehålla följande tre huvudinriktningar, som naturligtvis hör ihop:Vilka malm- och mineralresurser finns det potential för i Norrbotten, och vilka kommer sannolikt att exploateras i framtiden?Vad kommer den exploateringen att ha för betydelse för innovation och samhällsutveckling?Vad kommer den exploateringen att få för miljöeffekter och hur ska man göra för att minska miljöbelastningen?En annan slutsats är att nedlagda gruvområden inte måste ses som förstörd natur. Betydande mervärden som gruvturism skulle kunna skapas om vilja, kreativitet och beslutsamhet finns. Detta är ett givet utvecklingsområde där småföretag och entreprenörer kan göra stor insats om de politiska och myndighetsmässiga förutsättningarna finns. Dessa aspekter skulle också kunna belysas i det föreslagna forskningsprogrammet eller i ett eget projekt.

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  • 2.
    Andersson, Joel B.H.
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bauer, Tobias E.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    The tectonic overprint on the Per Geijer apatite iron ores in Kiruna, northern Sweden2017In: Mineral Resources to Discover / [ed] Mercier Langevin, P; Dube, B; Bardoux, M; Ross, PS; Dion, C, Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits , 2017, p. 903-906Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This ongoing project focusses on the structural evolution of the Per Geijer apatite iron ores in Kiruna, northern Sweden. The Per Geijer iron ores are situated in a NNE-SSW trending shear zone. This study indicate that the shear zone was active during D2 E-W compression giving rise to dip-slip and oblique slip components. The ductile fabric is overprinted by brittle structures carrying Cu, possibly representing traces of a separate Iron Oxide Copper Gold event in northern Norrbotten.

  • 3.
    Anthony, Niklas
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Space Technology.
    Frostevarg, Jan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Product and Production Development.
    Suhonen, Heikki
    Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Granvik, Mikael
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Space Technology. Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
    Laser-induced spallation of minerals common on asteroids2021In: Acta Astronautica, ISSN 0094-5765, E-ISSN 1879-2030, Vol. 182, p. 325-331Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ability to deflect dangerous small bodies in the Solar System or redirect profitable ones is a necessary and worthwhile challenge. One well-studied method to accomplish this is laser ablation, where solid surface material sublimates, and the escaping gas creates a momentum exchange. Alternatively, laser-induced spallation and sputtering could be a more efficient means of deflection, yet little research has studied these processes in detail. We used a 15-kW Ytterbium fiber laser on samples of olivine, pyroxene, and serpentine (minerals commonly found on asteroids) to induce spallation. We observed the process with a high-speed camera and illumination laser, and used X-ray micro-tomography to measure the size of the holes produced by the laser to determine material removal efficiency. We found that pyroxene will spallate at power densities between 1.5 and 6.0 kW cm−2, serpentine will also spallate at 13.7 kW cm−2, but olivine does not spallate at 1.5 kW cm−2 and higher power densities melt the sample. Laser-induced spallation of pyroxene and serpentine can be two- to three-times more energy efficient (volume removed per unit of absorbed energy) than laser-induced spattering, and over 40x more efficient than laser ablation.

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  • 4.
    Anthony, Niklas
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Space Technology.
    Frostevarg, Jan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Product and Production Development.
    Suhonen, Heikki
    Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Penttilä, Antti
    Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
    Granvik, Mikael
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Space Technology. Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
    Laser processing of minerals common on asteroids2021In: Optics and Laser Technology, ISSN 0030-3992, E-ISSN 1879-2545, Vol. 135, article id 106724Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Asteroid mining and redirection are two trends that both can utilize lasers, one to drill and cut, the other to ablate and move. Yet little is known about what happens when a laser is used to process the types of materials we typically expect to find on most asteroids. To shed light on laser processing of asteroid material, we used a 300-W, pulsed Ytterbium fiber laser on samples of olivine, pyroxene, and serpentine, and studied the process with a high-speed camera and illumination laser at 10 000 frames per second. We also measure the sizes of the resulting holes using X-ray micro-tomography to find the pulse parameters which remove the largest amount of material using the least amount of energy. We find that at these power densities, all three minerals will melt and chaotically throw off spatter. Short, low-power pulses can efficiently produce thin, deep holes, and long, high-power pulses are more energy efficient at removing the most amount of material.

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  • 5.
    Barbosa, Leo
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Tiu, Glacialle
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Jansson, Nils F.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Lilja, Lena
    Garpenberg Mine, Boliden Mineral AB, SE-77698 Garpenberg, Sweden.
    Ghorbani, Yousef
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Gold mineralization in the Lappberget deposit, Garpenberg mine, Sweden: towards a geometallurgical approach2022In: Geological Society of Sweden, 150 year anniversary meeting: Abstract volume / [ed] Bergman Weihed, J.; Johansson, Å.; Rehnström, E., 2022, p. 116-117Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigates the mineralogy and texture of gold-bearing phases in the Lappberget deposit, Garpenberg Mine, and how these characteristics affect gold recovery during mineral processing. Multiple methods such as optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, EPMA, LA-ICP-MS, and bulk chemical analysis were applied on drill core samples, and samples from the processing plant’s Knelson gravity concentrator. Electrum-type alloys were recognized as the most common gold hosts. 

  • 6.
    Bark, Glenn
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Pålsson, Bertil
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Textural setting of gold and its implications on mineral processing: preliminary results from three gold deposits in northern Sweden2013In: Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial SGA Meeting, 12–15 August 2013, Uppsala, Sweden, Uppsala: Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning , 2013, p. 302-305Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Within the European Union (EU27) the two most important gold producers are Finland and Sweden, covering more than two thirds of the European market. Due to the high gold prize mining companies are looking to extract more of the metal by improving recovery. We have done textural analysis on three gold-bearing deposits to better understand how the gold-textures seen in drill cores might affect the processing of different gold-ore types. In the Nautanen IOCG deposit, gold deportment is different whether gold is associated with pyrite or magnetite, and this must be considered when optimising the future mine and process planning. In the VMS-type Kristineberg deposit, the gold is associated with pyrite, sphalerite, and galena. Low gold recoveries from flotation could be explained by the occurrence of gold-inclusions in the pyrite. In the epigenetic Svartliden lode gold deposit, the gold is rather coarse-grained and associated with arsenopyrite-löllingite, and silicates. The relatively large grain size of gold can result in incomplete breakdown of the largest gold grains in the cyanide leaching process. To properly understand gold deportment in ores and to be able to improve mine planning and predict metal recoveries a comprehensive textural analysis of gold in drill core-samples is essential.

  • 7.
    Bauer, Tobias
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Lynch, Edward
    Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
    Sarlus, Zimer
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Drejing-Carrol, David
    Boliden Mines Exploration AB, SE-936 31 Boliden, Sweden; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Metzger, Nicolai
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Structural Controls on Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Mineralization and Related Alteration in a Paleoproterozoic Supracrustal Belt: Insights from the Nautanen Deformation Zone and Surroundings, Northern Sweden2022In: Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, ISSN 0361-0128, E-ISSN 1554-0774, Vol. 117, no 2, p. 327-359Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Nautanen deformation zone in the Gällivare area of northern Sweden is a highly Cu-mineralized, magnetite-rich, large-scale shear zone with a long-lived (~100 m.y.) deformation, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization history. This composite structure hosts the Aitik porphyry Cu-Au-Ag ± Mo deposit and several Cu-Au ± Fe ± Ag ± Mo occurrences assigned to the iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposit class. The Nautanen deformation zone was a locus for polyphase deformation and intermittent metasomatic-hydrothermal activity that overprinted middle Orosirian (ca. 1.90–1.88 Ga) continental arc-related volcanic-plutonic rocks. The deformation zone is characterized by intense shearing fabrics that form a series of subvertical to moderately W-dipping, NNW-SSE–trending, first-order shear zones with oblique reverse kinematics and related NNE-SSW–oriented second-order shear zones that control hydrothermal alteration patterns and Cu-Au mineralization.

    Hydrothermal alteration in the study area formed during several phases. Volcanic-volcaniclastic rocks to the east and west of the Nautanen deformation zone display low to moderately intense, pervasive to selectively pervasive (i.e., patchy zones or bands, disseminations) sericite ± feldspar, amphibole + biotite + magnetite ± tourmaline, and K-feldspar + hematite alteration. Both the amphibole + biotite and K-feldspar + hematite associations occur adjacent to NNW- and NE-oriented deformation zones and are locally associated with minor sulfide. Within the deformation zone, a moderate to intense biotite + amphibole + garnet + magnetite + tourmaline + sericite alteration assemblage is typically associated with chalcopyrite + pyrrhotite + pyrite and forms linear and subparallel, mainly NNW-oriented seams, bands, and zones that locally appear to overprint possibly earlier scapolite + sericite ± feldspar alteration. Late-stage epidote ± quartz ± feldspar alteration (retrograde saussuritization) forms selectively pervasive zones and epidote veinlets across the area and is partly related to brittle faulting.

