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  • 1.
    Emami, Nazanin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Grácio, José
    Nanotechnology Research Division, University of Aveiro.
    Gonçalves, Gil
    Nanotechnology Research Division, University of Aveiro.
    Marques, Paula
    Nanotechnology Research Division, University of Aveiro.
    Biotribolological behaviour of reinforced UHMWPE2010Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Carbon nanoforms exhibit exceptional physical and chemical properties due to their nano-scale dimensions. They also have very high aspect ratio which makes them an excellent reinforcement material for polymer composites. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the prime constituent of bone generation because of its ability to bond chemically with living bone tissues and positively affect the osteoblasts; this is due to its similar chemical composition and crystal structure to apatite in the human skeletal system. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is already used as implant material in high stress bearing areas such as hip and knee prosthesis. Wear debris of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene cause osteolysis which is a major reason of long-term failure of total hip replacements. In this study carbon nanoforms together with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles were used as reinforcement in UHMWPE matrix in order to produce high strength and wear resistant biocomposite with better bioactivity character. Solvent casting and melt blending methods were used during the preparation of this bio-nano composite. The manufacturing process was studied using different characterization methods such as diferencial scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman-spectroscopy. The tribological behaviour of the manufactured bio-nano composite was studied using pin-on-plate method. Wear and friction of the produced novel composite were studied in different biological lubrications. Different lubrication affected the friction rate and wear, though the results were not statistically different. The reinforced UHMWPE showed superior tribology behaviour in comparison to pure UHMWPE (p>0.05).

  • 2.
    Emami, Nazanin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    Larsson, Roland
    Gracio, José
    University of Aveiro.
    Kumar, Sunil
    University of South Australia.
    Friction, wear and surface characterization of metal-on-metal implant in protein rich lubrications2010In: 14th Nordic Symposium on Tribology: NORDTRIB 2010 : Storforsen, Sweden, June 8-11, 2010, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although various surface and interface characterization methods have been applied to study the physical wear, corrosion and implant surface interactions with biological environments, presently - in metal on metal (MOM) hip implant- the local and systematic effects of interaction between metal surfaces and protein rich lubrication in body are poorly understood. Materials and Methods: Cobalt-chromium-molybdenium (CoCrMo) alloys have been used in MOM implants extensively. In the present study the samples were immersed in four different biological lubricants (Human serum, synovial fluid, MEM and distill water) for 10 min, 1 hr, and 5 days of immersion and then studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). XPS determined the chemistry of elements located whit in the top few nanometers of materials. Friction and wear behavior of CoCrMo substrate in different biological lubricatin were also studied. Results and discussion: Spectra from P2p3/2, O1s, Ca2p3/2, C1s and N1s were collected. Metallic substrates behaved differently when immersed in the same lubricant for different time intervals. The four lubricants reacted differently with metallic surfaces. Larger calcium deposits occurred in supersaturated physiological solutions. Deposition of calcium phosphate was different on CoCrMo alloys depending on the lubricant and the immersion period. Specimens immersed in synovial fluid gave thinner oxide layers and lower calcium phosphate deposits. For all specimens, water immersion resulted in thicker oxide layer. Synovial fluid gave lowest coefficient of friction when distill water gave the highest value. Generally wear was higher for disc in comparison to the pin (in the pin on plate test).

