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  • 1.
    Chronéer, Diana
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Computer Science.
    Wallström, Peter
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Industrilized and sustainable construction.
    Exploring Waste and Value in a Lean Context2016In: International Journal of Business and Management, ISSN 1833-3850, E-ISSN 1833-8119, Vol. 11, no 10, p. 282-297Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to take a critical, analytical approach to the concepts of waste and value in the leanliterature and how the concepts are applied in organisations’ lean efforts and the ambiguity surrounding theconcept of value.A review of the literature of lean was undertaken with a specific focus of the definitions of waste and value. Inaddition, it is illustrated how four case companies work with waste and value within a lean context. Theliterature review revealed that there have been significantly more frequent and exhaustive discussions of wastethan of value. Waste is often related to the seven wastes, but value is rarely clearly defined. The cases show anexclusive focus on waste reduction, which we argue can result in a loss of value.This paper provides a critical review of the relationship between waste and value and some of the consequencescaused by the actions taken by companies regarding solely focusing on waste. This paper demonstrates the orderwinner and order qualifier dimensions should be regarded in the analysis of waste and value, and incorporated inthe lean toolbox. In the lean research literature there is lack of discussion of the actual value for the customer. Weargue that finding a special concept of value in the lean literature would be desirable, and elaborating on value asa specific tool in the lean toolbox, since the concept of ‘waste’ cannot replace the concept of ‘value’.

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  • 2.
    Norberg, Håkan
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Wallström, Peter
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Segerstedt, Anders
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Business Administration and Industrial Engineering.
    Tarandi, Väino
    Eurostep AB.
    Isaksson, Lennart
    Intelliwork AB.
    Outters, Nils
    NCC Construction Sverige AB.
    Byggsynkronisering2009Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Rapporten redovisar de resultat som hittills framkommit i ett ERABUILD-projekt där avsikten är att skapa industrialiserade processer för definition, utformning, byggande och fastighetsförvaltning som väsentligt kan effektivisera byggande och förvaltning av fastigheter över hela livscykeln. Målet med den svenska delen är att definiera en framtida industrialiserad byggprocess som är stödd av ett synkroniserat flöde av information, resurser, material och aktiviteter till byggplatsens olika produktionsställen. Hypotesen är att platsknutna planeringsmetoderna som Line of Balance och 4D tillsammans med en robust produktionsstyrningsmetod kan skapa arbetsscheman som kan genomföras med tillräcklig förutsägbarhet. Detta är nödvändigt för att kunna skapa bra och effektiva försörjningskedjor. Mobila verksamhetssystem är en lämplig teknologi för att kunna understödja ett sådant synkroniserat byggande. För att säkerställa en öppen tillgång till den gemensamma bygginformationsmiljön (VBE) kommer tekniken med standardiserade Web Services att testas för att koppla ihop applikationer som kan stödja ett synkroniserat byggande.I Etapp I av projektet har produktionsprocessen för en typisk byggplats kartlagts där informations- och materialflöden samt användning av gemensamma resurser nödvändiga för genomförandet av olika produktionsaktiviteter definierats för att utveckla en byggplatsanpassad logistikmodell. Applikationer och metoder för planering och styrning samt strategier och mått för byggplatsens försörjningskedjor av information, material och komponenter har identifierats. I Etapp II, har valda delar av modellen att jämförts och utvärderas mot traditionella metoder i ett pågående byggprojekt, (NCC:s projekt kvarteret Rådjuret i Luleå samt Solberga Torg). Framtagna metoder med stöd av valda applikationer har demonstreras i en avgränsad del av projektet. Idag implementeras 3D projektering i stor skala i den svenska byggbranschen. Detta har lett till bättre samordning mellan olika discipliner och mindre antal kollisioner som måste lösas på plats. I nästa steg kommer en övergång till bygginformationsmodeller att ske (BIM) där informationen kommer att integreras mellan olika aktörer och skeenden i byggprocessen. En sådant naturligt steg är att integrera projektering och produktion där stora värden kan sparas om BIM modellen kan användas för inköp, planering och genomförandet i produktionsprocessen. En demonstrationsmiljö har byggts upp med en modellserver, en BIM Collaboration Hub, för att hantera IFC-filer som definierar byggnaden och andra filtyper som används i olika affärsprocesser. De olika bygg- och installationsdelarna kan läsas in med sina versioner från CAD-system i IFC-formatet och därefter knytas till annan information som t ex krav och tidplaneaktiviteter. Arkitekturen ger en flexibel lösning där företag kan samverka med hjälp av olika överföringsmetoder - filöverföring, tjänster som anropas och inmatning via ett grafiskt användargränssnitt. Den processmodell som utvecklats i inVBE projektet och som utgör viktig del i Håkan Norbergs lic-avhandling (se referenslistan) skapar bättre förutsättningar för beredning/koordinering, synkronisering, rapportering och uppföljning av produktionen på byggarbetsplatserna. Vid projektets slutpresentation var intresset stort från flera byggföretag att prova och utvärdera det nya arbetssättet och de nya verksamhetsstödjande applikationerna. Ambitionen är därför att tillsammans med intresserat byggföretag med lämpligt byggprojekt ansöka om SBUF medel för att genom fältprov utvärdera om förväntade kvalitets- och produktivitetsförbättringar erhålls i verkligheten.