    A magnetite-amphibole-biotite–rich, penetrative S1 foliation records shortening during early Svecokarelian-related deformation (D1) and can be related to ca. 1.88 to 1.87 Ga arc accretion processes and basin inversion that overlaps with regional peak metamorphism to near mid-amphibolite facies conditions and a potential initial Cu mineralization event. Folding and repeated shearing along the Nautanen deformation zone can be assigned to a second, late-Svecokarelian deformation event (D2 stage, ca. 1.82–1.79 Ga) taking place at a higher crustal level. This D2 deformation phase is related to late-stage accretionary processes active during a transition to a stage of postorogenic collapse, and it was accompanied by abundant, syntectonic intrusions. D2-related magmatism produced high-temperature and low-pressure conditions and represents a regional magmatic-hydrothermal event that controlled the recrystallization/remobilization of magnetite, biotite, and amphibole. Associated shear zone reactivation during D2 favors the utilization of the Nautanen deformation zone as a fluid conduit, which preferentially controlled the siting and formation of epigenetic Cu-Au mineralization with distinctive IOCG characteristics within second-order shear zones.

  • 8.
    Billström, Kjell
    et al.
    Museum of Natural History.
    Eilu, Pasi
    Geological Survey of Finland.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Niiranen, Tero
    Geological Survey of Finland.
    Broman, Curt
    Stockholm University.
    Weihed, Pär
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Ojala, Juhani
    Geological Survey of Finland.
    IOCG and related mineral deposits of the northern Fennoscandian Shield2011In: Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold & related topics: a global perspective, Adelaide: PGC Publishing , 2011, p. 381-414Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The northernmost Fennoscandian shield comprises Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic rocks. Unlike most other shield areas, economic mineral deposits are largely restricted to its Palaeoproterozoic parts. The latter are characterised by intracratonic basin evolution between ca. 2.5 and 2.0 Ga, involving recurrent mantle hotspot activity with numerous layered intrusions, komatiite and picrite eruptions, but no signs of accretionary phases or formation of major new felsic crust. Accretion and continent-continent collision followed from ca. 1.9 to 1.8 Ga, during the Svecofennian orogeny. A range of mineralisation styles are hosted by extensive ca. 2.5 to 2.0 Ga greenstone belts and younger, subduction-related 1.9 to 1.8 Ga Svecofennian intrusive and extrusive settings. These mineralisation styles partially overlap, and individual deposits may not readily be placed into genetic classification schemes. A provisional grouping of observed mineralisation styles comprises (1) stratiform-stratabound sulphide, (2) apatite-iron, (3) skarn-related iron and BIF, and (4) epigenetic(±syngenetic?) Au and Cu-Au deposits. The descriptive section of this paper also highlights features that may relate to orogenic-gold, IOCG and 'atypical metal association' categories of mineralisation. The assumption made is that the deposition of a diverse range of ore deposits was made possible by a long and complex geological evolution. This involved an initial (sowing) stage where iron, and to some extent copper and gold, were concentrated during 2.3 to 2.1 Ga (Karelian) rock-forming processes. Following this, ore elements were mobilised during two younger (Svecofennian) stages at 1.92 to 1.87 and 1.85 to 1.79 Ga, respectively. The latter were triggered by metamorphic and magmatic episodes, and fluids liberated during these stages precipitated IOCG and related deposits when fluids met structural and chemical traps in suitable host rocks. Ore fluids are generally saline, and their development probably involved incorporation of evaporates and, at least locally, also felsic magmatism may have played a role. Skarn-related mineralisation, hosted by ca. 2.1 Ga greenstones, occurs both as a BIF type in Sweden (formed at around 2.1 Ga), and as a gold-copper enriched variety (the result of Svecofennian epigenetic processes) in the Kolari region of Finland. The huge Kiirunavaara deposit is the type example of apatite iron ores, and is here considered to have formed from a magma at ca. 1.88 Ga, although it also has features best explained by a magmatic-hydrothermal overprint. A younger, less prominent, stage of apatite iron ore formation took place at approximately 1.78 Ga. Epigenetic gold and copper-gold deposits are particularly hard to classify as these show mixed ore characteristics, and to some extent this is likely to be due to multiple mineralisation stages (cf. the huge, low grade Aitik deposit in Sweden which is interpreted to be a hybrid porphyry-IOCG-type of ore). Structurally controlled, orogenic-gold mineralisation is common in the Central Lapland greenstone belt, although there are also gold deposits with enhanced contents of e.g., copper, cobalt and uranium (e.g., at Saatopoora). The latter, sometimes referred to as being of an 'atypical metal association' type, could potentially also include syngenetic mineralisation (e.g., at Juomasou). The range of epigenetic (±syngenetic) gold and copper-gold deposits could possibly be related to a vague east-west trend defined by gold-rich deposits in the east (Finland), followed by IOCG (copper±gold) and more iron-dominant ore types near the Finnish-Swedish border and further west into Sweden.

  • 9.
    Crafoord, Emelie
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bark, Glenn
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) – the potential for mineral carbonation in the Swedish onshore bedrock2022In: The 35th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting: Program and Abstracts / [ed] Þorsteinn Sæmundsson, Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir, Bjarni Gautason, Halldór Geirsson, Geoscience Society of Iceland , 2022Conference paper (Refereed)
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  • 10.
    Crafoord, Emelie
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bark, Glenn
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Is the Swedish onshore bedrock suitable for carbon dioxidesequestration?2022In: Geological Society of Sweden, 150 year anniversary meeting: Abstract volume / [ed] Bergman Weihed, J.; Johansson, Å.; Rehnström, E., Geologiska Föreningen , 2022, p. 52-53Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 11.
    Ghorbani, Sasan
    et al.
    Department of Mining Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
    Hoseinie, Seyed Hadi
    Department of Mining Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
    Ghasemi, Ebrahim
    Department of Mining Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
    Sherizadeh, Taghi
    Department of Mining & Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, USA.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    A new rock hardness classification system based on portable dynamic testing2022In: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, ISSN 1435-9529, E-ISSN 1435-9537, Vol. 81, no 5, article id 179Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hardness is one of the critical physical characteristics of minerals and rocks, which indicates the resistance of the rock to penetration, scratch, or permanent deformation. As a basic concept, rock hardness has a significant role in rock mechanics and geological engineering and is an appropriate diagnostic tool for the classification of minerals and rocks. The main purpose of this study is to guide rock engineers to measure the rock hardness faster, easier, and more accurately using Leeb’s dynamic hardness test. Accordingly, this paper presents a new rock hardness classification system based on the Leeb dynamic and portable hardness testing method. It is a well-known method for its fast and straightforward procedure testing equipment. A set of 33 different rock types were collected and tested during this study. Next, in-depth microscopic mineralogical studies were performed to determine the precise Mohs hardness value. The Mohs hardness was considered the leading hardness benchmark during the experimental studies, and the Leeb hardness was adopted to classify based on this hardness. A series of laboratory studies and statistical analysis was performed to predict the Shore and Vickers hardness using Leeb hardness. Finally, based on the comparative studies, it is recommended to classify the rocks considering the Leeb hardness method in six different categories: extremely soft (1–250), soft (250–450), moderately soft (450–750), moderately hard (750–850), hard (850–920), and extremely hard (920–1000). The provided classification could be useful in a vast range of rock engineering applications, especially for feasibility studies of rock engineering projects and engineering geology.

  • 12.
    Jansson, Nils
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Thomas, Helen
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Fjellerad Persson, Mac
    Boliden Mineral AB.
    Sand, Anders
    Boliden Mineral AB.
    Textural and chemical characterization of sulphide minerals for improved beneficiation and exploration, Skellefte district, Sweden2019In: FoU-seminarium / [ed] Nelly Aroka, Lars-Ove Lång, Uppsala: Sveriges geologiska undersökning , 2019, p. 48-48Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 13.
    Johansson, Björn
    et al.
    Boliden Mineral AB.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Flotation and leach tests performed within a geo-metallurgical project on gold in the Aitik Cu-Au-Ag-(Mo) deposit2010In: Conference in Minerals Engineering: Luleå, 2 -3 februari 2010 / [ed] Johanna Alatalo, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2010, p. 73-84Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Laboratory flotation tests were done with all samples after 7 and 11 minutes of grinding. Tail products from the laboratory flotation tests were leached for Au using cyanide. Different ore types could be distinguished from their particle size distribution after grinding. Similar mineralogical structures could be tied to samples with a lower than expected Cu-recovery and mineralogical explanations for high and low Au recoveries are given in this paper.

