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  • 1.
    Andersson-Wikström, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Hedström, Annelie
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    The release of pollutants from roofing materials in laboratory experiments2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Diffuse pollution sources have been recognised by the European Water Framework Directive to significantly contribute to pollution of stormwater receivers. Stormwater runoff is considered to represent diffuse pollution sources. The aim of this study was to clarify the contributions of specific sources in the urban environment to the content of organic and inorganic pollutants in stormwater. This was done by conducting laboratory screening tests of several conventional roofing materials and coatings to determine which pollutants they release and how they might contribute to the deterioration of stormwater quality. The studied pollutants include metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, pesticides, nonylphenols and –ethoxylates. Many of the studied roofing materials, e.g. roofing shingle, a PVC sheet and a bitumen paste for felt roof maintenance, exhibited the potential to release several of these substances into stormwater runoff. However, phthalates were not released from any of the studied materials under the tested conditions. In addition, quite similar materials exhibited rather different substance release profiles.

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  • 2.
    Andersson-Wikström, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Size fractionation of dissolved metals in stormwater in Umeå, Sweden2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dissolved metals are generally considered the most mobile, toxic and bioavailable form of metals. However, the partition between dissolved and particulate phases is conventionally defined by the fraction passing through a 0.45 μm membrane, even though it is widely known that this fraction also includes different types of organic and inorganic colloids. Further size fractionation of metals in the dissolved phase can be performed using different techniques. The knowledge on the metal fractionation in stormwater is useful for assessments of the metals’ bioavailability as well as the performance of stormwater treatment systems. In this study, the size fractionation of dissolved metals in stormwater from four different urban areas in the city of Umeå, Sweden, is determined using ultrafiltration. The objective is to find a pattern for the size fractionation of different metals in the dissolved phase in stormwater and, by this, estimate the bioavailability of the metals. The investigated catchment areas include a parking space, a highway and two different commercial sites. The sampling campaigns will take place in the spring of 2016, taking samples from the stormwater drainage system using automatic samplers.

  • 3. Baxter, Douglas
    et al.
    Faarinen, Mikko
    ALS Scandinavia AB.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Rodushkin, Ilya
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Christensen, Morten
    ALS Scandinavia AB, Täby.
    Serum/plasma methylmercury determination by isotope dilution gas chromatography: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry2011In: Analytica Chimica Acta, ISSN 0003-2670, E-ISSN 1873-4324, Vol. 701, no 2, p. 134-138Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A method for the determination of methylmercury in plasma and serum samples was developed. The method uses isotope dilution with 198Hg-labelled methylmercury, extraction into dichloromethane, back-extraction into water, aqueous-phase ethylation, purge and trap collection, thermal desorption, separation by gas chromatography, and mercury isotope specific detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. By spiking 2 mL sample with 1.2 ng tracer, measurements in a concentration interval of (0.007–2.9) μg L−1 could be performed with uncertainty amplification factors <2. A limit of quantification of 0.03 μg L−1 was estimated at 10 times the standard deviation of concentrations measured in preparation blanks. Within- and between-run relative standard deviations were <10% at added concentration levels of 0.14 μg L−1, 0.35 μg L−1 and 2.8 μg L−1, with recoveries in the range 82% to 110%. Application of the method to 50 plasma/serum samples yielded a median (mean; range) concentration of methylmercury of 0.081 (0.091; <0.03–0.19) μg L−1. This is the first time methylmercury has been directly measured in this kind of specimen, and is therefore the first estimate of a reference range.

  • 4.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Tondera, Katharina
    Stormwater Research Group, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Metals: Occurrence, Treatment Efficiency and Accumulation Under Varying Flows2018In: Ecotechnologies for the Treatment of Variable Stormwater and Wastewater Flows / [ed] Katharina Tondera, Godecke-Tobias Blecken, Florent Chazarenc, Chris C. Tanner, Cham: Springer, 2018, p. 75-91Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Metals were the first priority pollutants to be widely investigated in stormwater. In solid phase, they are often attached to very fine particles. The dissolved fraction creates considerable environmental problems as it is the most bioavailable fraction. Hence, removal of both fine and dissolved particles plays a major role in the treatment of polluted runoff. Ecotechnologies specifically designed to remove metals should be able to address different treatment mechanisms. However, the exhaustion of sorption capacity reduces the lifespan of treatment facilities. Additionally, metal concentrations fluctuate extremely—spatially, seasonally and over time—which poses another challenge for further increasing removal efficiencies. While soil- or sand-based systems should be designed in a way that the filter material can be exchanged, newer developments such as Floating Treatment Wetlands show promising removal capacities as the installations bind metals in sludge sediments, which can be removed from time to time. The different treatment mechanisms, aforementioned developments and techniques as well as their removal capacities will be discussed in this chapter

  • 5.
    Borris, Matthias
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Leonhardt, Günther
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Source-based modeling of stormwater quality response to projected future changes in climatic and socio-economic factors2015In: Urban Drainage Modelling 2015: Poster presentations : Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Urban Drainage Modelling, Mont-Sainte-Anne, Québec, Canada 20-23 Swptember 2015 / [ed] Thomas Maere; Sovanna Tik; Sophie Duchense; Peter A. Vanrolleghem, 2015, p. 73-78Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 6.
    Borris, Matthias
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Leonhardt, Günther
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Source-Based Modeling Of Urban Stormwater Quality Response to the Selected Scenarios Combining Future Changes in Climate and Socio-Economic Factors2016In: Environmental Management, ISSN 0364-152X, E-ISSN 1432-1009, Vol. 58, no 2, p. 223-237Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The assessment of future trends in urban stormwater quality should be most helpful for ensuring the effectiveness of the existing stormwater quality infrastructure in the future and mitigating the associated impacts on receiving waters. Combined effects of expected changes in climate and socio-economic factors on stormwater quality were examined in two urban test catchments by applying a source-based computer model (WinSLAMM) for TSS and three heavy metals (copper, lead, and zinc) for various future scenarios. Generally, both catchments showed similar responses to the future scenarios and pollutant loads were generally more sensitive to changes in socio-economic factors (i.e., increasing traffic intensities, growth and intensification of the individual land-uses) than in the climate. Specifically, for the selected Intermediate socio-economic scenario and two climate change scenarios (RSP = 2.6 and 8.5), the TSS loads from both catchments increased by about 10 % on average, but when applying the Intermediate climate change scenario (RCP = 4.5) for two SSPs, the Sustainability and Security scenarios (SSP1 and SSP3), the TSS loads increased on average by 70 %. Furthermore, it was observed that well-designed and maintained stormwater treatment facilities targeting local pollution hotspots exhibited the potential to significantly improve stormwater quality, however, at potentially high costs. In fact, it was possible to reduce pollutant loads from both catchments under the future Sustainability scenario (on average, e.g., TSS were reduced by 20 %), compared to the current conditions. The methodology developed in this study was found useful for planning climate change adaptation strategies in the context of local conditions.

  • 7.
    Borris, Matthias
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    An exploratory study of the effects of stormwater pipeline materials on transported stormwater quality2017In: Water Science and Technology, ISSN 0273-1223, E-ISSN 1996-9732, Vol. 76, no 2, p. 247-255Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Implications of three sewer pipe materials (concrete, galvanized corrugated steel, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) for stormwater quality were explored in laboratory experiments, in which three types of stormwater, SW1-SW3, were circulated in 0.5 m long sewer pipe sections. SW1 and SW2 represented synthetic rainwater, without and with fine street sediment added (CTSS = 150 mg/L), respectively, and SW3 was actual stormwater with the same sediment addition as SW2. Following 20-min runs, with an equivalent distance of 500 m travelled by water particles, a number of statistically significant changes in the stormwater chemistry were observed: (i) pH of all the simulated stormwaters increased in the concrete pipe (from 7.0-7.3 to 8.1-9.3), (ii) turbidity decreased in two stormwaters with sediments (SW2 and SW3) in concrete and galvanized corrugated steel pipes (by 50 and 85%, respectively), (iii) the type of stormwater affected the observed copper (Cu) concentrations, with Cudiss concentrations as high as 25.3 μg/L noted in SW3 passing through the PVC pipe, and (iv) zinc (Zn) concentrations sharply increased (Zntot = 759-1,406 μg/L, Zndiss = 670-1,400 μg/L) due to Zn elution from the galvanized steel pipe by all three stormwaters. Such levels exceeded the applicable environmental guidelines.

