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  • 1.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Analysis of Excavation Damage, Rock Mass Characterisation and Rock Support Design using Drilling Monitoring2018Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Prior to an underground excavation a site investigation is carried out. This includes reviewing and analysing existing data, field data collected through outcrop mapping, drill core logging and geophysical investigations. These data sources are combined and used to characterise, quantify and classify the rock mass for the tunnel design process and excavation method selection.

    Despite the best approaches used in a site investigation, it cannot reveal the required level of detail. Such gaps in information might become significant during the actual construction stage. This can lead to; for example, over-break due to unfavourable geological conditions. Even more so, an underestimation of the rock mass properties can lead to unplanned stoppages and tunnel rehabilitation. On-the-other-hand, the excavation method itself, in this case, drill and blast, can also cause severe damage to the rock mass. This can result in over-break and reduction of the strength and quality of the remaining rock mass. Both of these attributes pose risks for the tunnel during excavation and after project delivery.

    Blast damage encompasses over-break and the Excavation Damage Zone (EDZ). In the latter irreversible changes occur within the remaining rock mass inside this zone, which are physically manifested as blast fractures. In this thesis, a number of methods to determine blast damage have been investigated in two ramp tunnels of the Stockholm bypass. Herein, a comparison between the most common methods for blast damage investigation employed nowadays is performed. This comparison can be used to select the most suitable methods for blast damage investigation in tunnelling, based on the environment and the available resources. In this thesis Ground Penetrating Radar, core logging (for fractures) and P-wave velocity measurements were applied to determine the extent of the blast damage.

    Furthermore, the study of the two tunnels in the Stockholm bypass shows a significant overestimation of the actual rock mass quality during the site investigation. In order to gain a more accurate picture of the rock mass quality, Measurement While Drilling (MWD) technology was applied. The technology was investigated for rock mass quality prediction, quantifying the extent of blast damage, as well as to investigate the potential to forecast the required rock support. MWD data was collected from both grout and blast holes. These data sets were used to determine rock quality indices e.g. Fracture Indication and Hardness Indicator calculated by the MWD parameters. The Fracture Index was then compared with the installed rock support at the measurement location.

    Lastly, the extent of the damage is investigated by evaluating if the MWD parameters could forecast the extent of the EDZ. The study clearly shows the capability of MWD data to predict the rock mass characteristics, e.g. fractures and other zones of weakness. This study demonstrated that there is a correlation between the Fracture Index (MWD) and the Q-value, a parameter widely used to determine the required rock support. The study also shows a correlation between the extent of the blast damage zone, MWD data, design and excavation parameters (for example tunnel cross section and charge concentration).

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  • 2.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Drill Monitoring for Rock Mass Assessment in Tunnelling2020Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Site investigations for tunnel projects are often unable to determine rock mass conditions accurately for the entire tunnel, as these investigations obtain qualitative data for only limited parts of the tunnel. This is the case at the Stockholm Bypass project in Sweden. At two ramp tunnels, the rock mass was characterised as significantly poorer during the excavation than had been determined previously in the site investigation. In this study, Measurement While Drilling (MWD) technology was employed to characterise the rock mass for grouting purposes using extraction drill monitoring data from the grout holes. In addition, MWD data were extracted from blast holes at the entrance of one access and two ramp tunnels. The MWD data included the penetration rate and feed, percussive, rotation, and water pressure measurements at less than 3cm intervals in the drill holes. The drill rig supplier’s software was able to characterise the rock mass accurately for fracture zones, as shown in a comparison of the fracturing index of grout holes, blast holes, and the mapped

    rock mass structures. Since the suppliers’ software packages ignored some essential features of drilling, the study developed an improved MWD data normalisation and filtering process. This new process took the effects of different rock drills and drill rod extensions on the MWD data into account. The new normalisation and filtering process showed the capability to describe the rock mass conditions more accurately

    than the current method. A holistic approach was also developed to optimise the rock support process even further. Here, the rock mass was objectively qualified using measured drilling data instead of observations. This process correlated the fracturing index to rock mass quality and rock support requirements. Lastly, a correlation was made between the rock mass quality and the grout requirements per grout umbrella;

    these requirements were linked to the rock mass conditions determined by the MWD parameters. Based on these relations, a conceptual grout decision-making model was developed. The study found all-in-all tunnel practices could be improved with the implementation of MWD for rock mass characterisation and as part of a rock mass quality control plan. The MWD technology provides additional information on the rock mass and could be incorporated into the observational method for rock mass excavation.