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  • 3.
    Schade, Jutta
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Wallström, Peter
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Lagerqvist, Ove
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    A comparative study of the design and construction process of energy efficient buildings in Germany and Sweden2013In: Energy Policy, ISSN 0301-4215, E-ISSN 1873-6777, Vol. 58, p. 28-37Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reducing the energy consumption of buildings is an important goal for the European Union. However, it is therefore of interest to investigate how different member states address these goals. Countries like Sweden and Germany have developed different strategies for energy conservation within the building sector. A longitudinal comparison between implemented energy conservation key policy instruments in Sweden and Germany and a survey regarding the management of energy requirements in the building process shows that:– No evidence is found that energy consumption is of great importance for producing competitive offers, either for Swedish or German clients.– The Swedish market-driven policy has not been as successful as the German regulation policy in decreasing the energy consumption of new buildings.– Building standards and regulations regarding energy performance affects how professionals are educated and the way energy requirements and demands are managed throughout the building process.In conclusion, the client's demand will govern the development of energy efficient buildings. Therefore, in order to use market-driven policies, the desired parameters must be of concern for the customer to influence the majority of building projects to be more energy efficient than is specified in national standards and regulations.

  • 4.
    Segerstedt, Anders
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Business Administration and Industrial Engineering.
    Wallström, Peter
    Prognosering med exponentiell utjämning2008In: Bättre produktivitet : tidning för PLAN och regionala produktivitetsföreningar : med plan-nytt, ISSN 1402-1145, no 2Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 5.
    Wallström, Peter
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Business Administration and Industrial Engineering.
    Evaluation of forecasting techniques and forecast errors: with focus on intermittent demand2009Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    To decide in advance the amount of resources that is required next week or next month can be both a complicated and hazardous task depending on the situation, despite the known time frame when the resources are needed. Intermittent demand, or slow-moving demand, that is when there are time periods without demand and then suddenly a time period with demand, becomes even more difficult to forecast. If the demand is underestimated it will lead to lost sales and therefore lost revenues. If the demand is overestimated, in the best case the stock is increased or in worst case, the items lie unsold until they become obsolete. The items with intermittent demand can have a value of up to 60% of the total stock value for all items.This thesis addresses the topic of forecasting intermittent demand and how to measure the accuracy of the chosen forecast method or methods. Four forecasting methods are tested on almost 18 months of empirical demand data from a manufacturing company. The tested forecasting method are single exponential smoothing, Croston and two modification of the Croston method, one by Syntetos and Boylan the other by Segerstedt (modified Croston). Four start values and eight smoothing constants are tested. The methods are evaluated with different accuracy measures; variance (MSE and MAD), bias (CFE, the maximum and minimum value of CFE) and sMAPE. In addition with a new complementary measure of bias; Periods in Stock (PIS), PIS considers the time aspect, when the forecast error occurred not just the error size. Also two variants of MAD and MSE are tested. To improve the evaluation of the bias measures, the percentages of demand occasions that can not be fulfilled are used. The relationship between the different errors for a certain method is examined with principal component analysis (PCA). The errors are also examined with logistic regression to find out if a certain forecasting method is favoured by certain accuracy measures. The logistic regression is based on descriptive statistics for time series plus the mean absolute change that considers the sequence of the time series as well as the variation. Ranking and error quotients between different methods are other applied methods. The results of the research both confirm and contradict earlier findings. Among the confirming research results are the bias among the different methods. Croston and Modified Croston are overestimating the demand, Syntetos and Boylan's Croston variant has a tendency to underestimate the demand. Single exponential smoothing is relatively biasfree when low smoothing constants are concerned. The contradictive results are that CFE is not a suitable measure of bias at least when the number of forecasting periods is limited. The value of CFE can indicate a nonbiased forecast when both PIS and the percentage of unmet demands indicate a biased forecast. PIS is also less sensitive to transient demand events that can distort CFE. PIS is recommended as a bias measure for limited time series, especially considering intermittent demand, along with the percentage of unmet demand. Another result is that MAD is not reliable since the method in certain circumstances favours methods that underestimate the demand.