  • 8.
    Borris, Matthias
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Contribution of coarse particles from road surfaces to dissolved and particle-bound heavy metal loads in runoff: A laboratory leaching study with synthetic stormwater2016In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 573, p. 212-221Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Laboratory leaching experiments were performed to study the potential of coarse street sediments (i.e. > 250 μm) to release dissolved and particulate-bound heavy metals (i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) during rainfall/runoff. Towards this end, street sediments were sampled by vacuuming at seven sites in five Swedish cities and the collected sediments were characterized with respect to their physical and chemical properties. In the laboratory, the sediments were combined with synthetic rainwater and subject to agitation by a shaker mimicking particle motion during transport by runoff from street surfaces. As a result of such action, coarse street sediments were found to release significant amounts of heavy metals, which were predominantly (up to 99%) in the particulate bound phase. Thus, in dry weather, coarse street sediments functioned as collectors of fine particles with attached heavy metals, but in wet weather, metal burdens were released by rainfall/runoff processes. The magnitude of such releases depended on the site characteristics (i.e. street cleaning and traffic intensity), particle properties (i.e. organic matter content), and runoff characteristics (pH, and the duration of, and energy input into, sediment/water agitation). The study findings suggest that street cleaning, which preferentially removes coarser sediments, may produce additional environmental benefits by also removing fine contaminated particles attached to coarser materials

  • 9.
    Borris, Matthias
    et al.
    Urban Water Management, Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Snow pollution management in urban areas: an idea whose time has come?2021In: Urban Water Journal, ISSN 1573-062X, E-ISSN 1744-9006, Vol. 18, no 10, p. 840-849Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Needs for extending the principles of a sustainable urban drainage approach to the winter season with snow and pollutant accumulations have been so far unanswered. One of the first steps to remedy this situation is to make available a prototype snow management tool (PSMT) described herein. It is a simple empirical spreadsheet tool, as yet untested, which uses generally available input data to simulate accumulation of snow (as snow water equivalent) and pollutants in an urban catchment, intermittent snowmelt episodes, and snow management options including in situ melting, removal from the catchment, treatment of snowmelt by settling, and snow disposal in the receiving waters. The tool output comprises snow and the selected pollutant mass balances, and pollutant concentrations in snowmelt from individual snow deposits. Such data provide decision support for choosing the methods of disposal for individual snow deposits. The testing and refinement of the tool is planned.

  • 10.
    Engström, Emma
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Rodushkin, Ilya
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Ingri, Johan
    Baxter, Douglas
    Ecke, Frauke
    Österlund, Helene
    Öhlander, Björn
    Temporal isotopic variations of dissolved silicon in a pristine boreal river2010In: Chemical Geology, ISSN 0009-2541, E-ISSN 1872-6836, Vol. 271, no 3-4, p. 142-152Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It has previously been concluded that the stable Si isotopes are fractionated during geochemical and biogeochemical elemental transfers, such as weathering and precipitation of clays and biogenic Si, which has opened up the possibility of using Si as a tracer in natural terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, quantification of the biogenic impact on the biogeochemical Si cycle has attracted significant scientific interest since biological control has been suggested. Previous observations of seasonal variations in the dissolved Si isotopic pattern further imply that high-frequency riverine sampling during main hydrological events might provide important information about natural processes governing the fluvial biogeochemical Si cycle.Therefore, temporal variations in the isotopic composition of riverine dissolved Si were investigated for the Kalix River, Northern Sweden, the largest pristine river system in Europe, based on high-frequency sampling during a period of 25 weeks from early April to early October 2006. Temporal variations spanning 0.4‰ for δ29Si and 0.8‰ for δ30Si of dissolved Si in the Kalix River were observed during the period, suggesting that the riverine dissolved Si input to the oceans cannot be considered to have a constant Si isotopic composition even on a short time scale.The results implicate biogeochemical Si-cycling via formation and dissolution of biogenic silica as processes significantly affecting the dissolved Si transport in boreal systems during April to early October. The Si budget in the river system appeared to be controlled by relative Si enrichment during high discharge events and relative Si depletions in the subarctic mountainous and lake dominated areas. The Si enrichments and depletions were accompanied by decreasing and increasing riverine δ29Si and δ30Si, respectively. These isotope variations can be explained by release of plant derived silica, depleted in heavier Si isotopes, during the spring snowmelt. Further, increased volumetric contribution from the headwater and losses of dissolved Si due to biogenic silica formation by diatoms in the subarctic lakes at a later period are expected to be responsible for the preferential losses of lighter isotopes, as further verified by land cover analysis

  • 11.
    Engström, Emma
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering. ALS Scandinavis AB, Luleå, Sweden.
    Rodushkin, Ilya
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering. ALS Scandinavis AB, Luleå, Sweden.
    Ingri, Johan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Baxter, Douglas
    ALS Scandinavis AB, Luleå, Sweden.
    Ecke, Frauke
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering. ALS Scandinavis AB, Luleå, Sweden.
    Öhlander, Björn
    Temporal isotopic variations of dissolved silicon in a pristine boreal river2009In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, ISSN 0016-7037, E-ISSN 1872-9533, Vol. 73, no 13, Suppl. S, p. A333-Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Interest in quantifying the biogenic impact on the terrestrial biogeochemical Si cycle has increased significantly since biological control has been suggested. Previous observations of isotopic fractionation of Si during biogeochemical and geochemical processes imply that seasonal dissolved Si isotopic patterns in rivers have the potential for use in extracting information about the riverineand terrestrial biogeochemical Si cycles.Therefore, variations in the isotopic composition of dissolved riverine Si were investigated for the Kalix River, Northern Sweden, one of the largest pristine rivers in Europe, based on high-frequency sampling during a period of 25 weeks from early April to early October 2006. Temporal variations spanning 0.4. for δ29Si and 0.8. for δ30Si of dissolved Si in the Kalix River were observed during the period, suggesting that the riverine Si input to the oceans cannot be considered to have a constant Si isotopic composition even on a short time scale. The results implicate biogeochemical Si-cycling via formation and dissolution of biogenic silica as major processes controlling the Si transport in boreal systems. The Si budget in the river system appeared to be controlled by relative Si accretions during high discharge events and relative Si depletions in the subarctic mountainous and lake dominated areas. There were also temporal variations in Si isotopic composition with accretion (relative Si contribution), accompanied by depletion of the heavier Si isotopes, while the opposite trend was observed during periods of riverine Si depletion. These isotope variations can be explained by release of plant derived silica, depleted in heavier Si isotopes, during the spring snowmelt. Further, increased volumetric contribution from the headwater and losses of Si due to biogenic silica formation by diatoms in the subarctic lakes at a later period are expected to be responsible for the preferential losses of lighter isotopes. These conclusions are further verified by land cover analysis.

  • 12.
    Flanagan, Kelsey
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordqvist, Kerstin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Contamination of Urban Stormwater Pond Sediments: A Study of 259 Legacy and Contemporary Organic Substances2021In: Environmental Science and Technology, ISSN 0013-936X, E-ISSN 1520-5851, Vol. 55, no 5, p. 3009-3020Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Stormwater ponds improve water quality by facilitating the sedimentation of particles and particulate contaminants from urban runoff. Over time, this function entails the accumulation of contaminated sediments, which must be removed periodically to maintain a pond’s hydraulic and treatment capacity. In this study, sediments from 17 stormwater sedimentation facilities from four Swedish municipalities were analyzed for 259 organic substances likely to be found in the urban environment. A total of 92 substances were detected in at least one sample, while as many as 52 substances were detected in a single sample. A typical profile of urban contamination was identified, including polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organotins, aliphatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, aldehydes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated substances, and alkylphenols. However, levels of contamination varied greatly between ponds, influenced heavily by the dilution of urban pollutants and wear particles from other sources of particles such as eroded soil, sand, or natural organic matter. For 22 of 32 samples, the observed concentrations of at least one organic substance exceeded the regulatory threshold values derived from toxicity data for both sediment and soil.