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  • 3.
    Emami, Nazanin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Marques, Paula
    University of Aveiro.
    Gracio, Jose
    University of Aveiro.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    Gonçalves, Gil
    University of Aveiro.
    Novel bio nano-composite for biomedical application2010In: 14th Nordic Symposium on Tribology: NORDTRIB 2010 : Storforsen, Sweden, June 8-11, 2010, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Carbon nanoforms exhibit exceptional physical and chemical properties due to their nano-scale dimensions. They also have very high aspect ratio which makes them an excellent reinforcement material for polymer composites. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the prime constituent of bone generation because of its ability to bond chemically with living bone tissues and positively affect the osteoblasts; this is due to its similar chemical composition and crystal structure to apatite in the human skeletal system. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is already used as implant material in high stress bearing areas such as hip and knee prosthesis. Wear debris of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene cause osteolysis which is a major reason of long-term failure of total hip replacements.In this study carbon nanoforms together with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles were used as reinforcement in UHMWPE matrix in order to produce high strength and wear resistant biocomposites with better bioactivity character. Solvent casting and melt blending methods was used during the preparation of this bio-nano composite. The phase compositions and the surface morphology of the nanocomposite material have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Nanoindentation technique was used to determine the elastic modulus and hardness of the nanocomposites with different weight% of HA and carbonnanoforms concentrations. The tribologic behaviour of this nano composite was studied using pin-on-plate method. Wear and friction of the produced nano-composites were studied in different biological lubrications.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 4.
    Emami, Nazanin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Ramanenka, Dmitrij
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Mechanics of Solid Materials.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Mechanical and thermal characterisation of novel UHMWPE-nano composite: A copmarrative study against virgin UHMWPE2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Carbon nanofiller reinforced UHMWPE for orthopaedic applications: optimization of manufacturing parameters2013Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Polymer composites research designed for orthopaedic applications are commonly focused on Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) reinforced by a variety of different nanoparticles. However, the high melt viscosity of UHMWPE renders conventional melt mixing techniques impossible for composite manufacturing. Either solvents that are often difficult to extract from the finished composite or addition of high density polyethylene is necessary in order to use conventional melt mixing techniques. Therefore, solid state mixing is convenient option for manufacturing of UHMWPE based nanocomposites.The aim of this work is to optimize manufacturing parameters (rotational speed and mixing time) for CNT and ND reinforced UHMWPE prepared by planetary ball milling. Many reports have previously been presented, where UHMWPE has been reinforced by CNTs through ball milling, but typically, only mixing time is presented as the crucial variable in ball milling and the movement of the vials, size of the balls, ball-to-powder mass ratio, mixing media and even rotational speed are often overlooked.During this work, both multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nanodiamonds (NDs) as reinforcement in UHMWPE have been studied. Beginning with the optimal speed in a planetary ball mill for CNT reinforcement and continuing to time and mixing media for NDs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to study the dispersion of nanoparticles using an extreme high resolution SEM (XHR-SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the thermal properties of the nanocomposite and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to complement the crystallinity measurements obtained by DSC. The water contact angles were measured using the sessile drop method. The results showed changes in morphology on UHMWPE powder due to ball milling, such as flattening, welding of powder and changes in powder particle size. The ball milling procedure also negatively affected the crystallinity of the powder, however the crystallinity of the sintered material did not show this negative trend for all composites. Furthermore, thermal analysis did not show any changes in melting temperatures, which indicates that any thermal effects on the powder due to ball milling is only temporary. SEM analysis also showed that a higher speed and longer mixing times more effectively distribute and break down nanoparticle clusters, but at the expense of flattening of the powder and reduced powder crystallinity. It was also shown that wet mixing with ethanol was more efficient and less detrimental to powder morphology compared to dry mixing. Water contact angles were overall increased for composites compared to UHMWPE.

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  • 6.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Nanodiamond reinforced Ultra high molecular weigt polyethylene through dry or wet ball milling2013Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 7.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Emami, Nazanin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Nanodiamond reinforced ultra high molecular weight polyethylene for orthopaedic applications: Dry versus wet ball milling manufacturing method2014In: Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, ISSN 1751-5831, E-ISSN 1751-584X, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 42564-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nanodiamonds (NDs) were investigated as reinforcement for ultra high molecularweight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Dry and wet mixing with planetary ball milling was compared and analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimerty (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and contact angle measurements. The composites were mixed from one to four hours to study the dispersion of the nanoparticles. It was concluded that wet mixing is more effective at distributing nanodiamonds in comparison to dry mixing. It could also be concluded that dry mixing increases the temperature by 20°C more than wet mixing which resulted in a more distinct welding process of the UHMWPE powder.