     

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  • 3.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Measuring of Over-Break and the Excavation Damage Zone in Conventional Tunneling2017Inngår i: Proceedings of the World Tunnel Congress 2017: Surface challenges – Underground solutions, 2017Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    During tunnel excavation, blast induced damage or Excavation Damage Zone(EDZ) interacts with existing geological structure of the rock-mass. This can and cause over-breakand stability issues during and after excavation. Today the EDZ is determined by correlation-basedmethods, although direct measurement is possible. This paper presents investigation methods forEDZ quantification during excavation. The discussed methods are applied in the Stockholm By-Passproject. The literature review and the case study applications are summarized in a comprehensivetable with benefits and limitations of the different investigation methods. The methods discussed canbe used to achieve a better quality of the tunnel contour, especially the direct investigationtechniques. The EDZ can be reduced by adjusting the blasting plan, specific charge as well asimproving the quality of the drill and blasting procedures.

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  • 4.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi. Delft University of Technology, Nederländerna.
    Stochastic Optimization of Ultimate Pit using a Modifies Network Flow Algorithm: Application at a Gold Deposit2011Inngår i: COM2011 Confernce of metallurgists, Montreal, 2011, Vol. 50Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Open pit design and production scheduling is an intricate process that defines the sequence of ore and waste extraction during the life-of-mine and up to an ultimate pit limit. This process deals with the management of cash flows in the order of hundreds of millions of dollars. Uncertainty in the metal/ore and waste forecasted to be produced from a pit has a major financial impact in both valuations and operation. To deal with this uncertainty, a new push re-label minimum cut algorithm is tested in an application at a gold mine. The push re-label algorithm is implemented on the so-called directed graph, formulated from the simultaneous use of a set of multiple stochastically simulated models of the orebody representing the related uncertainty. This leads to the definition of the optimal pit limits under uncertainty in ore/metal supply from the orebody; and for a given set of other engineering inputs. In addition, pushbacks can be similarly designed by parametrizing the space of the orebody. The application at an epithermal vein hosted gold deposit finds its optimal pit limits. This is then generated along with pushbacks, and results assessed for feasibility, risk, and NPV. The comparison to the conventionally derived design (commercial implementation of the Lerchs-Grossman algorithm) shows that the method presented here generates a larger pit and about 30% higher undiscounted economic value

  • 5.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Funehag, Johan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Saiang, David
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Schunnesson, Håkan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Rock support prediction based on measurement while drilling technology2021Inngår i: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, ISSN 1435-9529, E-ISSN 1435-9537, Vol. 80, nr 2, s. 1449-1465Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In tunnelling, rock mass support is designed based on the observed rock mass conditions. These conditions are determined by rock mass characterization. Measurement while drilling (MWD), one such characterization method, acquires drill parameter data during drilling. These data can be used to predict rock mass conditions ahead of the face. In this study, grout-hole MWD data are collected at one of the main tunnels in the large infrastructural project Stockholm bypass tunnels. The normalized and filtered MWD data are correlated to the rock mass characteristics using multilinear regression and the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Although a strong numerical correlation cannot be obtained, the results are promising. As a result, a holistic visual approach, which linked the MWD parameters with the rock mass classification and rock support requirements, was developed.