  • 13.
    Furén, Robert
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water. NCC Sverige AB, Department of Research and Innovation, Herrjärva Torg 4, 17080 Solna, Sweden.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Winston, Ryan J.
    Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University, Agricultural Engineering Building AE, Building 298, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, USA.
    Tirpak, R. Andrew
    Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University, Agricultural Engineering Building AE, Building 298, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH, USA.
    Dorsey, Jay D.
    Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University, Agricultural Engineering Building AE, Building 298, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH, USA.
    Smith, Joseph
    Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University, Agricultural Engineering Building AE, Building 298, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH, USA.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Concentration, distribution, and fractionation of metals in the filter material of 29 bioretention facilities: a field study2023In: Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, ISSN 2053-1400, E-ISSN 2053-1419, Vol. 9, no 12, p. 3158-3173Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Pollutant loads stemming from anthropogenic activities conveyed in urban stormwater runoff contribute to the impairment of downstream water bodies. Cities and municipalities are increasingly turning toward green infrastructure stormwater control measures to treat pollutants at the source of runoff. One example of these technologies is bioretention, which is commonly applied for stormwater treatment in urban areas due to its demonstrated effectiveness in removing various pollutants from water, including sediment, nutrients (e.g., N and P), and metals. As metals are mainly removed by filtration or adsorption to soil particles, the filter media is important for metal removal in bioretention. However, the capacity to remove metals through adsorption by bioretention media is finite; thus, the media may need to be replaced and disposed of after maintenance or at the end of its operational lifespan. Pollutant accumulation in bioretention media has the potential to approach toxicity thresholds, which may introduce complexities for safe handling and disposal. To fully capture the potential challenges associated with metals accumulation in media over time, it is important to understand the accumulation processes and mobility of metals in bioretention facilities as they age. Although several studies have investigated metal accumulation and distribution in bioretention media, few have assessed metal mobility by fractionation using sequential extraction methods in older (i.e., >7 years) facilities. In November 2019, we conducted a comprehensive field study of older facilities in Ohio, Michigan, and Kentucky (USA) to improve the understanding of the accumulation processes and metal mobility in bioretention. In this study, concentrations of several metals (i.e., Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed in samples of filter material from 29 bioretention sites in operation for 7–16 years. Except for Cd, all metals were found in all samples. Metals accumulation was clear with highest concentrations found in the top (0–5 cm) layer of the filter material, attributable to the filtration of particles percolating through the media profile. Lower concentrations were observed in deeper (i.e., >10 cm) layers of the bioretention media. The fractionation showed that the metals of interest were present at high levels with a risk of leaching over time, among which Cd, Zn, and Pb were suggested to be mobile from the filter material during precipitation. Thus, there is a potential risk of leakage from filter material or sediment removed from biofilters, e.g., during maintenance and disposal. The results of principal component analysis indicated specifically correlations between metal concentrations and the filter material soil texture including the organic matter content. These results contribute to improved design and operation and suggest regular maintenance to reduce long-term risks associated with the accumulation of metals in bioretention and similar urban stormwater treatment facilities. Since most metals are trapped in the top layer of the filter it may be enough to remove only the top layer. However, metal fractionation should be considered when handling the material.

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  • 14.
    Galfi, Helen
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Estimation of Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Stormwater by Multiple Regression Modelling and Microbial Partitioning to Solids2019In: New Trends in Urban Drainage Modelling: New Trends in Urban Drainage Modelling, 2019, p. 830-835Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Concerns about the contamination of sources of drinking water by stormwater motivated a sanitary survey of several urban catchments in the City of Östersund (Northern Sweden). A data subset from these surveys, comprising of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations (E. coli and enterococci), measured for six storm events in three catchments, was used for investigating the feasibility of developing a FIB estimation procedure for the studied catchments by two approaches: (a) Multiple regression models, and (b) microbial partitioning to solids. In regressions, five explanatory variables (associated constituents) were derived from the literature and measured data: stormwater temperature and flow rate, and measurements of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP) and electric conductivity (EC). The obtained regression models were satisfactory for enterococci (regression of modelled FIBs on measured FIB was described by R2 = 0.7), but less acceptable for E. coli (R2 = 0.2). Microbial partitioning to stormwater solids from gully pots was found infeasible; the sediment sampled contained very low FIB counts. Hence, the former method is recommended for further refinement and applications.

  • 15.
    Galfi, Helen
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Indicator bacteria and associated water quality constituents in stormwater and snowmelt from four urban catchments2016In: Journal of Hydrology, ISSN 0022-1694, E-ISSN 1879-2707, Vol. 539, p. 125-140Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    SummaryFour indicator bacteria were measured in association with physico-chemical constituents and selected inorganics during rainfall, baseflow and snowmelt periods in storm sewers of four urban catchments in a northern Swedish city. The variation patterns of coliforms, E. coli, enterococci and C. perfringens concentrations were assessed in manually collected grab samples together with those of phosphorus, nitrogen, solids, and readings of pH, turbidity, water conductivity, temperature and flow rates to examine whether these constituents with variation patterns similar to those of indicator bacteria, and to exclude the constituents with less similarity. In the reduced data set, the similarities were quantified by the clustering correlation analysis. Finally, the positive/negative relationships found between indicator bacteria and the identified associated constituent groups were described by multilinear regressions. In the order of decreasing concentrations, coliforms, E. coli and enterococci were found in the highest mean concentrations during both rainfall and snowmelt generated runoff. Compared to dry weather baseflow, concentrations of these three indicators in stormwater were 10 (snowmelt runoff) to 102 (rain runoff) times higher. C. perfringens mean concentrations were practically constant regardless of the season and catchment. The type and number of variables associated with bacteria depended on the degree of catchment development and the inherent complexity of bacteria sources. The list of variables associated with bacteria included the flow rate, solids with associated inorganics (Fe and Al) and phosphorus, indicating similar sources of constituents regardless of the season. On the other hand, bacteria were associated with water temperature only during rain periods, and somewhat important associations of bacteria with nitrogen and pH were found during the periods of snowmelt. Most of the associated constituents were positively correlated with bacteria responses, but conductivity, with two associated inorganics (Si and Sr), was mostly negatively correlated in all the catchments. Although the study findings do not indicate any distinct surrogates to indicator bacteria, the inclusion of the above identified constituents (flow rate, solids and total phosphorus for all seasons, water temperature for rainfall runoff, and total nitrogen and pH for snowmelt only) in sanitary surveys of northern climate urban catchments would provide additional insight into indicator bacteria sources and their modelling.

  • 16.
    Galfi, Helen
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Mineral and Anthropogenic Indicator Inorganics in Urban Stormwater and Snowmelt Runoff: Sources and Mobility Patterns2017In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, E-ISSN 1573-2932, Vol. 228, no 7, article id 263Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Inorganic chemicals in urban stormwater and snowmelt runoff originate from catchment geology and anthropogenic activities. The occurrence, partitioning and mobility of six minerals and six trace metal (TM) indicators of anthropogenic activities were studied in stormwater, snowmelt and baseflow in four urban catchments, and the sampling of inorganics was supplemented by measurements of electrical conductivity (EC), pH and total suspended solids (TSSs). Minerals occurred at concentrations several orders of magnitude higher (1–102 mg/L) than those of TMs (10−2–102 μg/L) and reflected the composition of local groundwater seeping into sewers. Concentrations of Ca, K, Mg and Na were enhanced by baseflow contributions and followed closely the electrical conductivity. Al and Fe minerals occurred in insoluble forms, and their pollutographs were similar to those of TMs, whose concentrations mimicked, to some extent, the flux of TSS. The TMs with the highest and lowest particulate fractions were Cr&Pb and Cu&Zn, respectively. The concentrations of total TMs in snowmelt were two to four times higher than those in stormwater, and both sources likely exceeded some of the stormwater effluent limits (for Cd, Cu and Zn) proposed in Sweden. Where such concentrations depended on water hardness, the risk of toxicity might be reduced by elevated hardness of the monitored snowmelt and stormwater. Recognizing the good ecological status of the study area receiving water, Lake Storsjön, some protection against polluted runoff and snowmelt may be needed and could be achieved by implementing stormwater management measures controlling TSS and TMs.

  • 17.
    Gavric, Snezana
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Flanagan, Kelsey
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Facilitating maintenance of stormwater ponds: comparison of analytical methods for determination of metal pollution2022In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 29, no 49, p. 74877-74893Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Stormwater ponds are widely used for controlling runoff quality through the sedimentation of particles and associated pollutants. Their maintenance requires regular removal and disposal of accumulated material. This necessitates an assessment of material hazardousness, including potential hazard due to its contamination by metals. Here we analyze 32 stormwater pond sediment samples from 17 facilities using several chemical analysis methods (total extraction, sequential extraction, diffusive gradients in thin-films DGT, and pore water extraction) in order to consider the complementarity and comparability of the different approaches. No clear relationship was found between analyses that have the potential to measure similar metal fractions (DGT and either fraction 1 of the sequential extraction (adsorbed and exchangeable metals and carbonates) or pore water concentrations). Loss on ignition (LOI) had a significant positive correlation with an indicator of the environmental risk developed in this paper (∑ranks) that incorporates different metals, speciations, and environmental endpoints. Large variations in metal levels were observed between ponds. As clustering was limited between the different analyses, a comprehensive analysis of different parameters is still needed to fully understand metal speciation and bioavailability.

  • 18.
    Gavric, Snezana
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Larm, Thomas
    StormTac corporation, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Wahlsten, Anna
    StormTac corporation, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Measurement and conceptual modelling of retention of metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) in soils of three grass swales2019In: Journal of Hydrology, ISSN 0022-1694, E-ISSN 1879-2707, Vol. 574, p. 1053-1061Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Grass swales are important elements of the urban green infrastructure that convey and attenuate urban runoff and improve its quality mostly through stormwater infiltration into, and retention of conveyed pollutants by, swale soils. The retention of metals by grass swales was addressed in this study investigating the enrichment of swale soils by three common traffic-related metals: Cu, Pb and Zn. Three swales of various characteristics (L1, L2, L3) were selected for study and their soils were sampled by coring the top 30 cm and dividing the cores into 5 cm thick layers. Cumulative metal burdens were compared to those modelled by the proprietary StormTac Web model, which estimates annual loads of specific constituents for the given land uses and stormwater treatment. The comparisons of measured (MBm) and simulated (MBs) metal burdens retained by swales showed that the measured values exceed the simulated ones, as described by average ratios MBs/MBm = 0.64, 0.50 and 0.59, for swales L1, L2 and L3, respectively. The measured burdens were calculated after subtracting the native soil metal concentrations, assumed equal to those found in the deepest sampled layer, 25–30 cm below the surface. The results suggest the feasibility of assessing performance of grass swales by modelling metal (Cu, Pb, Zn) retention by swales, however for older facilities considered for rehabilitation, the simulated results should be supplemented by soil chemistry sampling.