  • 14.
    Kampmann, Tobias Christoph
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Jansson, Nils F.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Stephens, Michael B.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Olin, Paul H.
    CODES ARC Centre of Excellence and TMVC ARC Research Hub, University of Tasmania.
    Gilbert, Sarah
    CODES ARC Centre of Excellence and TMVC ARC Research Hub, University of Tasmania.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Syn-tectonic sulphide remobilization and trace element redistribution at the Falun pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) sulphide deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden2018In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360, Vol. 96, p. 48-71Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mineralization types at the Palaeoproterozoic Falun base metal sulphide deposit are predominantly pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-rich massive sulphide mineralization, disseminated to semi-massive Cu-Au mineralization, auriferous quartz veins, and mineralized shear zones of talc-chlorite-dominated schist. The massive and disseminated to semi-massive sulphide mineralization types were subject to polyphase ductile deformation (D1 and D2) and metamorphism under low-P, lower-amphibolite facies conditions, which led to the development of ore textures and paragenetic relationships indicating both mechanical and chemical remobilization of sulphides. In the massive sulphide mineralization, rare inclusion-rich pyrite occurs as relic cores inside inclusion-poor metamorphosed pyrite. Imaging and spot analysis using multielement laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) reveal that inclusion-poor pyrite was depleted in trace elements, which were originally present as non-stoichiometric lattice substitutions or in mineral inclusions. The inclusion-rich pyrite was shielded from depletion and, at least partly, retained its initially higher trace element concentrations, including Au.

    Gold is also associated with chalcopyrite in the disseminated to semi-massive Cu-Au mineralization and in the system of auriferous quartz veins hosted therein, the latter being also affected by the D2 ductile strain. It is inferred that emplacement of the vein system took place after the peak of metamorphism, which occurred between D1 and D2, but prior to and possibly even shortly after completion of the D2 deformational event. Similarities in trace element signatures in chalcopyrite are compatible with the interpretation that the quartz veins formed by local chemical remobilization of components from the Cu-Au mineralization. Transport of liberated Au from pyrite during grain growth in the massive sulphide mineralization may have upgraded the Au endowment in the quartz veins, leading to the additional formation of native gold in the veins. A strong correspondence between elements liberated from pyrite (e.g. Pb, Bi, Se and Au) and those forming discrete and characteristic mineral phases in the quartz veins (Pb-Bi sulphosalts, native gold) supports this hypothesis.

    Trace element signatures for the main sulphide minerals pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena are similar to previously published data from other metamorphosed massive sulphide deposits. The association of the Falun mineralization with elevated Bi is reflected by its occurrence in sulphide minerals (e.g. galena) and in abundant mineral inclusions of Pb-Bi sulphosalts (e.g. weibullite), especially in the disseminated to semi-massive Cu-Au mineralization. Elevated Sn concentrations in the lattice and/or as cassiterite inclusions in chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena are compatible with a hot, acidic and reducing fluid during formation of the syn-volcanic, base metal sulphide mineralization and associated host-rock alteration.

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  • 15.
    Knipfer, Sebastian
    et al.
    Boliden AB.
    Nordin, Roger
    Boliden AB.
    Wasström, Annika
    Boliden AB.
    Höglund, Sofia
    Boliden Mineral AB.
    Joslin, Gregory
    Boliden AB.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    The Aitik porphyry Cu-Au-Ag-(Mo) deposit in Sweden2011Conference paper (Refereed)
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  • 16.
    Lamberg, Pertti
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Rosenkranz, Jan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Lund, Cecilia
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Minz, Friederike
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Mwanga, Abdul
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Parian, Mehdi
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Building a Geometallurgical Model in Iron Ores using a Mineralogical Approach with Liberation Data2013In: Geomet13: The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference 2013 / [ed] Simon Dominy, Parkville, Victoria: The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2013, p. 317-324Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A geometallurgical model is currently built in two different ways. The first and the most common way relies on geometallurgical testing, where a large number of samples are analysed for metallurgical response using small-scale laboratory tests, eg Davis tube testing. The second, mineralogical approach focuses on collecting mineralogical information over the orebody and building the metallurgical model based on mineralogy. At Luleå University of Technology,Sweden, the latter method has been adopted and taken further in four ongoing PhD studies. The geological model gives modal composition by the help of element-to-mineral conversion and Rietveld X-ray diffraction. Texturally, the orebody is divided into different archetypes, and liberation measurements for each of them are carried out in processing fineness using IncaMineral, a SEM-based technique. The grindability and liberation spectrum of any given geological unit (sample, ore block, domain) are extrapolated from the archetypes. The process model is taken into a liberation level by mass balancing selected metallurgical tests using the particle tracking technique. The approach is general and can be applied to any type of ores. Examples of ongoing studies on iron and massive sulfide ores are given.

  • 17.
    Lu, Jinmei
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Alakangas, Lena
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Metal mobilization under alkaline conditions in ash-covered tailings2014In: Journal of Environmental Management, ISSN 0301-4797, E-ISSN 1095-8630, Vol. 139, p. 38-49Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to determine element mobilization and accumulation in mill tailings under alkaline conditions. The tailings were covered with 50 cm of fly ash, and above a sludge layer. The tailings were geochemically and mineralogically investigated. Sulfides, such as pyrrhotite, sphalerite and galena along with gangue minerals such as dolomite, calcite, micas, chlorite, epidote, Mn-pyroxene and rhodonite were identified in the unoxidized tailings. The dissolution of the fly ash layer resulted in a high pH (close to 12) in the underlying tailings. This, together with the presence of organic matter, increased the weathering of the tailings and mobilization of elements in the uppermost 47 cm of the tailings. All primary minerals were depleted, except quartz and feldspar which were covered by blurry secondary carbonates. Sulfide-associated elements such as Cd, Fe, Pb, S and Zn and silicate-associated elements such as Fe, Mg and Mn were released from the depletion zone and accumulated deeper down in the tailings where the pH decreased to circum-neutral. Sequential extraction suggests that Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, S and Zn were retained deeper down in the tailings and were mainly associated with the sulfide phase. Calcium, Cr, K and Ni released from the ash layer were accumulated in the uppermost depletion zone of the tailings

  • 18.
    Lundberg, Jan
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Operation, Maintenance and Acoustics.
    Rantatalo, Matti
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Operation, Maintenance and Acoustics.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Casselgren, Johan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
    Measurements of friction coefficients between rails lubricated with a friction modifier and the wheels of an IORE locomotive during real working conditions2015In: Wear, ISSN 0043-1648, E-ISSN 1873-2577, Vol. 324-325, p. 109-117Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The real friction coefficients between the rails and the wheels on a 360. t and 10,800. kW IORE locomotive were measured using the locomotive[U+05F3]s in-built traction force measurement system. The locomotive consisted of two pair-connected locomotives had a CoCo+CoCo bogie configuration, and hauled a fully loaded set of 68 ore wagons (120. t/wagon). The measurements were performed both on rails in a dry condition and on rails lubricated with a water-based top-of-rail (ToR) friction modifier on the Iron Ore Line between the cities of Kiruna and Narvik in Northern Sweden and Norway, respectively. Since full-scale measurements like these are costly, the friction coefficients were also measured at the same time and place using a conventional hand-operated tribometer, with and without the ToR friction modifier. The most important results are that the real friction coefficient is definitely not constant and is surprisingly low (0.10-0.25) when the ToR friction modifier is used, and that it is also significantly dependent on the amount of ToR friction modifier. A large amount will reduce the friction coefficient. Furthermore, it is concluded that the real friction coefficients are in general lower than the friction coefficients measured with the hand-operated tribometer. A final remark is thus that the use of a water-based ToR friction modifier can give excessively low friction, which can result in unacceptably long braking distances.