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  • 6.
    Wallström, Peter
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Mätning och uppföljning i byggindustrin från projekt till process: med fokus på produktivitet, resurs- och materialflöden2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The construction industry today has a number of problems: lack of competition, increasing costs and poor productivity. This inefficiency results in an unnecessary use of resources, which means higher costs for the customers. Waste is also a problem. The lack of planning concerning production and materials leads to more expensive construction project than necessary. By measuring a construction project from a quantitative perspective with a higher resolution (activity level) than today, large sums of money can be saved when the learning effects and a better management are taken into account when it is possible to identify operative improvements. Operative details make a strategic difference and can give significant competitive advantages. Therefore suitable measures should be analysed, which also concerns how one should be able to collect the required information that is non-existing today. To find suitable measures a number of interviews were conducted on construction sites and comparisons with existing ways of measuring was also done.The results are that it is unclear what different measures really measures. Some measures of productivity are also influenced by market and customer experience this makes it questionable to use these measures regarding productivity. When measuring productivity the effects of quality deficiencies should affect the productivity. It can be done by the use of digital inspections where the location of the deficiency is registered and with the help of the database the activity where the deficiency occurred can be found. The measuring of material flow should be improved and one should measure the cost of the project stock and material flow on site. Costs relating to stock should be compared to the costs of failed deliveries. The Last Planner method has limitations when trying to measure material flows without distortion.The planning should be measured with measures that are not scale dependent to allow comparisons between different projects. Suggested measures are: percentage deviation from plan and absolute percentage deviation from plan.The choice between lean (including JIT) or agile should be made on an activity level when the planning is done to secure the right level of flexibility, this makes it a necessity that old data is available. By being able to measure construction projects there will be data available to simulate the outcome of future project and to use forecasting methods like exponential smoothing to forecast the probable length of activities.

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  • 7.
    Wallström, Peter
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    On Value and Waste2016Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Value and waste are concepts that are used in improvement projects. In lean the concepts are fairly simple. Reduce the waste and the value has increased. However, value is both multidimensional and differs over time. If the concepts value and waste are to be used, the concepts must be clearly defined and measured. Otherwise, value can be reduced for the customer/user and the cost increased for the producer/seller. The purpose in this thesis is to investigate how value and waste are perceived by different stakeholders, how value and waste are related, and how value and waste are measured. The focus of the study is the improvement of production and services. The study does not investigate the product/service development. The conclusions are based on a number of cases and research from different fields such as resource-based view and marketing. The study use mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. Measures of forecasting accuracy and their relations where explored with different statistical tools in order to understand the influence of measures and dimensions. The view of value concerning energy efficiency was examined in a statistical analysis of a survey concerning stakeholders’ view of a specific value, energy efficiency, as well as their influence on the value creation process. A multiple qualitative case study explores the relation between value and waste in different settings and the consequences of waste focus. The findings in the multiple case study are confirmed and elaborated further by an additional case study, both qualitative and quantitative, of value stream mapping.Value and waste are analysed with the use of order winners and qualifiers. Also, a model to clarify the consequences of mixing value creation and value exchange for customer/user and producer/seller have been defined and used in the analysis.Depending on the stakeholder there is a difference between whether value can be regarded as a use value, exchange value or both. Even if exchange value is related to a specific moment in time, use value is not. The view of value differs among stakeholders which increase the risk of sub-optimisation in production.Value and waste have multi-dimensional properties and there are links between the different dimensions. The relationships depend upon the situation in question. The lean seven types of waste are not independent dimensions. Also, the concept of waste as anti-value is too simplistic. In all cases studied the focus is on waste, not value. Also, it is often the symptoms of waste that are of interest in measures taken not the root causes. Reduction of waste without considering the value can create new waste. Since waste is a dependent variable, it should not be measured without considering value. Another complication is that value and waste often occurs at different points in time and in different settings.Single measures are sensitive to its environment. Several measures are more robust. Measures distort and influence the perception and thereby the decision of the studied phenomena. Also, the notion of value and waste becomes harder to define and trace as the resolution and detailing of the studied process increases.