  • 19.
    Gavric, Snezana
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Larm, Thomas
    StormTac AB, Stockholm.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Wahlsten, Anna
    StormTac AB, Stockholm.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Measurement and Planning–Level Modelling of Retention of Trace Metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) in Soils of Three Urban Drainage Grass Swales2019In: New Trends in Urban Drainage Modelling: UDM 2018 / [ed] Giorgio Mannina, Cham: Springer, 2019, p. 85-90Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Grass swales are important elements of urban green infrastructure that convey, attenuate and improve the quality of urban runoff mostly through stormwater infiltration into and retention of conveyed pollutants by swale soils. Such processes were addressed in this study, investigating the enrichment of swale soils by ubiquitous urban trace metals, Cu, Pb and Zn. Three swales were selected for study in the City of Lulea (Northern Sweden) and their soils were sampled by coring. Sample cores covered soil depths up to 30 cm, but only the results from the top 5 cm layer characterized by 9–15 samples in each swale are discussed here. After estimating metal mass in this layer in individual swales, such burdens were compared to those modelled by the proprietary StormTac Web model, which estimates annual loads of specific constituents for given land uses and is supported by an extensive database referenced to Swedish environmental conditions. The annual loads modelled for individual swales were multiplied by the swale age to obtain long–term inputs of the trace metals. A good agreement between the measured and modelled loads in soils was obtained and characterized by the ratio Lmod/Lmeas, with an average value of 0.96 and standard deviation of 0.55. Such results suggest the feasibility of assessing the long–term performance of grass swales by modelling trace metal (Cu, Pb, Zn) inputs into swales, estimating the metal loads retained in soils by sampling and analyses, and taking the difference (Lin − Lret) as the exported load.

  • 20.
    Gavrić, Snežana
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Flanagan, Kelsey
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Wei, Haoyu
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Lundy, Lian
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Accumulation and contamination of gully pot sediments from varied land-use types: metal loads, concentrations and speciation2023In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 30, p. 109825-109840Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Urban stormwater typically enters sewer networks through gully pots, which allow a primary sedimentation of solids upstream of the piped network. The regular removal and disposal of retained sediment are necessary, costly and can involve environmental risks due to the contamination of sediments with substances from the urban environment such as metals. The concentrations and speciation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were analysed in sediments from 26 gully pots located in different land use areas in Stockholm, Sweden. In addition, accumulation rates of both sediment and metal masses were evaluated, providing a basis for optimising maintenance practices and better understanding of impacts of characteristic urban land use types. Metal concentrations varied by at most a factor of eight between samples and were always below Swedish polluted site guidelines for less sensitive land use, with only eight samples exceeding the guideline values for Cu and Zn for sensitive land use. Sequential extraction showed Pb and Zn to be the most mobile metals. Sediment accumulation rates varied from 0.003 to 0.197 kg/m2 impermeable surface/year. Metal accumulation rates were much more variable than metal concentrations, with a factor of up to 172 between the highest and lowest rates and the highest metal accumulation rates corresponding to the lower range of mass loads in road runoff. Differences in metal concentrations, sediment or metal mass accumulations could not be solely attributed to either traffic or catchment land use. In contrast, traction grit used for winter road maintenance, which has low (but detectable) metal concentrations, is identified as a major component of gully pot sediments, with a combined effect of both moderating metal concentrations and contributing to total mass.

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  • 21.
    Gavrić, Snežana
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Leonhardt, Günther
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Metal enrichment of soils in three urban drainage grass swales used for seasonal snow storage2021In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 760, article id 144136Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Enrichment of soils in three urban drainage swales by metals associated with traffic sources was investigated in a cool temperate climate with seasonal snow. Such swales differed from those not exposed to snow by receiving additional pollutant loads from winter road maintenance involving applications of salt and grit, use of studded tires, and storage and melting of polluted snow cleared from trafficked areas into swales. Among the swales studied, swale L2 in the downtown was the oldest (built around 1960), drained runoff from a road with the highest traffic intensity, and exhibited the highest mean concentrations of most of the metals studied (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni, Co, V, Ti, and W). In the case of Pb, this exceedance was about an order of magnitude: 71 mg/kg DW in L2, compared to about ~8 mg/kg DW in L1 and L3, both built in 1979. Among the metals originating from local geology, barium (Ba) was found in the swales and the grit material at high concentrations of ~650 mg/kg DW and 700–1000 mg/kg DW, respectively. Such concentrations exceeded the Swedish EPA guideline limits of 300 mg/kg DW for less sensitive soil use. The sequential extraction analysis of samples from swale L2 indicated that Ba was mostly in the immobile residual fraction (90%). The absence of clear decline in metal concentrations with distance from the trafficked surfaces suggested that stored snow was another source of metals partly balancing spatial distribution of metals in swale soils.

  • 22.
    Kali, Suna Ekin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Occurrence and Concentration of Pollutants from Stormwater Runoff in Receiving Water: A Case Study Fyrisån River: [Occurrence et concentration des polluants provenant des eaux de ruissellement dans les eaux réceptrices : Une étude de cas Fyrisån]2023Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated how urban stormwater runoff, known to contain various chemical substances, alters pollutant concentrations in the receiving water bodies. Samples were collected under dry and wet weather conditions at 4 sampling stations along the Fyrisån, a river that passes along the city of Uppsala, Sweden. Samples were analyzed for 80 organic substances, 19 metals (total and dissolved phase), and conventional physicochemical parameters. 19 of 80 organic substances were qualified above the limit of quantification (LOQ) in at least one sampling event. The most detected substance family was poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The concentrations of detected organic substances and metals increased in wet weather conditions. Organic substance and metal concentrations showed similar spatial variation with higher concentrations measured at sampling locations close to urbanized areas.

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  • 23.
    Lange, Katharina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Furén, Robert
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water. NCC Sverige AB, Department of Research and Innovation, Herrjärva Torg 4, 170 80, Solna, Sweden.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Winston, Ryan
    Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University, Agricultural Engineering Building AE, Building 298, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Core Faculty, Sustainability Institute, Ohio State University, 3018 Smith Lab 174 W, 18th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
    Tirpak, R. Andrew
    Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University, Agricultural Engineering Building AE, Building 298, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
    Nordqvist, Kerstin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Smith, Joseph
    Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University, Agricultural Engineering Building AE, Building 298, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
    Dorsey, Jay
    Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, Ohio State University, Agricultural Engineering Building AE, Building 298, 590 Woody Hayes Dr, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Abundance, distribution, and composition of microplastics in the filter media of nine aged stormwater bioretention systems2023In: Chemosphere, ISSN 0045-6535, E-ISSN 1879-1298, Vol. 320, article id 138103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Bioretention systems are designed for quality treatment of stormwater. Particulate contaminants are commonly treated efficiently and accumulate mainly in the surface layer of the bioretention filter material. However, concerns exist that microplastic particles may not show equal accumulation behavior as other sediment particles. So far only two field and two laboratory studies are available on the fate of microplastics in few relatively newly built bioretention systems. Therefore, this study investigated the abundance and distribution of microplastics in nine 7–12 years old stormwater bioretention systems. It was found that microplastics generally accumulate on the surface of bioretention systems. Microplastic median particle concentrations decreased significantly from the surface layer (0–5 cm) of the filter material to the 10–15 cm depth layer from 448 to 136 particles/100 g, respectively. The distance to the inlet did not significantly affect the surface accumulation of microplastic particles, suggesting modest spatial variability in microplastics accumulation in older bioretention systems. Further, this study investigated the polymer composition in bioretention systems. It was shown that PP, EVA, PS and EPDM rubber are the most abundant polymer types in bioretention systems. Also, it was found that large percentages of microplastic particles are black particles (median percentage of black particles: 39%) which were found in 28 of the 33 investigated samples. This underlines the importance of including black particles in microplastic studies on stormwater, which has been overlooked in most previous studies.

