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  • 1.
    Gavric, Snezana
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Enhancement of stormwater quality in grass swales: Removal and immobilisation of metals2020Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 2.
    Gavric, Snezana
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Trace metals in swale soils and sediments from gully pots and stormwater management ponds2023Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Three commonly used drainage system components, with considerably different characteristics and roles in stormwater management, were studied and reported on in this thesis: (i) grass swales, (ii) gully pots (GPs), and (iii) stormwater management ponds. With time, solids and associated pollutants accumulate in these components, and regular maintenance is needed to ensure that their design functions, including protection of the environment, are sustained.

    Trace metals and their concentrations, loads and speciation were investigated within and among the individual types of components. The study program started with a critical review of processes enhancing the quality of stormwater passing over grass filter strips and through swales, and continued with field research of swale soils, and sediments from GPs and ponds.

    The swales studied in the thesis served for stormwater drainage and storage of snow cleared from adjacent trafficked areas during winter months. Results suggest that both stormwater runoff and snow stored in the swale were transport vectors of metals originating from traffic. Other sources of metals were native soils and traction material used in winter road maintenance.

    Moreover, the speciation results showed that across components, Zn and Pb were the metals with the highest share in the most mobile fraction, followed by Cu, while Ba, Cr,V, Co, and Ni were found in a higher share in the less mobile fractions.

    GP and pond sediments showed similar organic matter content, whereas swales soils showed relatively low organic content, further decreasing with the soil depth. Results suggested that higher organic matter content corresponded to higher concentrations of certain metals in the case of ponds and, to some extent, swales. In the case of GPs, a positive relationship between metals and the proportion of fine particles was detected.

    The highest concentrations of Cu and Zn were observed in sediments from ponds and reached 319 and 1380 mg/kg DW, respectively. The highest concentration of Pb (188mg/kg DW) was observed in swale, operating for 57 years located next to a road with the traffic intensity of 11,650 v/day.

    The large variation in the accumulated dry mass of solids in GPs (2-91 kg) questions the current practice of emptying all GPs at the same regular intervals. Moreover, of the 26 GP samples, Swedish thresholds for soils with the sensitive (S) land use were exceeded for Cu in five samples and Zn in six samples. Of 32 pond samples, the S threshold was exceeded for Cu in nine samples and Zn in 12 samples; of these, three and eight of the pond samples also exceeded the less sensitive (LS) threshold. Of 96 swale samples, 25 samples exceeded the S threshold for Pb, with one sample also exceeding the LS threshold.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 3.
    Gavric, Snezana
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Flanagan, Kelsey
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Facilitating maintenance of stormwater ponds: comparison of analytical methods for determination of metal pollution2022Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 29, nr 49, s. 74877-74893Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Stormwater ponds are widely used for controlling runoff quality through the sedimentation of particles and associated pollutants. Their maintenance requires regular removal and disposal of accumulated material. This necessitates an assessment of material hazardousness, including potential hazard due to its contamination by metals. Here we analyze 32 stormwater pond sediment samples from 17 facilities using several chemical analysis methods (total extraction, sequential extraction, diffusive gradients in thin-films DGT, and pore water extraction) in order to consider the complementarity and comparability of the different approaches. No clear relationship was found between analyses that have the potential to measure similar metal fractions (DGT and either fraction 1 of the sequential extraction (adsorbed and exchangeable metals and carbonates) or pore water concentrations). Loss on ignition (LOI) had a significant positive correlation with an indicator of the environmental risk developed in this paper (∑ranks) that incorporates different metals, speciations, and environmental endpoints. Large variations in metal levels were observed between ponds. As clustering was limited between the different analyses, a comprehensive analysis of different parameters is still needed to fully understand metal speciation and bioavailability.