  • 8. Enqvist, Evelina
    et al.
    Emami, Nazanin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Grácio, José
    TEMA-NRD, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro.
    Gonçalves, Gil
    TEMA-NRD, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro.
    Marques, Paula
    TEMA-NRD, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro.
    Optimisation of manufacturing process of UHMWPE/nanoHA/MWCNTs2010Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Hip- and knee replacements are amongst the most common performed surgical operations performed today. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is frequently used for joint-replacements due to its excellent properties such as high impact strength, toughness and low friction. Wear debris produced when UHMWPE is sliding against a metal counter face is one of the major causes of total failure of implant as an effect of wear debris induced osteolysis. The nano scale dimensions of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) give them unique physical and chemical properties. Their high aspect ratio makes them perfect as reinforcement in composite materials. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is similar in chemical composition and structure to apatite naturally occurring in human bone tissue and is thus positively affecting bone integration. However the brittleness and poor strength of HA limits the use of HA in load-bearing areas. This work focuses on the manufacturing of a new CNT and HA reinforced UHMWPE bio nanocomposite, using solvent casting and a melt-mixing method. Hot press was used to fabricate the final sample. The produced bio-nanocomposite was characterized by use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Nanoindentation was used to study the hardness and elastic modulus of samples containing CNTs and different HA loading.

  • 9.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Marques, Paula
    TEMA – NRD, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology (AIN).
    Grásio, José
    TEMA – NRD, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology (AIN).
    Emami, Nazanin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Nanoparticle reinforced UHMWPE for orthopaedic applications: Parameters affecting the manufacturing process2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Ramanenka, Dmitrij
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Mechanics of Solid Materials.
    Marques, Paula A.A.P.
    TEMA—NRD, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology (AIN), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
    Grácio, José
    TEMA—NRD, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology (AIN), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
    Emami, Nazanin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    The effect of ball milling time and rotational speed on ultra high molecular weight polyethylene reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes2016In: Polymer Composites, ISSN 0272-8397, E-ISSN 1548-0569, Vol. 37, no 4, p. 1128-1136Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were produced using planetary ball milling. The aim was to develop a more wear resistant composite with increased mechanical properties to be used in stress bearing joints. The manufacturing technique, using ball-milling to incorporate MWCNT into UHMWPE matrix was investigated. The effect of manufacturing parameters such as effect of ball milling time and rotational speed on final composite was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle size distribution and contact angle measurements. Ball milling as mixing technique for UHMWPE based composites is not a new approach but yet, the effect of time, rotational speed, loading of milling jar and type of ball mill has not been reported properly for UHMWPE. 0.5 and 1 wt% UHMWPE/MWCNTs were manufactured at different rotational speed and mixing time. The results indicate that rotational speed rather than mixing time is important for dispersing MWCNTs

  • 11.
    Gopalakrishnan, Preetha
    et al.
    L'Equipe Caracté Risation des Amorphes et Polymères (LECAP) de la FRE 3101, Polymè Res, Biopolymè Res, Surface (PBS), Faculté des Sciences, Avenue de l'Université, Saint Etienne du Rouvray.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Wallström, Lennart
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Material Science.
    Gatlin, Richard
    L'Equipe Caracté Risation des Amorphes et Polymères (LECAP) de la FRE 3101, Polymè Res, Biopolymè Res, Surface (PBS), Faculté des Sciences, Avenue de l'Université, Saint Etienne du Rouvray.
    Saiter, Jean Marc
    L'Equipe Caracté Risation des Amorphes et Polymères (LECAP) de la FRE 3101, Polymè Res, Biopolymè Res, Surface (PBS), Faculté des Sciences, Avenue de l'Université, Saint Etienne du Rouvray.
    A new green thermoplastic polymer with improved hydrophobic character2010In: Macromolecular Symposia, ISSN 1022-1360, E-ISSN 1521-3900, Vol. 290, no 1, p. 25-29Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A green thermoplastic polymer based on wheat flour was modified by the addition of a natural crosslinker genipin. Films of the polymer modified with different composition of genipin were prepared by extrusion. Free surface energy using contact angle method, moisture absorption test and hardness test were used to characterize the products. From moisture absorption and contact angle measurements, it was seen that for genipin amounts higher than 0.2% w/w, a hydrophobic character is achieved. Results obtained indicate enhancement in hydrophobic properties of the films.

  • 12.
    Ramanenka, Dmitrij
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Mechanics of Solid Materials.
    Enqvist, Evelina
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Emami, Nazanin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Machine Elements.
    Mechanical and thermal characterisation of novel UHMWPE-nano composite: A copmarrative study against virgin UHMWPE2013Conference paper (Refereed)
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    FULLTEXT01
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