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  • 24.
    Lange, Katharina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Magnusson, Kerstin
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Treatment of microplastics in a stormwater treatment train: gross pollutant trap and bioretention system2021Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 25.
    Lange, Katharina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Metal speciation in stormwater bioretention: Removal of particulate, colloidal and truly dissolved metals2020In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 724, article id 138121Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For comprehensive estimation of the metal treatment efficiency of bioretention systems, information on metal speciation in the stormwater and the effluent is needed. However, so far, most bioretention studies only considered total metal concentrations. Despite their environmental importance, dissolved metals (defined as fractions < 0.45 μm) have only been evaluated in few studies. This study represents the first bioretention study to subdivide the <0.45 μm fraction further by filtration through a 3 kDa ultrafilter (corresponding to appr. 2–3 nm), thus enabling distinction between particulate, colloidal and truly dissolved metals. Higher bioavailability of the truly dissolved fraction has been indicated by previous research, underlining the importance of this study. Since vegetation and salt in stormwater both may be explanatory variables for metal fractionation, these have been added as factors in the utilized full factorial pilot-scale column experiment. While total metal removal was often >95%, detailed fractionation revealed that Cu and (when no salt was added) Zn removal in the <0.45 μm and <3 kDa fractions was significantly lower. Further, mean concentrations of Cu and (in one treatment) Cd in the <0.45 μm effluent fraction did not meet Swedish receiving water quality guidelines. By calculating the particulate, colloidal and truly dissolved fractions, it was shown that bioretention systems affect metal speciation of Cu and Zn. Colloidal and truly dissolved fractions were mostly prevalent in the effluent rather than the influent. Salt affected metal removal mostly negatively. Fractionation was affected by salt mainly in the influent where it increased the concentrations of Cd and Zn in the truly dissolved fraction (no effects on Cu and Pb fractions). In the effluent, Cu and Zn were only slightly affected by salt. Vegetation had mostly no significant effects on metal removal and fractionation. Further integration of detailed metal fractionation into sampling routines in bioretention research is recommended.

  • 26.
    Lange, Katharina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Occurrence and concentration of 20–100 µm sized microplastics in highway runoff and its removal in a gross pollutant trap – bioretention and sand filter treatment trainIn: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 27.
    Lange, Katharina
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Occurrence and concentration of 20–100 μm sized microplastic in highway runoff and its removal in a gross pollutant trap – Bioretention and sand filter stormwater treatment train2022In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 809, article id 151151Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microplastic pollution of stormwater can be a serious threat to the environment. Gross pollutant trap (GPT) - bioretention treatment trains have been shown previously to treat (inter alia) particulate stormwater pollutants including microplastic particles larger than 100 μm. This study was carried out to investigate whether such stormwater treatment trains also remove smaller 20 to 100 μm sized microplastic particles from highway runoff. Further, it investigates occurrence and concentration of 20 to 100 μm sized microplastic particles in highway runoff and which polymer types they can be assigned to. Volume proportional samples from nine rain events were taken from the incoming highway stormwater, from the gross pollutant trap effluent and the outflow from a bioretention system as well as a non-vegetated sand filter. The microplastic analyses were carried out using μFTIR and FTIR-ATR, which made it possible to detect particles where carbon black was present. It was found that 20 to 100 μm sized microplastic particles are abundant in highway runoff and that their concentrations are highly variable, with a median of 230 particles/L, a minimum of 42 particles/L and a maximum of 8577 particles/L. The dominant polymer types in highway stormwater were Polypropylene (PP), Ethylene Propylene Diene (EPDM) rubber and Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). The treatment train with the bioretention system treated 20 to 200 μm sized microplastic particles significantly better than the treatment train with a non-vegetated sand filter, with median effluent concentrations of 26.5 particles/L and 121 particles/L, respectively. The GPT had no significant impact on the treatment of 20 to 100 μm sized microplastic particles.

  • 28.
    Lindfors, Sarah
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Lundy, Lian
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Evaluation of measured dissolved and bio-met predicted bioavailable Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations in runoff from three urban catchments2021In: Journal of Environmental Management, ISSN 0301-4797, E-ISSN 1095-8630, Vol. 287, article id 112263Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Urban runoff is a diffuse source of pollution contributing to the poor ecological and chemical status of surface waters. Whilst the EU Priority Hazardous Substances Directive now identifies environmental quality standards for selected metals in relation to the bioavailable metal fraction the relationship between analytically determined metal size fractions transported by urban runoff and the often variably defined concept of bioavailability has not been thoroughly evaluated. This paper provides a review of the terminology used within urban runoff studies to characterise metal fractions and behaviour. Measured dissolved and truly dissolved (determined by ultrafiltration; <3000 molecular weight cutoff) Cu, Ni, and Zn concentrations are also compared to the bioavailable metal fraction (as predicted using Bio-met, a simplified biotic ligand model) in snowmelt and rainfall derived runoff samples from three urban catchments. The study shows that predicted bioavailable concentrations were significantly lower than truly dissolved concentrations for all metals and discusses current bioavailability modelling parameters in relation to rainfall and snowmelt runoff data sets. Statistical analysis of relationships between field and predicted bioavailable data sets indicate that the bioavailable fractions originate from both colloidal and truly dissolved fractions.

  • 29.
    Lindfors, Sarah
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Lundy, Lian
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Metal size distribution in rainfall and snowmelt-induced runoff from three urban catchments2020In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 743, article id 140813Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The size distribution of metals transported by urban runoff has implications for treatment type and design, predicting their mobility and evaluating their potential impact on receiving waters. There is an urgent need to better understand the distribution of metals between fractions, particularly those in the sub-dissolved fractions. As a contribution to addressing this need, this study characterises the size distribution of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, V and Zn using conventional and novel techniques. Data is presented as event mean concentrations (EMC) of a total of 18 rainfall and snowmelt events at three urban sites. For all studied metals in all events and at all sites, the contribution of the truly dissolved fraction made a greater contribution to the total concentrations than the colloidal fraction. Truly dissolved Cd and Zn concentrations contributed (on average) 26% and 28% respectively, of the total EMCs with truly dissolved Cu and Ni contributing (on average) 18%. In contrast, only 1% (V) and 3% (Cr) were identified in the truly dissolved fraction. The greatest contribution of truly dissolved Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations (relative to total concentrations) were reported during rainfall events. However, no seasonal differences were identified and differences between the sites regarding the EMCs distribution by fractions were not at a statistically significant level (p > 0.05) for any metal or event. The loads of truly dissolved and colloidal metals did not follow the patterns of particulate metal loads indicating particulates are not the main source of sub-dissolved metals. The data suggests that ultrafiltration as a treatment technique would not efficiently mitigate the risks posed by metals to receiving water ecologies.

  • 30.
    Lindfors, Sarah
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Meyn, T.
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Muthanna, T.M.
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Lundy, Lian
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water. Middlesex University, the Burroughs, Hendon, London.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Characterisation of dissolved metal fractions in urban runoff2019In: International conference: Cities, Rain & Risk: Abstract Booklet, International conference Cities, Rain and Risk , 2019, p. 58-60Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 31.
    Lindfors, Sarah
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Truly dissolved and labile Cu and Zn in urban runoff from a parking lot, an industrial area and copper and zinc roofs2017In: 14th IWA/IAHR International Conference on Urban Drainage: Conference Proceedings, 2017, Prague, 2017,, 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work two approaches were used in order to characterise the chemical speciation of Cu and Zn in urban runoff: ultrafiltration and passive sampling using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). Grab samples were taken from two catchments during snowmelt and from copper and zinc roofs during a snow-mixed-with-rain event. The results indicated that the catchment runoff composed of high amountsof particulate Cu and Zn, and that the dissolved Cu and Zn comprised of a variety of mobile and labile species. Whereas, the total Cu and Zn concentrations in roof runoff, to a great extent, composed of free ions

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  • 32.
    Lindfors, Sarah
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Lundy, Lian
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water. Middlesex University, the Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Evaluation of Truly Dissolved and Bioavailable Metal Concentrations in Snowmelt and Rainfall Runoff2019In: 10e Conférence internationale L'eau dans la ville: Programme et résumés [Urban water: Programme and abstracts], GRAIE , 2019, p. 227-227Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Environment Quality Standards (EQS) stated by the EU Water Framework Directive complemented by national EQS support the work of risk assessments of bioavailable metals in freshwater environments. In this paper, dissolved and truly dissolved (operationally defined by ultrafiltration) Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were used to predict and evaluate the bioavailable metal fraction (calculated using Bio-met) in snowmelt and rainfall runoff samples from two urban catchments. The results show that the bioavailable Cu and Zn concentrations exceed the EQSbioavailable and that there is a metal by metal variation regarding the fraction of truly dissolved metals that is also bioavailable. The results indicate that the truly dissolved metal fraction is not a suitable surrogate for the bioavailable fraction for these metals.

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  • 33.
    Lundy, Lian
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Svensk dagvattenforskning: En systematisk genomgång av forskning under perioden 2012-20212022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I denna rapport presenteras resultaten av en systematisk genomgång av svensk dagvattenforskning under tidsperioden 2012–2021. Med hjälp av definierade söktermer och kriterier gjordes ett urval på 149 artiklar för detaljerad granskning och diskussion. Syftet med genomgången var att göra en omfattande uppdatering av bredden och djupet inom svensk dagvattenforskning i en nationell och internationell kontext. De utvalda artiklarna grupperades utifrån dagvattnets väg från källa via transport och rening till recipient, och placerades sedan i en av tio kategorier (baserat på artikelns huvudinriktning). Forskningsartiklarna kopplade till respektive kategori beskrevs sedan för att ge en översikt över det aktuella kunskapstillståndet inom ett svenskt forskningssammanhang, tillsammans med identifierade luckor i forskningen. Rapporten avslutas med ett antal förslag för vidare forskning.

