An embankment dam can be damaged by internal erosion. During this process, the soil material erodes and is transported out of the dam structure. Some common types of damage due to internal erosion are piping, less dense soil zones, and zones where the fine material has been washed out.

To prevent ongoing internal erosion from developing into a damage or a breach, injection grouting may be performed to replace the eroded soil material. In an embankment dam, injection grouting is usually performed vertically. A pipeline is drilled from the crest of the dam to the damaged zone, to which the grout material is delivered via a pump. The injection grouting methods suitable for embankment dams are compaction and permeation grouting. In compaction grouting, a lowmobility grout material is injected at high pressure, compacting the surrounding soil. In permeation grouting, the injection pressure is lower and the grout material flows more easily, allowing it to permeate the porous structure of the soil into which it is injected.

A grout material for embankment dams should have properties, i.e., particle size distribution, water content, shear strength, and bulk density, similar to those of the original core soil after injection. A grout material with these properties will however be very stiff and difficult to pump, and permeation will be difficult to achieve. Therefore, a new type of non-hardening grout material has been developed and tested in the laboratory. The grout material is a low-mobility grout, but its viscosity and yield strength can be temporarily lowered by replacing the fine aggregates with a limestone filler and by adding a superplasticizer. After injection, the effect of the superplasticizer wears off, leaving a grouted zone with geotechnical characteristics similar to those of the original core soil. The grout material consists of 0–4 mm aggregates, limestone filler, dry bentonite powder, water, superplasticizer, and an air-release agent. The grout material properties and the influence of injection method were tested in three laboratory investigations and the results were presented in four papers.

Development, and fresh and hardened properties of the grout material were investigated in Paper I. The key findings are: (1) The grout material attracted air when homogenized. When homogenized longer than 15 minutes, it was difficult to pump. Air content up to 16.5 % was observed. (2) After 34 days of storage, the water content was ~10 % and the bulk density ~2250 kg/m3, which are very similar to those of the core soil. The undrained shear strength was ~13 kPa, which was initially lower than that of the core soil but it slowly increased with time.

The factors affecting a grout material’s ability to permeate a core soil damaged by internal erosion were investigated in a pilot-scale permeation test series and the results are presented in Paper II. Three different coarse-grained materials with d15of 35, 75, and 110 mm were grouted. The key findings are: (1) The ratio between limestone filler and aggregates in the grout material greatly influenced the permeation. A grout material with a ratio of 1.7 performed far better than a grout material with a ratio of 1.4. (2) A higher consistency measurement of the groutmaterial (150 mm vs. 100 mm) improved the permeation if low injection pressure was used. At higher pressure, the role of consistency was minor. (3) A higher maximum particle size, Dmax, of the grout material (4 mm compared to 2 mm) improved the permeation. The difference was most probably caused by higher viscosity and higher yield strength of the grout material with Dmax = 2 mm compared to that with Dmax = 4 mm. The lowest ratio between the minimum particle size of the coarse-grained material and the maximum particle size of the grout material was 4, and using higher pressure, the grouting was successful. Ratios below 4 were not tested.

From Paper II, the most suitable materials for permeation grouting were chosen to be investigated further for their resistance to flow. The results of this investigation were presented in Paper III. Resistance to flow in the pilot-scale permeation test was found to occur within the pipeline and at its exit, where the grout material downflow was redirected 180° to an upward flow. Total frictional losses could be estimated by regarding the grout material flow as Newtonian laminar. Total frictional losses in the 1.3 m length and 0.075 m diameter pipeline during all testswere measured to be 1–67 kPa/m at grout material velocity of 0.01–1.03 m/s. Frictional losses due to the grout material’s permeation of the coarse-grained materials could be estimated with the hydraulic conductivity. The mean hydraulic conductivities in the d15 = 75 mm coarse-grained material, when permeated by the Dmax = 2 mm and 4 mm grout materials, were measured to be 1.7x10-4 and 1.4x10-4m/s, respectively; where as in d15 = 110 mm, the values were 2.1x10-4 and 3.3x10-4m/s. These observed values of the hydraulic conductivity were very close to the expected values. With the Newtonian approach, pressure losses may be easily estimated. This will facilitate the estimation of how much of the grouting pressure at the pump is transferred into the core soil during a grouting operation. The possibility to quantify pressure losses during the permeation of the coarse-grained material with hydraulic conductivities can be used when estimating permeation depths vis-à-vis applied injection pressure.