  • 19.
    Martinsson, Olof
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Allan, Åsa
    Envipro Miljöteknik AB, Linköping.
    Niiranen, Tero
    Northland Exploration Finland.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Eilu, Pasi
    GTK.
    Ojala, Juhani
    GTK.
    Nykänen, Vesa
    GTK.
    Weihed, Pär
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Iron oxide-Cu-Au deposits in the northern part of the Fennoscandian shield2008Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The northern part of the Fennoscandian Shield, which formed during repeated extensional and compressional events at 3.1-1.8 Ga, is an ore province characterized by regionally developed albite and scapolite alteration and the occurrence of world class Fe-oxide (Kiirunavaara) and Cu-Au deposits (Aitik). It host several styles of Fe-oxide-Cu-Au deposits, including skarn and apatite-iron style deposits, many of them with features that also warrant classification as iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits.The apatite-iron ores are economically most important with a total production of c. 1900 Mt from 10 mines during the last 100 years and with a total pre-mining resource of c. 4100 Mt. In these deposits, the Fe and P content vary between 30-70 % and 0.05-5 %, respectively. The ore minerals magnetite and hematite occur in lenses or as breccia infill. The ores are usually enriched in LREE, sulphides are rare but subeconomic amounts of Cu may occur.Skarn-like iron occurrences consisting of magnetite and Mg and Ca-Mg silicates have been less important with c. 20 Mt mined from 6 deposits and a pre-mining resource of 760 Mt. Most of them occur as conformable lenses with a banded internal structure. Pyrite, pyrrhotite and minor chalcopyrite are commonly present disseminated or as veinlets. Typical grades are 30-55% Fe, 0.2-3.5 % S, 0.05-0.3% Cu, 0.005-1g/t Au and 0.02-0.2% P. A few of the deposits are also enriched in LREE. Epigenetic Cu±Au occurrences include the porphyry-style giant Aitik deposit with a pre-mining resource of 2000 Mt at 0.3% Cu and 0.2 g/t Au and a total production of 465 Mt. Other deposits vary in style from disseminated to breccia infill or veins. Chalcopyrite is the most important ore mineral but bornite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, molybdenite and native gold may occur in varying amounts. The skarn-like ores occur in 2.1Ga Karelian greenstones in association to carbonate rocks, BIF and graphite schist. The apatite iron ores are hosted by 1.9 Ga Svecofennian intermediate to felsic porphyries. The epigenetic Cu±Au deposits occur in both Karelian and Svecofennian volcanic and sedimentary rocks and 1.9 Ga intrusive rocks. The two last type of deposits show similar alteration styles including albite, K-feldspar, biotite, scapolite, carbonate, amphibole and tourmaline, whereas the skarn-like deposits are associated with diopside, amphibole, scapolite and biotite alteration.Deposit studies and geochronological data reveal a multiphase origin of the Fe oxide and Cu±Au occurrences with multiple sources of the ore fluids and peaks of mineralization at c. 1.88 and 1.77 Ga. These events are temporally related to major orogenic stages in the evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield. This implies that mineralization formed in different tectonic settings, and with different magmatic associations. Thus, the IOCG deposits are not uniform in origin, which may well explain their diverse features and also makes a simple genetic model for them dubious.

  • 20.
    Martinsson, Olof
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Billström, Kjell
    Laboratory for Isotope Geology. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Laboratoriet för Isotopgeologi, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geosciences.
    Broman, Curt
    Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm University, Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University.
    Weihed, Pär
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Metallogeny of the Northern Norrbotten Ore Province, northern Fennoscandian Shield with emphasis on IOCG and apatite-iron ore deposits2016In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360, Vol. 78, p. 447-492Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Northern Norrbotten Ore Province in northernmost Sweden includes the type localities for Kiruna-type apatite iron deposits and has been the focus for intense exploration and research related to Fe oxide-Cu-Au mineralisation during the last decades. Several different types of Fe-oxide and Cu-Au ± Fe oxide mineralisation occur in the region and include: stratiform Cu ± Zn ± Pb ± Fe oxide type, iron formations (including BIF's), Kiruna-type apatite iron ore, and epigenetic Cu ± Au ± Fe oxide type which may be further subdivided into different styles of mineralisation, some of them with typical IOCG (Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold) characteristics. Generally, the formation of Fe oxide ± Cu ± Au mineralisation is directly or indirectly dated between ~ 2.1 and 1.75 Ga, thus spanning about 350 m.y. of geological evolution.The current paper will present in more detail the characteristics of certain key deposits, and aims to put the global concepts of Fe-oxide Cu-Au mineralisations into a regional context. The focus will be on iron deposits and various types of deposits containing Fe-oxides and Cu-sulphides in different proportions which generally have some characteristics in common with the IOCG style. In particular, ore fluid characteristics (magmatic versus non-magmatic) and new geochronological data are used to link the ore-forming processes with the overall crustal evolution to generate a metallogenetic model.Rift bounded shallow marine basins developed at ~ 2.1–2.0 Ga following a long period of extensional tectonics within the Greenstone-dominated, 2.5–2.0 Ga Karelian craton. The ~ 1.9–1.8 Ga Svecofennian Orogen is characterised by subduction and accretion from the southwest. An initial emplacement of calc-alkaline magmas into ~ 1.9 Ga continental arcs led to the formation of the Haparanda Suite and the Porphyrite Group volcanic rocks. Following this early stage of magmatic activity, and separated from it by the earliest deformation and metamorphism, more alkali-rich magmas of the Perthite Monzonite Suite and the Kiirunavaara Group volcanic rocks were formed at ~ 1.88 Ga. Subsequently, partial melting of the middle crust produced large volumes of ~ 1.85 and 1.8 Ga S-type granites in conjunction with subduction related A −/I-type magmatism and associated deformation and metamorphismIn our metallogenetic model the ore formation is considered to relate to the geological evolution as follows. Iron formations and a few stratiform sulphide deposits were deposited in relation to exhalative processes in rift bounded marine basins. The iron formations may be sub-divided into BIF- (banded iron formations) and Mg-rich types, and at several locations these types grade into each other. There is no direct age evidence to constrain the deposition of iron formations, but stable isotope data and stratigraphic correlations suggest a formation within the 2.1–2.0 Ga age range. The major Kiruna-type ores formed from an iron-rich magma (generally with a hydrothermal over-print) and are restricted to areas occupied by volcanic rocks of the Kiirunavaara Group. It is suggested here that 1.89–1.88 Ga tholeiitic magmas underwent magma liquid immiscibility reactions during fractionation and interaction with crustal rocks, including metaevaporites, generating more felsic magmatic rocks and Kiruna-type iron deposits. A second generation of this ore type, with a minor economic importance, appears to have been formed about 100 Ma later. The epigenetic Cu-Au ± Fe oxide mineralisation formed during two stages of the Svecofennian evolution in association with magmatic and metamorphic events and crustal-scale shear zones. During the first stage of mineralisation, from 1.89–1.88 Ga, intrusion-related (porphyry-style) mineralisation and Cu-Au deposits of IOCG affinity formed from magmatic-hydrothermal systems, whereas vein-style and shear zone deposits largely formed at c. 1.78 Ga.The large range of different Fe oxide and Cu-Au ± Fe oxide deposits in Northern Norrbotten is associated with various alteration systems, involving e.g. scapolite, albite, K feldspar, biotite, carbonates, tourmaline and sericite. However, among the apatite iron ores and the epigenetic Cu-Au ± Fe oxide deposits the character of mineralisation, type of ore- and alteration minerals and metal associations are partly controlled by stratigraphic position (i.e. depth of emplacement). Highly saline, NaCl + CaCl2 dominated fluids, commonly also including a CO2-rich population, appear to be a common characteristic feature irrespective of type and age of deposits. Thus, fluids with similar characteristics appear to have been active during quite different stages of the geological evolution. Ore fluids related to epigenetic Cu-Au ± Fe oxides display a trend with decreasing salinity, which probably was caused by mixing with meteoric water. Tentatively, this can be linked to different Cusingle bondAu ore paragenesis, including an initial (magnetite)-pyrite-chalcopyrite stage, a main chalcopyrite stage, and a late bornite stage.Based on the anion composition and the Br/Cl ratio of ore related fluids bittern brines and metaevaporites (including scapolite) seem to be important sources to the high salinity hydrothermal systems generating most of the deposits in Norrbotten. Depending on local conditions and position in the crust these fluids generated a variety of Cu-Au deposits. These include typical IOCG-deposits (Fe-oxides and Cu-Au are part of the same process), IOCG of iron stone type (pre-existing Fe-oxide deposit with later addition of Cu-Au), IOCG of reduced type (lacking Fe-oxides due to local reducing conditions) and vein-style Cu-Au deposits. From a strict genetic point of view, IOCG deposits that formed from fluids of a mainly magmatic origin should be considered to be a different type than those deposits associated with mainly non-magmatic fluids. The former tend to overlap with porphyry systems, whereas those of a mainly non-magmatic origin overlap with sediment hosted Cu-deposits with respect to their origin and character of the ore fluids.