    När det gäller föroreningskällor är den skadliga inverkan av städernas dagvattenavrinning på de mottagande recipienternas vattenkvalitet väl etablerad i ett svenskt sammanhang. De viktigaste källorna till diffusföroreningsspridning (t.ex. trafik, industriområden) har varit föremål för avsevärd uppmärksamhet när det gäller klassiska föroreningar från städer (metaller, kolväten och partiklar). Vi vet dock mycket mindre om deras bidrag till förekomsten av ett större antal ämnen, t.ex. mikroplaster och PFAS, i stadsmiljön, eller de processer som bidrar till frigöring av föroreningar och hur dessa varierar med tiden i relation till t.ex. åldring, korrosion och klimatförändringar. Vartefter nya material introduceras i våra stadsmiljöer behöver nya ämnen identifieras och deras frigöringsmönster över tid studeras för att hantera de nuvarande riskerna och informera berörda inom stadsutveckling hur man minskar risken att bidra till framtida diffusa föroreningsbelastningar. Föroreningsspridningen från stadsmiljön till vattenrecipienterna går via direkta dagvattenutsläpp, utsläpp av behandlat/renat dagvatten eller via bräddning från kombinerade avloppsnät. Torrdeposition är en annan väg (t.ex. vindspridning och/eller uppvirvling av tidigare deponerade partiklar) men vi vet lite om dess relativa betydelse jämfört med våt deposition. Det finns en allt mer gedigen svensk databas med avseende på dagvattenkvalitet, provtaget från många olika typer av markanvändning och ytor. Endast en mindre del av forskningen behandlar den ekotoxikologiska påverkan av dagvattenutsläpp på vattenrecipienternas ekologi. Dessutom, även om det finns standardmetoder för att avgöra många etablerade föroreningar, är analytiska metoder för bedömning av t.ex. mikroplast fortfarande under utveckling, vilket innebär att jämförelser mellan studier försvåras. När det gäller att förutse föroreningskoncentrationer har flera kvantitativa modeller utökats för att koppla dagvattenflöden till kvalitetsdata. Dessa har dock oftast problem med att tillförlitligt förutse koncentrationer på andra platser än där modellen tagits fram, vilket visar att ytterligare forskning krävs. När det gäller dagvattenmängder är användning avmodeller som förutser flödesvolymer mycket mer etablerade, och den aktuella forskningen fokuserar på att minska osäkerheter och hur man ska kunna förutse avrinningsvolymer kopplade till de förutspådda klimatförändringarna.

    Det finns nu nationellt, och allt mer internationellt, erkännande av behovet att behandla och rena dagvattenfrån städer innan det når vattenrecipienterna. Eftersom rörsystem har lite – om ens något – att erbjuda när det gäller rening, finns ett ökande intresse av att använda den blå-gröna infrastrukturen (BGI) för att hantera både vattnets kvantitets- och kvalitetsmål. Termen BGI avser ett brett område av åtgärder för att kontrollera dagvattnet, från växtbäddar/biofilter till anlagda våtmarker, vilka också kan bidra till ytterligare ekosystemtjänster, t.ex. lokala minskningar av luftföroreningar, temperatur och buller. Som sådana är deras användning av potentiellt intresse för många fler intressenter än de som traditionellt är inblandadei stadsplanering, och ett viktigt forskningstema är hur man integrerar användningen av BGI i de aktuella institutionella strukturerna. Denna rapport avslutas med att identifiera ett antal kunskapsluckor och gör rekommendationer om fortsatt forskning för att både minska påverkan av städernas diffusa föroreningsspridning till vattenrecipienterna och att förbättra hållbarheten hos dagvattenhanteringen i Sverige.

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  • 34.
    Lundy, Lian
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Systematic review of urban stormwater research in Sweden (2012-2021)2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report present the findings of a systematic review of Swedish stormwater research over the time period 2012-2021. Using defined search terms and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 149 papers were shortlisted for detailed review and discussion. The aim of the review was to provide a comprehensive update on the breadth and depth of Swedish stormwater research in a national and international context. Following an initial review, short-listed papers were initially grouped using a source pathway receptor approach, and then allocated to one of ten categories (based on the paper’s main focus). The research papers associated with each topic are then described to provide an overview of the current state-of-knowledge within a Swedish research context together with identified research gaps. The report concludes with a series of recommendations for further research.

    In terms of sources, the deleterious impact of urban stormwater runoff (a term which includes snowmelt) on receiving waterbody quality is well established in a Swedish context. The key sources of diffuse pollution (e.g. traffic, industrial activities) have been the subject of considerable attention with regard to classical urban pollutants (metals, hydrocarbons and particulate matter). However, much less is understood about their contribution to the occurrence of a wider range of substances e.g. microplastics and PFAS to the urban environment or of the processes contributing to pollutant release and how these vary over time in relation to e.g. ageing, corrosion and climate change. As the diversity of materials used within urban environments increases, developing an understanding of the identity of substances and their patterns of release overtime is an increasing priority in terms of mitigating current risks as well as informing (re)development practices to avoid contributing to future diffuse pollution loads. Pathways from the urbanenvironment to receiving waters direct runoff, discharge after treatment or via combined sewer overflows. Dry deposition is a further pathway (e.g. wind dispersion and/or direct resuspension of previously settled particulate matter) but little is understood about its relative importance compared to wet deposition. There is an increasingly solid Swedish database pertaining to the quality of runoff derived from a variety of urban surfaces at sub-catchment scales. However, less is now about the ecotoxicological impact of these discharges on receiving water ecology. Further, whilst standard methods are available for the determination of many established pollutants, analytical methods for the assessment of e.g. microplastics are stillin development meaning comparison between studies is challenging. With regard to predicting pollutant concentrations, several quantitative models have been extended to link flows with quality data. However, these typically struggle to reliably predict concentrations outside of their original site of development, indicating further research is required. In terms of stormwater quantity, the use of models to predict flow volumes is much more established with current research focussed on reducing uncertainties and how to predict volumes associated with climate change predictions.

    There is now nationally, and increasingly internationally, recognition of the need to treat urban stormwater runoff before its discharge to receiving waters. As piped systems offer little – if anything – in terms of treatment, there is increasing interest in the use of the blue-green infrastructure (BGI) to manage both water quantity and quality objectives. The term BGI refers to a wide range of stormwater control measures– from rain gardens to constructed wetlands – which may also contribute to the delivery of a range of further ecosystem services e.g. local reductions in air pollution, temperature and noise. As such, their use is of potential interest to a wider range of stakeholders than those traditionally involved in urban planningand a key research theme is how to integrate the use of BGI within current institutional structures. This report concludes by identifying a series of knowledge gaps and makes recommendations for further research to both reduce the impact of urban diffuse pollution on receiving waters and enhancing the sustainability of stormwater management in Sweden.

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  • 35.
    Mattsson, Jonathan
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Mattsson, Ann E.
    Gryaab AB, Utveckling, Kvalitet och miljö, Göteborg.
    Davidsson, Fredrik
    Gryaab AB, Utveckling, Kvalitet och miljö, Göteborg.
    Hedström, Annelie
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Normalization of Wastewater Quality to Estimate Infiltration/Inflow and Mass Flows of Metals2016In: Journal of environmental engineering, ISSN 0733-9372, E-ISSN 1943-7870, Vol. 142, no 11, article id 4016050Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The quality of wastewater varies between catchments due to variation in urbanisation, sewer system properties, and pollution levels. This study was conducted to identify wastewater quality parameters that could be normalized to estimate levels of infiltration/inflow (I/I) in selected catchments and to investigate the geographic origins of metals entering sewer systems. Two sampling campaigns were conducted in the five catchments of the Gothenburg area focusing on 14 water quality parameters. Data from a reference study on domestic wastewater quality to normalize the mass flows associated with pure domestic wastewater was applied. The level of dilution due to I/I in wastewater entering Rya Wastewater Treatment Plant, estimated using Tot-N and Tot-P as indicators, provided the closest fit among the water quality parameters with results obtained by established methods for the two campaigns. The results from the study also indicated which catchments generated nondomestic wastewater with higher mass flows of specified metals.