The method, “Identification – Localization – Characterization – Remediation”, was tested at the abutment of a large-scale test embankment dam with the newly developed grout material and presented in Paper IV. The seepage rate was successfully reduced to 40 % directly after the injection grouting, and up to 70 % after one year. Most of the seepage reduction was caused by the rotary percussion drilling. Remedial grouting should not be regarded as a last resort, but as a part of a maintenance program.

Embankment dams may be damaged by internal erosion, which ultimately may lead to a failure. During internal erosion, finer soil particles from the core soil are being washed out. To restore the core function, injection grouting may be undertaken. Grouting the core of an embankment dam should be performed with a grout with similar characteristics as the original core soil. This grout type is commonly used in compaction grouting, e.g., a low mobility grout. The grout is similar to a fine-grained moraine core soil, but given its stiffness, it is difficult to permeate a damaged core soil. A modified low mobility grout containing sand, limestone filler, bentonite, plasticizer, air release agent and water has been tested in the laboratory with focus on permeation. Grouting was done in different sized aggregates. Impact of paste-to-aggregate ratio, grout consistency, maximum grain size of grout, coarseness of grouted material, and grouting methodology was tested. Higher paste-to aggregate ratios and lower viscosity/yield strength in/of the grout improved the permeation. Initially pressurized grouting compared to only hydrostatic pressures followed by stepwise pressure increased grouting was furthermore identified as a factor to improve the permeation. 

During suffusion in embankment dams, fine material from the core is eroded away, resulting in a gradually coarser soil. A soil damaged by suffusion can be remediated with permeation grouting. During permeation grouting, too high grouting pressures inside the dam must be avoided as neither to fracture nor heave the surrounding soil. It is therefore important to find out how much of the grouting pressures at the pumps are lost inside pipelines due to the grout materials resistance to flow.

In this paper, a pilot scale vertical permeation grouting investigation has been performed with two modified low mobility grout materials, developed for embankment dams. Frictional pipeline losses, including local loss at the end of the pipeline, were measured to 1 – 64 kPa/m at pipeline velocities 0.01 – 1.03 m/s. Hydraulic conductivities for the grout material during permeation of two coarse grained materials were calculated to 1.4x10^-4 m/s – 3.3x10^-4 m/s, on par with expected values. Viscosity was calculated to 12.6 and 11.8 Pas for the tested grout materials. 

The obtained results within this study will allow for easier predictions of grouting pressures in future grouting operations in embankment dams. The need for pilot injection tests in the field should thus be diminished. 

The core soil of an embankment dam can be exposed to deteriorating processes, i.e., different kinds of internal erosion due to high hydraulic gradients, disadvantageous particle size distribu-tion, too coarse-grained filters or built-in defects. During internal erosion, fines from the core soil are washed out by the seepage, decreasing the impervious properties of the core. If the internal erosion process is discovered in time, drilling and grouting can be performed to stop the erosion. During drilling and grouting, eroded material from the core soil is replaced.

In this paper, the methodology: “Identification – Localization – Characterization – Remediation” has been proposed. The methodology was tested on a large-scale embankment dam in a laboratory environment. The dam had a central core of moraine and was built inside a watertight concrete structure so a reservoir of water could be created upstream the dam. The left abutment of the dam had higher seepage rates than the rest of the dam and therefore had to be remediated.

During the identification and localization phase, a 10 x 10 cm horizontal, high hydraulic conduc-tivity zone through the core soil was identified and localized at the left abutment at 1 m depth. During drilling at the abutment, it was found that the core soil beneath the damage had become more wet compared to when built. The remedial method used was compaction grouting with a new developed type of non-hardening grout material. The grouting pressures equaled the height of the vertical grout material column with an additional pressure of ~50 kPa to compensate for frictional losses during injection. The grout material was delivered via a novel pipe system where water and air were allowed to be drained. The seepage was lowered by 44 % directly after grout-ing and 60% four months after grouting.

Under hösten 2018 genomfördes ett examensarbete vid LTU med syfte att genom försök i laboratoriet fysiskt modellera och visualisera kontakterosion inne i en fyllningsdamm byggd med tätjord av finkornig morän. Målet var att öka förståelsen för hur denna erosionsprocess går till, om den kan vara skadlig och vilka riskfaktorer som finns för en typisk svensk fyllningsdamm.