  • 21.
    Martinsson, Olof
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Broman, C.
    Billström, Kjell
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Character and origin of Cu-Au deposits in the northern Norrbotten ore province2001In: A Hydrothermal Odyssey: Extended Conference Abstracts / [ed] Patrick J. Williams, James Cook University of North Queensland , 2001, p. 128-129Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 22.
    Martinsson, Olof
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Character of Cu-Au mineralizations and related hydrothermal alterations along the Nautanen deformation zone, Gällivare area, northern Sweden2004In: Svecofennian Ore-Forming Environments Field Trip Volcanic-associated Zn-Cu-Au-Ag and magnetite-apatite, sediment-hosted Pb-Zn, and intrusion-associated Cu-Au deposits in northern Sweden, Society of Economic Geologists, 2004, p. 149-160Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 23.
    Martinsson, Olof
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Day five field guide: Cu-Au Deposits in the Gällivare Area2004In: Svecofennian Ore-Forming Environments Field Trip Volcanic-associated Zn-Cu-Au-Ag and magnetite-apatite, sediment-hosted Pb-Zn, and intrusion-associated Cu-Au deposits in northern Sweden, Society of Economic Geologists, 2004, p. 161-166Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 24.
    Martinsson, Olof
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Economic potential of battery metals and minerals in Sweden2022In: Proceedings volume for the 16th SGA Biennial Meeting: Volume 1 Introduction and papers / [ed] Anthony B. Christie, Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA) , 2022, p. 227-230Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The potential for battery metal production in Sweden is difficult to predict with the present geological knowledge. The Swedish bedrock are known to containnumerous occurrences of lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, vanadium, and graphite, but a waste majority of them have not been studied in any detail recently and data to estimate their potential is therefore limited. However, known alum shales and graphite schists probably constitute world class deposits of vanadium and graphite if extracted and processed in an economically feasible and environmentally responsible manner, while the potential to find significant manganese and cobalt deposits in Sweden is probably low. These metals, as well as vanadium, could rather be extracted from the waste material of active and historic mines. The geology of parts of Sweden also suggests that significant sulphidic nickel deposits might exist, as well as lithium-pegmatites similar to those in the same crustal domain in Finland.

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  • 25.
    Minz, Friederike
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bohlin, Nils-Johan
    Boliden, Division of Process Technology.
    Lamberg, Pertti
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Detailed characterisation of antimony mineralogy in a geometallurgical context at the Rockliden ore deposit, North-Central Sweden2013In: Minerals Engineering, ISSN 0892-6875, E-ISSN 1872-9444, Vol. 52, p. 95-103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The antimony (Sb) content of the Rockliden complex Zn–Cu massive sulphide ore lowers the quality of the Cu–Pb concentrate. The purpose of this study is to characterise the Sb mineralogy of the deposit. The Sb-bearing minerals include tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe,Ag,Zn)12Sb4S13, bournonite PbCuSbS3, gudmundite FeSbS and other sulphosalts. On a microscopic scale these minerals are complexly intergrown with base-metal sulphides in the ore. Based on these observations mineralogical controls on the distribution of Sb-bearing minerals in a standard flotation test are illustrated. Deposit-scale and rock-related variation in the Sb-content and distribution of Sb-bearing minerals were found. This underlines the importance in understanding the geological background as a basis of a 3D geometallurgical model for Rockliden. Such a model is expected to predict the Sb content of the Cu–Pb concentrate, among other process-relevant factors, and helps to forecast when the Cu–Pb concentrate has to be treated by alternative processes, such as alkaline sulphide leaching, before it is sold to the smelter.

  • 26.
    Minz, Friederike
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bolin, Nils-Johan
    Boliden AB, Division of Process Technology, Sweden.
    Lamberg, Pertti
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Bachmann, Kai
    Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz-Institute-Freiberg for Resource Technology, Germany.
    Gutzmer, Jens
    Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz-Institute-Freiberg for Resource Technology, Germany.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Distribution of Sb minerals in the Cu and Zn flotation of Rockliden massive sulphide ore in north-central Sweden2015In: Minerals Engineering, ISSN 0892-6875, E-ISSN 1872-9444, Vol. 82, p. 125-135Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Rockliden massive sulphide Zn–Cu deposit contains minor amounts of Sb minerals. The Sb mineralogy is complex in terms of composition, micro textures and mineral associations. The main Sb minerals comprise tetrahedrite, bournonite, gudmundite and Sb–Pb sulphides such as meneghinite. The presence of these minerals is especially critical to the quality of the Cu–Pb concentrate. To study how they are distributed in a simplified flotation circuit and what controls their process behaviour Sb-rich drill core samples were selected from the Rockliden deposit and a standard laboratory flotation test was run on the composite samples. Scanning electron microscope-based automated mineralogy was used to measure the Sb mineralogy of the test products, and the particle tracking technique was applied to mass balance the different liberation classes to finally trace the distribution of liberated and locked Sb minerals. The mineralogical factors controlling the distribution of Sb minerals are mineral grain size, the degree of liberation, and associated minerals. Similarities in the distribution of specific particle types from the tested composites point towards systematics in the behaviour of particles and predictability of their distribution which is suggested to be used in a geometallurgical model of the deposit.

  • 27.
    Minz, Friederike
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bolin, Nils-Johan
    Boliden AB, Division of Process Technology, Sweden.
    Lamberg, Pertti
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Bachmann, Kai
    Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Germany.
    Gutzmer, Jens
    Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Germany.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Distribution of Sb-bearing minerals in the Cu and Zn flotation of Rockliden massive sulphide ore in north-central Sweden2014Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 28.
    Minz, Friederike
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bolin, Nils-Johan
    Division of Process Technology, Boliden Mineral AB.
    Lamberg, Pertti
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bachmann, Kai
    Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz-Institute-Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg.
    Gutzmer, Jens
    Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz-Institute-Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg.
    Particle-based Sb distribution model for Cu–Pb flotation as part of geometallurgical modelling at the polymetallic Rockliden deposit, north-central Sweden2017In: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy: Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy: Section C, ISSN 0371-9553, E-ISSN 1743-2855, Vol. 126, no 4, p. 212-223Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The polymetallic Cu–Zn ore of the Rockliden massive sulphide deposit in the Skellefte District in north-central Sweden contains a number of deleterious elements in relevant concentrations. Of particular concern is the amount of antimony (Sb) reporting to the Cu–Pb concentrate. The aim of this study was to compare different model options to simulate the distribution of Sb minerals in a laboratory flotation test based on different degrees of details in the mineralogical information of the flotation feed. Experimental data obtained from four composites were used for the modelling and simulation. The following different simulation levels were run (sorted from least to highest level of detail of their mineralogical information): chemical assays, unsized bulk mineralogy, sized bulk mineralogy and particle information. It was shown that recoveries simulated based on bulk mineralogy are mostly within the error margin acceptable in the exploration stage of the Rockliden deposit. Unexpected high deviation in the simulation using particle information from the original recovery has been partly attributed to the fact that recovery of non-liberated particles cannot be modelled appropriately in the present version of the modelling and simulation software. It is expected that the implementation of full particle information in simulation will improve the Sb distribution model for the mineralogically complex Rockliden deposit.

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  • 29.
    Minz, Friederike
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Lamberg, Pertti
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bolin, Nils-Johan
    Boliden, Division of Process Technology.
    Bachmann, Kai
    TU Bergakademie Freiberg.
    Gutzmer, Jens
    TU Bergakademie Freiberg.
    Mineralogical controls on the distribution of antimony in a base-metal flotation test at the Rockliden massive sulphide deposit, north-central Sweden2015In: Mineral resources in a sustainable world / [ed] A.S. André-Meyer; M. Cathelineau; P. Muchez; E. Pirard; S. Sindern, 2015, p. 1439-1442Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Rockliden Zn-Cu massive sulphide mineralisation shows elevated concentrations of critical elements. In particularly the presence of Sb in the Cu–Pb concentrate causes metallurgical challenges in the treatment of this flotation product. The Sb mineralogy at Rockliden is complex, comprising of four main Sb minerals. For this study one mafic dyke and three Sb-rich massive sulphide samples with different base-metal and Sb mineralogy were collected and subjected to a simplified flotation test. The Sb mineralogy of the flotation products was analysed using scanning electron microscope-based image analysis. The distribution of liberated and locked Sb minerals between the flotation products was studied using a particle tracking technique. A comparison of results from the different mineralisation types indicates systematic behaviour of specific particle types, pointing towards the predictability of distribution of the Sb minerals during base-metal flotation.

  • 30.
    Minz, Friederike
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Lasskogen, Jonas
    Boliden Mines, Exploration Department.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Lamberg, Pertti
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Lithology and mineralisation types of the Rockliden Zn–Cu massive sulphide deposit, north-central Sweden: Implications for ore processing2014In: Transactions - Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Section B. Applied earth science, ISSN 0371-7453, E-ISSN 1743-2758, Vol. 123, no 1, p. 2-17Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Rockliden Zn–Cu volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposit is located approximately 150 km south of the Skellefte ore district, north-central Sweden. Most of the mineralisation is found at the altered stratigraphic top of the felsic volcanic rocks, which are intercalated in the metamorphosed siliciclastic sedimentary rocks of the Bothnian Basin. Mafic dykes cross-cut all lithological units, including the massive sulphides, at the Rockliden deposit. The relatively high Sb grade of some parts of the mineralisation results in challenges in handling of the Cu–Pb concentrate in the smelting process. The aim of this study is to characterise different host rock units and ore types by their main mineralogy, as well as by their trace mineralogy with focus on the Sb-bearing minerals. Ore types are distinguished largely on the basis of their main base-metal bearing sulphide minerals, which are chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Several Sb-bearing minerals are documented and differences in the trace mineralogy between rock and ore types are highlighted. Based on the qualitative ore characterisation, rock- and ore-intrinsic parameters, such as the pyrite, pyrrhotite and magnetite content of the massive sulphides, the trace mineralogy and its association with base-metal sulphide minerals, are outlined and discussed in terms of relevance to the ore processing.