  • 36.
    Müller, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Comparison of three explorative methods for identifying building surface materials contributing pollutants to stormwater2021In: Journal of Environmental Management, ISSN 0301-4797, E-ISSN 1095-8630, Vol. 299, article id 113574Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Runoff from building and structure surfaces may contribute to the pollution of urban stormwater and, thereby, to the degradation of the receiving water quality. Various micropollutants have been found in surface runoff from buildings in the urban environment, including metals and organic micropollutants. Effective methods for identification of such pollutants and their sources are the prerequisites for the development of control measures. In this paper, three different methods for the identification of building surface materials acting as sources of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn), nonylphenols and phthalates are presented: (i) screening of the material composition, (ii) laboratory leaching experiments with synthetic rainwater, and (iii) open-air pilot testing of material panels exposed to actual rainfall and runoff. These three methods cover a wide span of experimental aspects, including, e.g., size of material samples, resource demands, and control of influential factors. Nine materials commonly used on building and structure surfaces in the urban environment were tested: metal sheets of zinc, copper, galvanised steel, coated corrugated steel and stainless steel; and, four different roofing membranes of bitumen as well as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The experimental results indicated that all three methods were meritorious in providing some information contributing to the identification of pollutant sources. The screening of material composition for targeted pollutants is relatively quick and inexpensive, but may fail to identify minor sources of pollutants, or may identify the substances present in the material, but not released in contact with water. Laboratory leaching was generally effective in identifying sources of substances present in surface runoff, but was unsuitable for estimating the magnitude of actual concentrations in building runoff. Open-air pilot studies of material samples (exposed area = 2 m2) were thought to provide the results corresponding well to concentrations in runoff from actual building surfaces, but required relatively large financial and labour resources. Thus, the choice of the method for pollutant identification should be based on study objectives, and some benefits may be achieved using more than one method in an integrated manner; e.g., composition screening and lab or open-air leaching of targeted materials.

  • 37.
    Müller, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Comparison of three methods for identification of building surface materials as sources of stormwater pollution2021Conference paper (Refereed)
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  • 38.
    Müller, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Exploiting urban roadside snowbanks as passive samplers of organic micropollutants and metals generated by traffic2022In: Environmental Pollution, ISSN 0269-7491, E-ISSN 1873-6424, Vol. 308, article id 119723Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Stormwater and snowmelt runoff is known to contribute to the deterioration of quality of urban surface waters. Vehicular traffic is recognised as a major source of a wide range of pollutants to urban runoff, including conventional pollutants, such as suspended solids and metals, and those referred to as ‘contaminants of emerging concern’. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of selected metal(loid)s (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sb, W, Zn), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nonylphenols, octylphenols and –ethoxylates, phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) from vehicular traffic by sampling urban roadside snow at eight sites, with varying traffic intensities, and one control site without direct impacts of traffic. Our results confirmed that vehicles and traffic-related activities were the sources of octylphenols, BPA and phthalates as well as the metal(loid)s Sb and W, infrequently reported in previous studies. Among metal(loid)s, Cu, Zn and W occurred in the highest concentrations (up to 1.2 mg/L Cu, 2.4 mg/L Zn and 1.9 mg/L W), while PAHs and phthalates occurred in the highest concentrations among the trace organic pollutants (up to 540 μg/L phthalate diisononyl phthalate). Among the phthalates, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate had the highest frequency of detection (43% of the roadside samples). While BPA and octylphenols had relatively high frequencies of detection (50% for BPA and 81% for octylphenols), they were present in comparatively low concentrations (up to 0.2 μg/L BPA and 1.1 μg/L octylphenols). The control site displayed generally low concentrations of the pollutants studied, indicating that atmospheric deposition was not a significant source of the pollutants found in the roadside snow. Several of the pollutants in the roadside snow exceeded the applicable surface water and stormwater effluent guideline values. Thus, the transport of these pollutants with runoff posed risk of causing adverse effects in the receiving surface waters.

  • 39.
    Müller, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources2020In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 709, article id 136125Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Urban stormwater and snowmelt pollution contributes significantly to the deterioration of surface waters quality in many locations. Consequently, the sources of such pollution have been studied for the past 50 years, with the vehicular transportation sector and the atmospheric deposition identified early as the major pollution sources. In search for mitigation of this pollution, source controls, besides other measures, were recognised as effective pollution mitigation tools, whose successful implementation requires a good knowledge of pollution sources. Even though great research efforts have been exerted to document specific sources of urban runoff pollution, or specific groups of pollutants present in urban runoff, a comprehensive overview of all known contributing sources is still missing. This review contributes to closing this gap by compiling findings of previous research and critically synthesizing the current knowledge of various stormwater pollution sources. As the emphasis is placed on the sources, the related issues of implications for urban surface water quality and possible source controls for individual sources are touched upon just briefly, where required. The review showed that the atmospheric deposition, vehicular transportation-related activities and metallic building envelopes continue to be among the major pollution sources, which have been studied in a far greater detail than other sources. Furthermore, it was noted that because of the rapid advances in clean manufacturing and pollution control technologies, a large part of the body of data on stormwater quality available in the literature should be considered as historical data, which may no longer describe well the current conditions. Progressing historical data obsolescence, combined with continuing releases of new materials and chemicals, and, in some cases of new substances of potential concern, into the environment, suggests that the identification of important stormwater runoff/snowmelt pollution sources, and the associated pollutants, has been and will remain to be a work in progress.

  • 40.
    Müller, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordqvist, Kerstin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Building surface materials as sources of micropollutants in building runoff: A pilot study2019In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 680, p. 190-197Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Control of diffuse pollution is critical for achieving good surface water quality status. In this context, pollutant contributions from building materials have received increased attention in recent decades. This study examined the releases of metals, nonylphenols and phthalates from ten common building surface materials (installed in triplicates) into rainwater runoff from six rain events. The highest releases of metals were from copper and zinc sheets (average concentrations of 3090 μg/L Cu and 7770 μg/L Zn respectively), while other metal materials, e.g., Corten weathering steel, exhibited lower releases. PVC roofing released high concentrations of nonylphenols and phthalates (average concentrations of up to 26 μg/L nonylphenols and 455 μg/L Diisononyl phthalate, DINP) which have not been investigated in the earlier studies. Pollutant releases varied between events, likely because of weather conditions and rainfall characteristics. Study findings should be valuable for environmentally responsible applications of the existing building materials and the development of new ones, as well as the investigations and risk assessment of specific pollutants in stormwater.

  • 41.
    Müller, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordqvist, Kerstin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Lindfors, Sarah
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Organic micropollutants in stormwater runoff from three urban catchments in Sweden: [Micropolluants organiques dans les eaux de ruissellement de trois bassins versants urbains en Suède]2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Urban runoff is recognised to contribute to the deterioration of surface water quality and previous research pointed out a need to focus on organic micropollutants. This study presents measurements of stormwater quality with respect to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oil, phthalates, alkylphenols, organotin compounds (OTC), polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from three Swedish catchments (two industrial parks and one parking lot). The results showed that all the studied groups of organic micropollutants except for PFAS and PCBs were present in the stormwater. The oil levels were similar in base flow compared to runoff, while other substances had higher concentrations during runoff events compared to base flow. Among the analysed phthalates, DEHP and DINP were those that were detected in concentrations above the analytical reporting limits, of which DINP was the most abundant, with a maximum concentration of 140 μg/L. Among the OTCs, monobutyltin was the most abundant, which was detected in all samples and present in the highest concentrations (up to 270 ng/L). Regarding the different types of runoff studied (rain, snowmelt and rain on snow) no clear differences could be identified by the available body of data.

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  • 42.
    Müller, Alexandra
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordqvist, Kerstin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Releases of micropollutants from building surface materials into rainwater and snowmelt induced runoff2023In: Chemosphere, ISSN 0045-6535, E-ISSN 1879-1298, Vol. 330, article id 138730Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Building surface materials, exposed to wash-off by rainwater or snowmelt, are recognised as one of the significant urban diffuse pollution sources contributing to the impairment of stormwater quality. The pollution conveyed by roof runoff originates from two potential sources, migration of surface material constituents, or wash-off of pollutants deposited on the surface by atmospheric deposition. This study investigated the releases of metals and several groups of contaminants of emerging concern: alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, and phthalates, from commercially available materials, which are commonly used on buildings and structure surfaces in the urban environment. The materials tested included the following: metal sheets of stainless steel, copper, zinc, galvanised steel, corten steel, corrugated and coated steel, coated zinc; and bitumen-based roofing felt and shingles, as well as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from two manufacturers. The stainless steel was considered a control material serving to estimate pollutant contributions deposited on the pilot panels from the surrounding environment. Moreover, this study presents novel data on roof snowmelt induced runoff quality, not reported in the previous literature. The experimental setup consisted of 2-m2 rectangular panels mounted in triplicates of each material and placed in an open-air setting on the campus of Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. Runoff leaving the gently sloping material panels was collected during 11 rain and three snowmelt driven runoff events occurring over a five-year period. The results showed that, in general, the micropollutant concentrations and loads were lower in snowmelt than rain induced runoff, and no decreasing trend was detected in the releases of phthalates or metals during the study period. Moreover, on a yearly basis, copper sheets were estimated to release 0.6 g/m2 Cu to runoff, zinc and galvanised sheets 1.3 and 0.7 g/m2 Zn, respectively, and, PVC sheets were estimated to release up to 78 mg/m2 of diisononyl phthalate (DINP).