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  • 6.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Funehag, Johan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Schunnesson, Håkan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Saiang, David
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Drill Monitoring for Rock Mass Grouting: Case Study at the Stockholm Bypass2021Inngår i: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, ISSN 0723-2632, E-ISSN 1434-453X, Vol. 54, nr 2, s. 501-511Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In tunneling, rock mass grouting is a method applied to reduce water ingress. Grouting is influenced by rock mass conditions, especially apertures, frequency, and continuation of fracturing. These rock mass conditions can partly be determined by rock mass classification systems. At the Stockholm bypass, the Measurement While Drilling (MWD) Fracturing Index was applied to characterize the rock mass for grouting purposes, with a focus on adjusting the grout hole drill plan to minimize environmental impact. This study divided the rock mass in a 1.9 km tunnel into six categories based on rock mass conditions, identifying rock mass quality, apparent fracturing, and grout consumption. These categories were then compared with the mean fracturing index based on the coefficients of penetration rate and rotation pressure variations, as well as grout consumption at each grout umbrella. The fracturing index was 93% successful in assessing favorable and unfavorable rock mass conditions in the studied tunnel and 85% successful in determining grout consumption. Finally, a conceptual method was developed to reduce the grouting activities using the MWD fracturing index and water loss tests. The introduction of this conceptual method for grouting decisions could potentially reduce 59% of the umbrellas found in the case study.

  • 7.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Ittner, Henrik
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Schunnesson, Håkan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Johansson, Daniel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Evaluation of Alternative Techniques for Excavation Damage Characterization2016Inngår i: ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress 2016, WTC 2016 / [ed] Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (SME), United States of America, 2016, Vol. 2, s. 1168-1177Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerous aspects of underground construction, from structural stability to construction costs, depended on the tunnel quality, including blast damage and the Excavation Damage Zone. Accurately quantifying the extent and severity of damaged rock is a problem. Recent technical developments in the field of Measurement While Drilling (MWD), including software for on-board logging and on-site analysis, have shown potential for rock-mass characterization. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and P-wave velocity measurement have also improved and show similar potential. This paper explores the use of MWD, GPR and P-wave velocity measurements and uses them in techniques for excavation damage characterization and prediction. The paper is based on data collected from a small underground wastecollection site in central Stockholm, Sweden. The data is correlated against rock-mass characteristics and their responses are evaluated. Results indicate potential for excavation damage characterization for all tested techniques, which could minimize blasting damage and improve the over-all tunnel quality.

  • 8.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Schunnesson, Håkan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Johansson, Daniel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    The History and Future of Rock Mass Characterisation by Drilling in Drifting: From sledgehammer to PC-tablet2017Inngår i: Mine Planning and Equipment Selection (MPES 2017): Proceeding of the 26th International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection Luleå, Sweden, August 29-31, 2017 / [ed] Behzad Ghodrati, Uday Kumar, Håkan Schunnesson, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2017, s. 99-106Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In underground construction projects problematic rock mass conditions are one of the major issues causing cost overruns during the excavation phase. Before a tunneling project starts the rock mass is roughly characterized by a pre-investigation. However, in many cases, these pre-investigation does not portray the rock mass characteristics accurately and do not predict local anomalies in the subsurface. Therefore there is a need for new rock mass characterization methods that can reduce uncertainties and improve the overall tunneling process.

    In the end of the 1880s, rock mass characterization based on manual drill data was investigated and rock masses were quantified using drillability. Since then, the technology has significantly changed with the introduction of hydraulic rock drills, computerized drill rigs, and advanced rock mass classification systems based on drill parameters. Nowadays, automatic drill logging systems and drilling data processing software packages are widely available and commonly used in Scandinavian tunneling projects.

    This technology uses drilling parameters to characterize the rock mass. However, monitored drill parameters are influenced not only by the variations in the properties of the penetrated rock mass but also by the operator and the rig control system that continuously control the applied forces to optimize drilling and prevent jamming. In order to be useful for geomechanical purposes, the drilling data needs to be filtered, normalized and analyzed to refine the rock related response from responses caused by other influencing factors. If successful the data might be used to determine hardness, fracturing and water indicators.