  • 31.
    Minz, Friederike
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Lamberg, Pertti
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Sustainable Process Engineering.
    Lasskogen, Jonas
    Boliden Mines, Exploration Department.
    Raat, Hein
    Boliden Mines, Exploration Department.
    Geological background and qualitative ore characterisation for the geometallurgical project at Rockliden, north-central Sweden2013In: Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial SGA Meeting, 12–15 August 2013, Uppsala, Sweden, Uppsala: Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning , 2013, p. 340-343Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Rockliden Zn-Cu massive sulphide mineralisation is located at the stratigraphic top of altered rhyolitic-dacitic volcanic rocks, which in turn are intercalated by meta-sedimentary rocks of the Bothnian Basin, north-central Sweden. After the discovery, in the 1980’s, the project was put on hold due to metallurgical and geometallurgical challenges. Exploration drilling restarted in 2007 and resources have increased since then. However, little is known about the mineralogical variability of the ore and how that will affect the processing of the mineralised material. Examples of rock-intrinsic process-relevant parameters are the mineral grain size, the texture of the minerals and the mineral associations, i.e. the mode of occurrence of minerals in the different types of mineralisation, and also the presence and distribution of penalty and bonus elements. Rock-intrinsic parameters and their spatial variability are considered in this study and will form the basis of a 3D-geometallurgical model for the Rockliden mineralisation.

  • 32.
    Nina, Lidia
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering. Institute of Geological Research and Environment, Geological Sciences Faculty, Mayor San Andres University, 14500, La Paz, Bolivia.
    Paula-Santos, G.M.
    Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, Rua Carlos Gomes, 250, Campinas, Brazil.
    Sial, A.N.
    NEG-LABISE, Dept. of Geology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
    Bark, Glenn
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Jiménez, G.
    Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos, Bolivia.
    Blanco, M.
    Institute of Geological Research and Environment, Geological Sciences Faculty, Mayor San Andres University, 14500, La Paz, Bolivia.
    Anoxic oceanic conditions during the late Permian mass extinction-evidence from the Chutani formation, Bolivia2020In: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, ISSN 0895-9811, E-ISSN 1873-0647, Vol. 103, article id 102693Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We analyze diagenesis of carbonate rocks from the Late Permian Chutani Formation of western Bolivia (San Pablo de Tiquina section) in the southern Lake Titicaca zone, which is a sedimentary succession of semiarid tidal flat comprised of mixed carbonate and siliciclastic units. The diagenetic study includes petrographic analysis (conventional petrography and cathodoluminescence) and geochemical analysis (carbon and oxygen isotopes and minor element chemistry). An integrated study of lithofacies and isotope stratigraphy of carbonates shows a succession of five types of depositional environments: tidal barrier, tidal flat, shoal coastal and shoreface. The Chutani Formation was subjected to different diagenetic processes including micritization, cementation, mechanical compaction, dissolution, neomorphism, dolomitization and dedolomitization that occurred during marine to shallow burial stages. Carbon isotope (δ13C) values range between −7 and 2.9‰ (VPDB) with variations linked to stratigraphic changes. The transgressive stage of the basin exhibits an upwards decreasing trend of δ13C values whereas regression is marked by an increase in such values. The oxygen isotope values (δ18O) vary from −16.6 to −1‰ VPDB with lighter values towards the top of the stratigraphy. The transgressive trend may reflect mixing of meteoric water and/or volcanic-hydrothermal fluids with seawater or progressive oxygenation with enhanced circulation conditions. Heavier values during regression may reflect more evaporitic and anoxic conditions towards the Permian-Triassic boundary. Significant variation in isotope values among neighbouring samples is observed, especially during trangression, which may be the result of different diagenetic processes.

  • 33.
    Nina, Lidia
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering. Institute of Geological Research and Environment, Geological Sciences Faculty, Mayor San Andres University, 14500, La Paz, Bolivia.
    Sial, A.N.
    NEG-LABISE, Dept. of Geology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
    Barbosa, A.
    NEG-LABISE, Dept. of Geology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
    Neumann, V.H.M.
    NEG-LABISE, Dept. of Geology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
    Bark, Glenn
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Garcia, R.
    Institute of Geological Research and Environment, Geological Sciences Faculty, Mayor San Andres University, 14500, La Paz, Bolivia.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Blanco, M.
    Institute of Geological Research and Environment, Geological Sciences Faculty, Mayor San Andres University, 14500, La Paz, Bolivia.
    Diagenesis of the Pennsylvanian –Lower Permian Copacabana Formation, western Bolivian Altiplano2020In: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, ISSN 0895-9811, E-ISSN 1873-0647, Vol. 100, article id 102540Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This contribution presents the diagenetic evolution of limestone deposits in the Copacabana Formation that occurs in the northern Altiplano, in the Lake Titicaca area of western Bolivia. The best-exposed stratigraphic succession of the Copacabana Formation occurs in the Yampupata section, and its division into five facies successions is based on petrographic analysis, cathodoluminescence, x-ray fluorescence analysis (chemical composition) and stable isotope data (δ18O and δ13C). The results showed that the carbonate rocks experienced early marine diagenetic processes such as micritization during or after the deposition (eogenesis). The initial burial event (mesogenesis 1), characterized by stabilization of temperature-water carbonates by freshwater, and represented by bladed calcite-cement, equant calcite cement, dissolution, dolomitization, neomorphism, silicification and compaction (physical), occurred in shallow burial conditions. During the second burial episode (mesogenesis 2), in deeper burial environment the processes include: compaction (physical and chemical) and neomorphism. Diagenetic processes have affected reservoir quality in the Copacabana Formation during the mesodiagenesis, and reduced the conditions for development of high-quality conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Depleted O and C stable isotope signatures indicate that these carbonate rocks deposits underwent both meteoric and burial diagenesis including moderate water-rock interaction.

  • 34.
    Nordin, Roger
    et al.
    Boliden Mineral AB.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Aaltonen, Riikka
    Boliden Mineral AB.
    Day 5: Gruvberget and Aitik deposits. Stop 2 - Aitik Cu-Au-Ag mine2007In: Metallogeny and tectonic evolution of the Northern Fennoscandian Shield: field trip guidebook, Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland , 2007, p. 78-84Chapter in book (Other academic)
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  • 35.
    Nyström, Elsa
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Thomas, Helen
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Alakangas, Lena
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Occurrence and release of trace elements in pyrite-rich waste rock2021In: Minerals, E-ISSN 2075-163X, Vol. 11, no 5, article id 495Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Waste rock can contain high concentrations of deleterious trace elements, which upon oxidation can be released, having a significant impact on water quality. Therefore, knowledge about their occurrence and overall mobility is crucial to ensure suitable environmental protection measures. Sulfide-rich waste rock was characterized and quantified using automated mineralogy (QEMSCAN). Selected pyrite grains were analyzed for trace element occurrence using LA-ICP-MS before, during, and after leaching the waste rock in 10 L small-scale test cells for two years to assess trace element occurrence and mobility. Sequential extraction was used to estimate elemental sequestration during the experiment. The high abundance of pyrite (66%) and scarcity of buffering minerals resulted in low pH (<1.3) leachate with high concentrations of trace elements such as As (21 mg/L), Cu (20 mg/L), Hg (13 µg/L, Pb (856 µg/L), Sb (967 µg/L), Tl (317 µg/L ), and Zn (23 mg/L) in solution with limited retention in secondary minerals, primarily due to these elements’ association with pyrite either as inclusions or impurities showing an average abundance of 193 ppm As, 15 ppm Cu, 13 ppm Hg, 20 ppm Pb, 24 ppm Sb, 26 ppm Tl, and 74 ppm Zn in the waste rock. The occurrence of Cu and Zn as inclusions associated with the pyrite led to their extensive mobilization of 79% and 72%, respectively, despite their low abundance in the waste rock. Provided the overall leachability of S (11%) and limited formation of secondary minerals, the average oxidation rate suggests depletion of the pyrite within approximately 18 years. In conclusion, this study shows the importance of detailed mineralogical investigations and early preventive measures of waste rock to ensure sustainable mine waste and water management.