  • 4.
    Gavric, Snezana
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Larm, Thomas
    StormTac corporation, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Wahlsten, Anna
    StormTac corporation, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Measurement and conceptual modelling of retention of metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) in soils of three grass swales2019Inngår i: Journal of Hydrology, ISSN 0022-1694, E-ISSN 1879-2707, Vol. 574, s. 1053-1061Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Grass swales are important elements of the urban green infrastructure that convey and attenuate urban runoff and improve its quality mostly through stormwater infiltration into, and retention of conveyed pollutants by, swale soils. The retention of metals by grass swales was addressed in this study investigating the enrichment of swale soils by three common traffic-related metals: Cu, Pb and Zn. Three swales of various characteristics (L1, L2, L3) were selected for study and their soils were sampled by coring the top 30 cm and dividing the cores into 5 cm thick layers. Cumulative metal burdens were compared to those modelled by the proprietary StormTac Web model, which estimates annual loads of specific constituents for the given land uses and stormwater treatment. The comparisons of measured (MBm) and simulated (MBs) metal burdens retained by swales showed that the measured values exceed the simulated ones, as described by average ratios MBs/MBm = 0.64, 0.50 and 0.59, for swales L1, L2 and L3, respectively. The measured burdens were calculated after subtracting the native soil metal concentrations, assumed equal to those found in the deepest sampled layer, 25–30 cm below the surface. The results suggest the feasibility of assessing performance of grass swales by modelling metal (Cu, Pb, Zn) retention by swales, however for older facilities considered for rehabilitation, the simulated results should be supplemented by soil chemistry sampling.

  • 5.
    Gavric, Snezana
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Larm, Thomas
    StormTac AB, Stockholm.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Wahlsten, Anna
    StormTac AB, Stockholm.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Measurement and Planning–Level Modelling of Retention of Trace Metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) in Soils of Three Urban Drainage Grass Swales2019Inngår i: New Trends in Urban Drainage Modelling: UDM 2018 / [ed] Giorgio Mannina, Cham: Springer, 2019, s. 85-90Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Grass swales are important elements of urban green infrastructure that convey, attenuate and improve the quality of urban runoff mostly through stormwater infiltration into and retention of conveyed pollutants by swale soils. Such processes were addressed in this study, investigating the enrichment of swale soils by ubiquitous urban trace metals, Cu, Pb and Zn. Three swales were selected for study in the City of Lulea (Northern Sweden) and their soils were sampled by coring. Sample cores covered soil depths up to 30 cm, but only the results from the top 5 cm layer characterized by 9–15 samples in each swale are discussed here. After estimating metal mass in this layer in individual swales, such burdens were compared to those modelled by the proprietary StormTac Web model, which estimates annual loads of specific constituents for given land uses and is supported by an extensive database referenced to Swedish environmental conditions. The annual loads modelled for individual swales were multiplied by the swale age to obtain long–term inputs of the trace metals. A good agreement between the measured and modelled loads in soils was obtained and characterized by the ratio Lmod/Lmeas, with an average value of 0.96 and standard deviation of 0.55. Such results suggest the feasibility of assessing the long–term performance of grass swales by modelling trace metal (Cu, Pb, Zn) inputs into swales, estimating the metal loads retained in soils by sampling and analyses, and taking the difference (Lin − Lret) as the exported load.

  • 6.
    Gavric, Snezana
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Leonhardt, Günther
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Processes improving urban stormwater quality in grass swales and filter strips: A review of research findings2019Inngår i: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 669, s. 431-447Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Increasing interest in urban drainage green infrastructure brings attention to grass swales and filter strips (GS&GFS) and their role in stormwater management. While the understanding of the hydrology and hydraulics of these stormwater control measures is adequate for current needs, there are knowledge gaps in understanding the water quality processes in GS&GFS and such a finding motivated preparation of the review paper that follows. The review revealed that most of the empirical studies of GS&GFS flow quality focused on the removal of pollutants associated with road runoff, and particularly solids, with relatively few studies addressing nutrients, traffic associated hydrocarbons, oxygen demanding substances, chloride, and faecal indicator bacteria. The reported results suffer from limitations caused by experimental conditions often representing a steady flow used to irrigate GS&GFS and generate runoff, non-submerged flows, no lateral inflows along swale side slopes, constant dosing of solids, emphasis on larger-than-typical solids, incomplete descriptions of experimental conditions, and limited attention to experimental uncertainties. Besides settling, other treatment processes, like adsorption/desorption, plant uptake, chemical precipitation and microbial degradation are often acknowledged, but without attempting to quantify their effects on flow quality. The modelling of GS&GFS flow quality would be beneficial for an improved understanding of green urban drainage infrastructure, but currently it is infeasible without a better knowledge of stormwater quality processes in GS&GFS facilities.