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  • 43.
    Nordqvist, Kerstin
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Galfi, Helen
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Westerlund, Camilla
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Measuring solid concentrations in urban stormwater and snowmelt: a new operational procedure2014In: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, ISSN 2050-7887, E-ISSN 2050-7895, Vol. 16, no 9, p. 2172-2183Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A comparative study of five methods measuring suspended sediment or solid concentrations in water–sediment mixtures indicated that, depending on the method used, broadly varying results can be obtained. For water–sediment mixtures containing sand size particles, the standard TSS method produced negatively biased results, accounting for 0 to 90% of the present solids; the negative bias directly depended on the magnitude of the sand fraction in the water–sediment mixture. The main reason for the differences between the TSS and the rest of the methods laid in the handling of samples; in the former methods, whole samples were analysed, whereas the TSS analysis was performed on sub-samples withdrawn from the water sample, the withdrawal process tending to exclude large particles. The methods using whole water–solid samples, rather than aliquots withdrawn from such samples, produced accurate estimates of solid concentrations, with a fairly good precision. Two whole-sample methods were studied in detail, a slightly modified standard SSC-B method and the newly proposed operational procedure referred to as the Multiple Filter Procedure (MFP), using three filters arranged in a series with decreasing pore sizes (25, 1.6 and 0.45 µm). Both methods assessed accurately concentrations of solids in a broad range of concentrations (200–8000 mg L−1) and particle sizes (0.063–4.0 mm). The newly introduced MFP was in good agreement with the SSC procedure, the differences between the two procedures not exceeding the standard bias defined for the SSC-B method. The precision of both SSC and MFP was generally better than ±10%. Consequently, these methods should be used when the total mass of transported solids is of interest.

  • 44.
    Sami, Mashreki
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Hedström, Annelie
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Kvarnström, Elisabeth
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Herrmann, Inga
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordqvist, Kerstin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    On-site greywater treatment systems - influent and effluent quality2023Data set
    Abstract [en]

    The dataset presented here consists of raw data on the quality of influent and effluent greywater from eight on-site greywater treatment systems situated in Södertälje municipality, Sweden. These on-site treatment systems included three types of commercially available package plants and one sand filter. The influent and effluent samples were taken as grab samples between August 2020 and December 2021 and analysed for organic material, nutrients, pathogens, anionic surfactants, salt and (for two of the eight on-site systems) microplastics. Supporting parameters, e.g. suspended solids and pH, are also included. Further, for microplastics, results from blank samples are included.

    This dataset was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the on-site greywater treatment systems and to assess the suitability of the treated water for reuse.

  • 45.
    Sami, Mashreki
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Hedström, Annelie
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Kvarnström, Elisabeth
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Herrmann, Inga
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordqvist, Kerstin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Quality of greywater from a city district before and after treatment in a green wall2023Data set
    Abstract [en]

    The dataset presented here consists of raw data on the quality of influent greywater generated from a city district with 800 PE (population equivalent) and the effluent quality of greywater after treatment using a green wall. Five natural filter materials (pumice, biochar, hemp fiber, spent coffee ground, and composted fiber soil) were used in the green wall and tested for three hydraulic loading rates (54, 108 and 216 l/m2/d). The influent and effluent samples were taken manually between November 2021 and March 2022 and were analyzed for organic material, nutrients, pathogens, anionic surfactants, salt and microplastics. Supporting parameters e.g. suspended solids and pH, are also included in the dataset. Further, for microplastics, results from blank samples are included. This dataset was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the filter materials at different hydraulic loading rates.

  • 46.
    Sami, Mashreki
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Hedström, Annelie
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordqvist, Kerstin
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Kvarnström, Elisabeth
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Herrmann, Inga
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Removal of Microplastics from Greywater Using a Green Wall Treatment System2022In: 17th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control: Conference Proceedings, 2022, p. 505-508Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A green wall with four filter media - pumice, biochar, hemp, and compost soil - was investigated with regard to the removal of microplastics from real greywater. Nine polymers were analysed using thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS). The results showed the presence of polyvinylchloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), poly-ethylene-terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polyamide (PA) in the influents and effluents. High concentration of PS (22 μg/l) and PET (73 μg/l) were observed in the influent but were removed efficiently in the green wall with effluent concentrations of <2 μg/l from all filter materials except for hemp. The effluent from one hemp replicate showed higher concentrations of PVC (58 μg/l) and PET (114 μg/l) than the influent. During the sampling period, all filter materials removed TSS, BOD and TOC by >90%.

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  • 47.
    Taneez, Mehwish
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Lundy, Lian
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Impacts of stormwater pipe materials and pipe repairs on stormwater quality: a review2023In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The water quality implications of transferring stormwater through pipes composed of concrete (new and used), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), galvanized corrugated steel (GCS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and pipes subjected to cured in place pipe (CIPP) and spray in place pipe (SIPP) trenchless repair technologies on stormwater quality are reviewed. Studies involve either the use of flowing water or an immersion experimental design, with data showing contact with pipe materials can affect stormwater quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and concentrations of minerals, metals, and organic constituents, e.g. styrene. ‘In-transport’ changes in pH (1–3 units), EC (2–3-fold), bicarbonate (3–44-fold), and calcium (2–17-fold) in stormwaters were reported following exposure to concrete pipes. Differences between the use of synthetic and field-collected stormwater were identified, e.g. turbidity levels in field-collected stormwater reduced on passage through all pipe types, compared to synthetic water where levels of turbidity on exposure to concrete and cement-based SIPP increased slightly. Transfer through PVC and HDPE pipes had minimal effects on physicochemical parameters, whereas exposure to galvanized corrugated steel pipes led to increases in EC, Zn, and Pb. Though limited data was available, the use of CIPP repairs and associated waste condensate generated during thermal curing and/or incomplete curing of resins was identified to release organic contaminants of concerns (e.g. styrene, vinylic monomers, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and benzaldehyde). The implications of findings for both future research and stakeholders with responsibility for reducing diffuse pollution loads to receiving waters are considered.

    Download full text (pdf)
    epub
  • 48.
    Taneez, Mehwish
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Heléne
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Lundy, Lian
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    An evaluation of the impact of alternative pipe materials on stormwater quality: [Évaluation de l'impact de matériaux de canalisation alternatifs sur la qualité des eaux pluviales]2023Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 49.
    Tedoldi, Damien
    et al.
    Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
    Flanagan, Kelsey
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Gavrić, Snežana
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Couvidat, Julien
    Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
    Gautier, Mathieu
    Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Chatain, Vincent
    Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
    Geochemical signature of urban stormwater sediments: a France/Sweden comparison: [Signature géochimique des sédiments de bassins pluviaux : une comparaison France/Suède]2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Detention- and infiltration-based systems for stormwater management trap runoff particles, which gradually form a sediment layer loaded with multiple contaminants. This study examines the trace metal composition of stormwater sediments, through a comparison between French and Swedish infrastructures. Composite sediment samples were collected from 18 infiltration basins in France and 17 wet ponds in Sweden, the catchments of which encompass a diversity of urban and sub-urban contexts. Zinc and copper were consistently more concentrated in sediments than the baseline levels in local soils, while this was not always the case for the other metals in Sweden. Overall, contamination levels were higher in the French sites: median Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations were respectively 154, 152, and 570 mg/kg in France, and 19, 46, and 178 mg/kg in Sweden. This difference may be due to the functioning of the devices (infiltration vs. detention), but also suggests a possible “dilution” of runoff suspended solids in the Swedish catchments. The latter may originate from crushed traction grit or eroded soil particles, as some of the least polluted Swedish ponds had a relatively high share of permeable surface in their catchments. The geochemical signature of stormwater sediments was also found to be different between the two countries, as illustrated by the different ratios between metals, indicating dissimilarities in emission sources.

  • 50.
    Tondera, Katharina
    et al.
    Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Tournebize, Julien
    Hydrosystems and Bioprocessus Research Unit, Irstea—National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture, Antony.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Österlund, Helene
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Andersson-Wikström, Alexandra
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Tanner, Chris C.
    National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton.
    Emerging Contaminants: Occurrence, Treatment Efficiency and Accumulation Under Varying Flows2018In: Ecotechnologies for the Treatment of Variable Stormwater and Wastewater Flows / [ed] Katharina Tondera, Godecke-Tobias Blecken, Florent Chazarenc, Chris C. Tanner, Cham: Springer, 2018, p. 93-109Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Emerging contaminants became a major topic in water treatment when laboratory detection methods for concentrations at a nanogram-scale improved approximately two decades ago. Research on using ecotechnologies to remove emerging contaminants in variable stormwater and wastewater flows has been conducted for more than a decade, but so far, not all removal mechanisms are well understood and only few setups have been investigated. This chapter summarises the current knowledge, focussing on pesticides and emerging contaminants listed on the watch list of the European Union. However, large-scale investigations are still rare and further research will have to be conducted in this field to enable practitioners to provide recommendations for design and maintenance of treatment facilities in the field of ecotechnologies.

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