  • 36.
    Pålsson, Bertil
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Fredriksson, Andreas
    Mining Technology R and D, LKAB Kiruna Mine.
    Unlocking Rare Earth Elements from European apatite‐iron ores2014In: ERES 2014 - 1st International Conference on European Rare Earth Resources: Book of Proceedings / [ed] Efthymios Balomenos; Dimitrios Panias; Ioannis Paspaliaris, Santorini: Heliotopos Conferences Ltd. , 2014, p. 211-220Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rare Earth Elements are known to occur within apatite‐magnetite ores of the Kiruna type. Previously it was assumed that the REE was associated to the apatite part of the ore. It is now shown that the REE follows the apatite to a much less degree, and that the REE are contained in the minerals monazite, allanite and some unknown REE‐phase still to be identified. Monazite occurs as inclusions in the apatite as well as free particles. Allanite is to some degree in mixed grains with magnetite but also in free particles. Monazite mainly reports to the apatite concentrate while allanite largely goes to the tailings. Laboratory flotation also shows some preferential concentration of heavy REE over light REE to the apatite concentrate. A new EU project, REEcover, will characterise the REE phases in this type of iron ore and among the different process streams within the mineral beneficiation chain.

  • 37.
    Pålsson, Bertil
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Electronic Waste by Cryo-grinding2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 38.
    Riegler,, Thomas
    et al.
    Trinity Coll Dublin, Dept Geol, Sch Nat Sci, Museum Bldg, Coll Green, Ireland.
    McClenaghan, Sean H.
    Trinity Coll Dublin, Dept Geol, Sch Nat Sci, Museum Bldg, Coll Green, Ireland.
    Drakou, Foteini
    Trinity Coll Dublin, Dept Geol, Sch Nat Sci, Museum Bldg, Coll Green, Ireland.
    Thomas, Helen
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bark, Glenn
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bauer, Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Petrographic and mineralogical study of the Kilmacoo gold occurrence, Avoca District, Southeast Ireland2019In: Proceedings of the 15th SGA Biennial Meeting, 27-30 August, University of Glasgow Publicity Services , 2019, p. 323-326Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Petrographic investigation of the quartz vein hosted Kilmacoo gold occurrence spatially associated with the copper rich Avoca massive sulphide ore body evidenced a close association between gold and sulphides. Visible electrum grains are frequently observed within chalcopyrite, and more rarely as minute inclusions in both arsenopyrite and pyrite. Mineralogical investigations also revealed complex sulphide paragenetic succession from framboidal pyrite to colloform and idiomorphic cements with overall a low arsenopyrite content. We also documented the presence of hydrothermal phosphates (apatite and monazite) subsequently altered in aluminum phosphate sulphate minerals, as well as a broad diversity of phyllosilicates. These observations as well as the cross cutting relationships tend to indicate a brittle deformation event involving possible remobilization of some of the copper mineralization from the main VMS ore body. At the present time the source of gold is still under investigation to determine the possible contribution from both local and distal sources.

  • 39.
    Rincon, Jonathan
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Jansson, Nils F.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Thomas, Helen
    Exploration department, Boliden Mineral AB, Boliden, Sweden.
    Kaiser, Majka C.
    Exploration department, Boliden Mineral AB, Boliden, Sweden.
    Persson, Mac F.
    Exploration department, Boliden Mineral AB, Boliden, Sweden.
    Simán, Filip
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Pyrite and sphalerite trace element redistribution during metamorphism of the Rävliden North VMS deposit, northern Sweden2022In: Geological Society of Sweden, 150 year anniversary meeting: Abstract volume / [ed] Bergman Weihed, J.; Johansson, Å.; Rehnström, E., 2022, p. 154-157Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The Rävliden North volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit and its host rocks exhibit a shared history of metamorphism during the 1.88–1.86 Ga deformation phases of the Svecokarelian orogeny. Predominantly internal sulphide remobilisation produced minor modifications to the overall pre-metamorphic trace element distribution including remobilisation. Post-Svecokarelian sulphide-bearing zeolite- and calcite veinlets cross-cut the stratigraphic hanging wall suggesting mobilisation of sulphides in a fluid phase during an overprinting later event unrelated to the VMS mineralisation.

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  • 40.
    Rincon, Jonathan
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Jansson, Nils
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Kaiser, C.
    Boliden Mineral AB, Exploration department, Boliden, Sweden.
    Thomas, Helen
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Persson, M.
    Boliden Mineral AB, Exploration department, Boliden, Sweden.
    Textural and chemical characterization of sulphide minerals for improved beneficiation and exploration at the Rävliden Norra VMS deposit, Skelleftedistrict, Sweden2020In: Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway: The 34th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting / [ed] Hans Arne Nakrem; Ann Mari Husås, Oslo: Norsk Geologisk Forening, 2020, p. 179-180Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Rävliden Norra VMS deposit, represents one of the most important new discoveries in the Skellefte district (SD) in this decade. The mineralization is hosted at the transition between Skellefte group rocks (SG), dominated by coherent rhyolitic and dacitic meta-volcanic rocks, and the Vargfors group (VG), composed of metasedimentary graphitic shale interbedded with crystal-rich, monomictic to polymictic, clast-supported mass flow deposits. The ore lenses contain massive sphalerite + galena + pyrite + pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite ± Ag-Sb-Pbsulphosalts, structurally and stratigraphically above chalcopyrite + pyrrhotite stringer mineralization. The hanging wall rocks (VG) host pyrite + pyrrhotite ± arsenopyrite mineralization. Alteration in the footwall rocks, consists of sericite, chlorite, quartz, pyrite, tremolite, actinolite, carbonate and talc. The hanging wall is less altered with limited sericite or chlorite associated with minor carbonate alteration. Post ore modifications occur as, e.g. sulphides in pressure shadows, infilling of syntectonic tension gashes, “durchbewegung” texture, and sulphide-rich veins that crosscut hanging wall rocks. Significant changes in the distribution and deportment of trace and precious elements within the deposit are evident, however the implications of these on mineral processing performance and exploration vectoring has not previously been assessed in other VMS deposits in the SD. To this end, the presence of pyrite and remobilised sulphides in both hanging wall and footwall of the Rävliden Norra mineralizations, provides an opportunity to evaluate enrichment or depletion of elements hosted in the sulphide lattices or as inclusions using LA-ICP-MS. In-situ SIMS analyses in sulphide phases will allow discrimination between sedimentary and hydrothermal sulphur in the system. An investigation into the deportment of In, Ga and Ge in sphalerite and galena, will be the first assessment of these critical elements in a VMS deposit in the SD. Ultimately, integration of elemental distribution and mineral features, such as modal mineralogy, liberation degree, and grain size, with processing variables, e.g. mineral recovery, grade or flotation kinetics; will provide a better understanding of the ore performance during concentration and beneficiation.

  • 41.
    Rincon, Jonathan
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Jansson, Nils
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Thomas, Helen
    Boliden, Exploration department, Boliden, Sweden.
    Kaiser, Majka Christiane
    Boliden, Exploration department, Boliden, Sweden.
    Persson, Mac Fjellerad
    Boliden, Exploration department, Boliden, Sweden.
    Ghorbani, Yousef
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Spatial and temporal controls of minor and trace elements in remobilised sulphides of the metamorphosed Rävliden North VHMS deposit, Skellefte district, SwedenManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 42.
    Rincon, Jonathan
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Jansson, Nils
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Thomas, Helen
    Boliden, Exploration department, Boliden, Sweden.
    Kaiser, Majka Christiane
    Boliden, Exploration department, Boliden, Sweden.
    Persson, Mac Fjellerad
    Boliden, Exploration department, Boliden, Sweden.
    Nordfeldt, Erik
    Boliden, Exploration department, Boliden, Sweden.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Spatial and temporal evolution of the mineralisation types at the Rävliden North metamorphosed VHMS deposit, Skellefte district, SwedenManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 43.
    Sammelin, Monika
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Gold mineralogy at the Aitik Cu–Au–Ag deposit, Gällivare area, northern Sweden2011In: GFF, ISSN 1103-5897, E-ISSN 2000-0863, Vol. 133, no 1-2, p. 19-30Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The low-grade Aitik Cu-Au-Ag deposit is a deformed and metamorphosed porphyry-type deposit, and as such it belongs to the group of ores that require detailed mineralogical investigations of precious metal occurrences to assist in determining the recovery processes. The character of gold in the Aitik deposit varies substantially. Gold alloys display highly variable Au/(Au + Ag) ratios, and Hg is commonly a constituent. A change from dominantly sulphide-associated to groundmass-associated gold as mining progresses towards depth is accompanied by a change in the chemical composition of gold. Towards depth, the gold content in electrum and amalgam decreases (from c. 66 to 22% in electrum and c. 23 to 4% in amalgam), and the amount of native gold grains increases. The most common mineral assemblage associated with gold at deep levels (600m and below) is K-feldspar, biotite, plagioclase, quartz, chalcopyrite and pyrite. This study demonstrates that magmatic-hydrothermal and metamorphic processes responsible for the diversity in copper mineralisation styles within the Aitik ore body probably have also played a role in the variable character of gold observed at Aitik today