  • 7.
    Gavrić, Snežana
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Flanagan, Kelsey
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Wei, Haoyu
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Lundy, Lian
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Accumulation and contamination of gully pot sediments from varied land-use types: metal loads, concentrations and speciation2023Inngår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 30, s. 109825-109840Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Urban stormwater typically enters sewer networks through gully pots, which allow a primary sedimentation of solids upstream of the piped network. The regular removal and disposal of retained sediment are necessary, costly and can involve environmental risks due to the contamination of sediments with substances from the urban environment such as metals. The concentrations and speciation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were analysed in sediments from 26 gully pots located in different land use areas in Stockholm, Sweden. In addition, accumulation rates of both sediment and metal masses were evaluated, providing a basis for optimising maintenance practices and better understanding of impacts of characteristic urban land use types. Metal concentrations varied by at most a factor of eight between samples and were always below Swedish polluted site guidelines for less sensitive land use, with only eight samples exceeding the guideline values for Cu and Zn for sensitive land use. Sequential extraction showed Pb and Zn to be the most mobile metals. Sediment accumulation rates varied from 0.003 to 0.197 kg/m2 impermeable surface/year. Metal accumulation rates were much more variable than metal concentrations, with a factor of up to 172 between the highest and lowest rates and the highest metal accumulation rates corresponding to the lower range of mass loads in road runoff. Differences in metal concentrations, sediment or metal mass accumulations could not be solely attributed to either traffic or catchment land use. In contrast, traction grit used for winter road maintenance, which has low (but detectable) metal concentrations, is identified as a major component of gully pot sediments, with a combined effect of both moderating metal concentrations and contributing to total mass.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 8.
    Gavrić, Snežana
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Leonhardt, Günther
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Metal enrichment of soils in three urban drainage grass swales used for seasonal snow storage2021Inngår i: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 760, artikkel-id 144136Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Enrichment of soils in three urban drainage swales by metals associated with traffic sources was investigated in a cool temperate climate with seasonal snow. Such swales differed from those not exposed to snow by receiving additional pollutant loads from winter road maintenance involving applications of salt and grit, use of studded tires, and storage and melting of polluted snow cleared from trafficked areas into swales. Among the swales studied, swale L2 in the downtown was the oldest (built around 1960), drained runoff from a road with the highest traffic intensity, and exhibited the highest mean concentrations of most of the metals studied (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni, Co, V, Ti, and W). In the case of Pb, this exceedance was about an order of magnitude: 71 mg/kg DW in L2, compared to about ~8 mg/kg DW in L1 and L3, both built in 1979. Among the metals originating from local geology, barium (Ba) was found in the swales and the grit material at high concentrations of ~650 mg/kg DW and 700–1000 mg/kg DW, respectively. Such concentrations exceeded the Swedish EPA guideline limits of 300 mg/kg DW for less sensitive soil use. The sequential extraction analysis of samples from swale L2 indicated that Ba was mostly in the immobile residual fraction (90%). The absence of clear decline in metal concentrations with distance from the trafficked surfaces suggested that stored snow was another source of metals partly balancing spatial distribution of metals in swale soils.

  • 9.
    Tedoldi, Damien
    et al.
    Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
    Flanagan, Kelsey
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Gavrić, Snežana
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Couvidat, Julien
    Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
    Gautier, Mathieu
    Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Arkitektur och vatten.
    Chatain, Vincent
    Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
    Geochemical signature of urban stormwater sediments: a France/Sweden comparison: [Signature géochimique des sédiments de bassins pluviaux : une comparaison France/Suède]2023Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Detention- and infiltration-based systems for stormwater management trap runoff particles, which gradually form a sediment layer loaded with multiple contaminants. This study examines the trace metal composition of stormwater sediments, through a comparison between French and Swedish infrastructures. Composite sediment samples were collected from 18 infiltration basins in France and 17 wet ponds in Sweden, the catchments of which encompass a diversity of urban and sub-urban contexts. Zinc and copper were consistently more concentrated in sediments than the baseline levels in local soils, while this was not always the case for the other metals in Sweden. Overall, contamination levels were higher in the French sites: median Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations were respectively 154, 152, and 570 mg/kg in France, and 19, 46, and 178 mg/kg in Sweden. This difference may be due to the functioning of the devices (infiltration vs. detention), but also suggests a possible “dilution” of runoff suspended solids in the Swedish catchments. The latter may originate from crushed traction grit or eroded soil particles, as some of the least polluted Swedish ponds had a relatively high share of permeable surface in their catchments. The geochemical signature of stormwater sediments was also found to be different between the two countries, as illustrated by the different ratios between metals, indicating dissimilarities in emission sources.

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