    Even though the technology has shown high potential in laboratory tests and field trials, it is not an obvious choice for all tunneling projects. In this paper, the background of the technology are described and the potential for the future outlined, concluding that the technique probably will be used more extensively in the future. 

  • 9.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Schunnesson, Håkan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Johansson, Daniel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Saiang, David
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Application of Measurement While Drilling Technology to Predict Rock Mass Quality and Rock Support for Tunnelling2020Inngår i: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, ISSN 0723-2632, E-ISSN 1434-453X, Vol. 53, nr 3, s. 1349-1358Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A tunnelling project is normally initiated with a site investigation to determine the in situ rock mass conditions and to generate the basis for the tunnel design and rock support. However, since site investigations often are based on limited information (surface mapping, geophysical profiles, few bore holes, etc.), the estimation of the rock mass conditions may contain inaccuracies, resulting in underestimating the required rock support. The study hypothesised that these inaccuracies could be reduced using Measurement While Drilling (MWD) technology to assist in the decision-making process. A case study of two tunnels in the Stockholm bypass found the rock mass quality was severely overestimated by the site investigation; more than 45% of the investigated sections had a lower rock mass quality than expected. MWD data were recorded in 25 m grout holes and 6 m blast holes. The MWD data were normalised so that the long grout holes with larger hole diameters and the shorter blast holes with smaller hole diameters gave similar results. With normalised MWD data, it was possible to mimic the tunnel contour mapping; results showed good correlation with mapped Q-value and installed rock support. MWD technology can improve the accuracy of forecasting the rock mass ahead of the face. It can bridge the information gap between the early, somewhat uncertain geotechnical site investigation and the geological mapping done after excavation to optimise rock support.

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  • 10.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Schunnesson, Håkan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Johansson, Daniel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Saiang, David
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Measurement While Drilling (MWD) technology for blasting damage calculation2018Inngår i: FRAGBLAST 12: 12th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Luleå, Sweden 11-13 June 2018 / [ed] Håkan Schunnesson, Daniel Johansson, Luleå University of Technology, 2018, s. 139-148Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    For all underground excavations it is important to reduce both blasting induced damage and the blast-induced Excavation Damage Zone (EDZ). Except for the operational parameters, the geomechanical conditions of the rock mass have a significant impact on the amount of over-break in tunnel constructions. Today, direct measurements of the EDZ are difficult to perform and are therefore not commonly done at construction sites. This paper investigates the application of Measurement While Drilling (MWD) technology to predict the extent of the EDZ, using data from four Swedish tunnel excavations. The depth of this zone is determined by Ground Penetration Radar (GPR), P-wave velocity measurements and Rock Quality Designation (RQD) for drill cores. The correlation between MWD, operational parameters and EDZ was evaluated using multiple linear regression. The study shows that the EDZ is heavily influenced by rock mass conditions but also by operational parameters. Furthermore, the EDZ depth based on GPR measurements, can be reasonable well predicted using MWD data.

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  • 11.
    van Eldert, Jeroen
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Schunnesson, Håkan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Saiang, David
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Funehag, Johan
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geoteknologi.
    Improved filtering and normalizing of Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) data in tunnel excavation2020Inngår i: Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, ISSN 0886-7798, E-ISSN 1878-4364, Vol. 103, artikkel-id 103467Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) data are complex because of the drilling process and drilling system. Swift and accurate normalization and filtration processes are required if MWD data are to be used for rock mass characterization. The current method for MWD data filtration does not consider all the effects of the drilling process, e.g., collaring or extension rod coupling. This paper presents a new method for MWD data filtration and normalization. The new method filters the operational parameters and normalizes the data on a stepwise algorithm, including production factors (collaring drill hole and rod extension coupling) and rock drill settings. It shows reliable results for the normalization and filtration of MWD data gathered for drill hole collaring and coupled extension drill rods at grout holes and for different rock drills.

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