  • 44.
    Sarlus, Zimer
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bauer, Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Tavakoli, Saman
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Nordin, Roger
    Boliden Mineral AB, Boliden AB, Boliden Mineral, Exploration Department, Boliden.
    Andersson, Joel
    LKAB, Exploration Department, Malmberget.
    Geochemistry of Ultramafic-Mafic Units Related to Fe-, Cu-, and Au Deposits in the Gallivare Region, Northern Norrbotten, Sweden2015In: Mineral Resources in a Sustainable World / [ed] A.S. Andre-Mayer; M. Cathelineau; P. Muchez; E. Pirard; S. Sindern, 2015, p. 1123-1126Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Geochemical investigations were carried out in the Gallivare area as a part of a larger project aiming to understand the crustal architecture of the region in 3D. Major igneous suites such as the Dundret and Vassaravaara intrusions with additional smaller mafic intrusions have been identified as key localities and investigated. Results indicate two distinct rock units. The first suite is assigned to ultramafic-mafic layered intrusions with a calc-alkaline to a more tholeiitic composition belonging to the Dundret and Vassaravaara intrusions. The second suite is mainly of mafic to intermediate composition with a clear ophitic texture. This paper investigate the source and origin of the key rock suites, playing a major role on the evolution of the Gallivare region, a region which is characterized by porphyry Cu, IOCG, and Al0 deposits including some of Europe's top producing Fe and Cu-Au-Ag (-Mo) mines.

  • 45.
    Sarlus, Zimer
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bauer, Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Tavakoli, Saman
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Nordin, Roger
    Boliden Mineral, Exploration Department, Boliden.
    Andersson, Joel
    LKAB.
    Geochemistry of Ultramafic-mafic Units Related to Fe-, Cu-, and Au Deposits in the Gällivare Region, Northern Norrbotten, Sweden2015Conference paper (Refereed)
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  • 46.
    Sarlus, Zimer
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bauer, Tobias E.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Timing and tectonic setting of host rocks to the Malmberget AlO deposit, Sweden2017In: Mineral Resources to Discover / [ed] Mercier Langevin, P; Dube, B; Bardoux, M; Ross, PS; Dion, C, Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits , 2017, p. 959-962Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Host felsic and intermediate meta-volcanic rocks to the Malmberget apatite iron ore (AlO) deposit have been investigated geochemically and geochronologically, the latter using the U-Pb method on a set of zircons. Results indicate emplacement age of 1.9 Ga for the felsic and intermediate volcanic rocks, potentially in an extensional environment. The zircon U-Pb radiometric ages are among the first conclusive ages with implicit constraint on the geological evolution of the northern Norrbotten ore district and Malmberget deposit.

  • 47.
    Sarlus, Zimer
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bauer, Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Andersson, Joel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Nordin, Roger
    Boliden Mineral AB.
    Character and tectonic setting of plutonic rocks in the Gällivare area, northern Norrbotten, Sweden2019In: GFF, ISSN 1103-5897, E-ISSN 2000-0863, Vol. 141, no 1, p. 1-20Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Petrographical and lithogeochemical investigations in combination with mapping in the Gällivare area, northern Norrbotten, Sweden, have led to the identification of several igneous intrusive rock types. These include: (1) ultramafic-mafic complexes, (2) mafic-intermediate rocks, (3) dolerites and (4) felsic plutons. The ultramafic-mafic rocks include the ca. 1.88 Ga Dundret complex and ca. 1.80 Ga Vassaravaara complex. The Dundret complex has tholeiitic to calc-alkaline affinity, shows a primitive mineral content and was formed in an extensional tectonic setting. The Vassaravaara complex has a similar chemical signature as the Dundret complex. The mafic-intermediate plutons vary in composition from gabbro to diorite. The chemical signature of the dioritic rocks indicate formation in a volcanic arc setting. Dolerites occur as solitary dikes and have calc-alkaline affinity. The felsic plutons include granite and syenite of ca. 1.88, 1.80 and 1.78 Ga age. The felsic plutons have calc-alkaline to shoshonitic affinity and mostly show a metaluminous I-type character. Results indicate subduction at 1.90 Ga resulting in a volcanic arc system, and including extensional events generating back-arc environments leading to mafic, intermediate and felsic magmatism in the Gällivare area. Subduction at 1.80 Ga is suggested to have caused a similar process generating mafic and felsic magmatic rocks in the same area. A subsequent collision event finally generated 1.78 Ga granitic rocks.

  • 48.
    Sarlus, Zmar
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Andersson, Ulf B.
    Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB, SE-981 86 Kiruna.
    Bauer, Tobias E.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Nordin, Roger
    Boliden Mineral AB.
    Andersson, Joel B.H.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Timing of plutonism in the Gällivare area: mplications for Proterozoic crustal development in the northern Norrbotten ore district, Sweden2018In: Geological Magazine, ISSN 0016-7568, E-ISSN 1469-5081, Vol. 155, no 6, p. 1351-1376Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Zircon ion probe (secondary-ion mass spectrometry or SIMS) data from a set of intrusive rocks emplaced in the vicinity of major ore bodies, as well as from large igneous intrusions in the Gällivare area, gave the following results: (1) the Dundret ultramafic–mafic layered complex (1883±5 Ma), the Aitik granite (1883±5 Ma), the Nautanen diorite (1870±12 Ma), the Vassaravaara ultramafic–mafic layered complex (1798±4 Ma), the Aitik dolerite (1813±9 Ma), the Bergmästergruvan and Sikträsk syenites (1795±4 Ma and 1801±3 Ma, respectively) and the Naalojärvi granite (1782±5 Ma). These data broadly fall within the ranges 1.89–1.87 Ga (early Svecofennian) and 1.80–1.78 Ga (late Svecofennian), but geochronologically allow further subdivision into pulses at 1885–1880, 1875–1870, 1800 and 1780 Ma. During these events, large layered ultramafic–mafic and felsic plutonic rocks were generated with distinct overlap in time suggesting coeval felsic–mafic magmatism. Results also indicate the presence of inherited c. 1.87 Ga zircon crystals in the plutonic rocks at 1.78 Ga, supporting reworking of the previous crust. These data indicate the importance of mantle-derived mafic underplating in the process of crustal magma generation in the region. The c. 1.88 Ga event that generated ultramafic–mafic layered complexes is tentatively suggested to have played an important role in the formation of the Aitik Cu–Au porphyry system. The later event at c. 1.80 Ga, generating voluminous mafic–felsic units, is suggested to be coupled to the regional iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) overprint.

  • 49.
    Sarlus, Zmar
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Andersson, Ulf B.
    Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bauer, Tobias E.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Andersson, Joel B.H.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering. Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB.
    Whitehouse, Martin J.
    Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History.
    Timing and origin of the host rocks to the Malmberget iron oxide-apatite deposit, Sweden2020In: Precambrian Research, ISSN 0301-9268, E-ISSN 1872-7433, Vol. 342, article id 105652Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The northern Norrbotten region in Sweden hosts abundant iron-oxide apatite (IOA) deposits including Kiirunavaara, the type locality for Kiruna-type deposits, and Malmberget. Felsic and intermediate metavolcanic rocks hosting the Malmberget IOA deposit contain oscillatory zoned zircon which yield magmatic U-Pb SIMS ages of 1885±6 Ma and 1881±6 Ma, respectively. Metamorphic rims on zircon from these rocks yield 1797±7 Ma and 1775±6 Ma, respectively, and record the age of the latest Svecofennian regional metamorphic event in the Gällivare area, tentatively interpreted as regional contact metamorphism. Two granite dikes that cut the ore yield U-Pb zircon emplacement ages of 1790±6 Ma and 1791±7 Ma, respectively, overlapping with the metamorphic overgrowths, and set a lower age limit for ore formation in the Malmberget IOA deposit. Rocks hosting the Malmberget IOA deposit have an alkalic to alkali-calcic affinity with a geochemical signature that favors a continental-arc, transitional to extensional setting. These rocks are suggested to have been generated in a back-arc region, in response to subduction beneath the craton margin retreating to the SW or W. The obtained ages and geochemical signatures of these rocks coincide well with the regionally defined Kiirunavaara group rocks, hosting several other IOA deposits in northern Sweden.

  • 50.
    Sarlus, Zmar
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Andersson, Ulf
    Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB.
    Martinsson, Olof
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Bauer, Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Wanhainen, Christina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Andersson, Joel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Whitehouse, Martin
    Naturhistoriska riksmuseét.
    The Malmberget iron oxide-apatite deposit, Sweden; constraints from geochronology and geochemistry of host rocks2018Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
12 1 - 50 of 88
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