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  • 8.
    Wallström, Peter
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Lu, Weizhuo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    The Interaction of Contractor’s Cost Flow with Operational Practice: A Simulation Study2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The construction companies are struggling for cost control in construction projects. This is often based on cost estimation of scheduled activities. A project may fail due to lack of cash even if it is profitable. The cash flow presents dynamic characteristic which is changing with time progress and it is influenced by the uncertainty project environment, such as supply chain variation, equipment failure and the deviation of working efficiency.At the same time, the increasing market competition forces these companies to transfer from the traditional practice to more advanced and efficient practices, such as lean or flexible production. However, to use lean or flexible production might not prove successful unless the practices are introduced in the right environment. The resources are used in a very efficient way concerning lean, but the practice demand a high degree of predictability. The opposite is true for a flexible production. The resources are not used as efficient but can then on the other hand handle variation better than lean. The research is based on the question: How does managerial operational practices and variation in production influence the cash flow? A model is proposed to simulate and forecast the cash flow considering the uncertainty project environment and selected operational practice. A case study including six scenarios (high and low variation, three operation practices) is used to illustrate the proposed model. A conclusion is that it is important to consider both managerial aspects as well as operational aspects in order to avoid sub-optimization in production. From the cash flow management perspective, the proposed model can assist the contractor to forecast the cash flow and synchronize the operational practices with project environment

  • 9.
    Wallström, Peter
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Segerstedt, Anders
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Business Administration and Industrial Engineering.
    Evaluation of forecasting error measurements and techniques for intermittent demand2010In: International Journal of Production Economics, ISSN 0925-5273, E-ISSN 1873-7579, Vol. 128, no 2, p. 625-636Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When intermittent demand is concerned the Croston forecasting technique is mostly regarded as a better choice than single exponential smoothing. These two methods, Croston and single exponential smoothing, together with two modifications of the Croston method, are discussed and evaluated with real intermittent data. The apprehended performance of a forecasting technique is dependent of the chosen measurement of forecast errors. Our main purpose is to examine and evaluate different forecasting error measurements. Traditional measurements of forecast errors are studied, Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Square Error (MSE) etc together with new suggested complementary error and bias measurements: "Periods in Stock" (PIS) and "Number of shortages" (NOS). PIS considers the time aspect of the forecast error, NOS considers the development of Cumulated Forecast Error (CFE). A complementary measure for descriptive statistics of time series is also suggested, Mean Average Change. The conclusion, through Principal Components Analysis (PCA), is that a single measure of forecast errors cannot present the total different dimensions of the errors. Complementary error measures should be used.

  • 10. Wallström, Peter
    et al.
    Segerstedt, Anders
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Business Administration and Industrial Engineering.
    Evaluation of forecasting techniques for intermittent demand2007In: 22ed European Conference on Operations Research: EURO2007, 2007Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 11.
    Wallström, Peter
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Segerstedt, Anders
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Business Administration and Industrial Engineering.
    Norberg, Håkan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Inventory and production management in construction industry: an introduction2008Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Construction Industry can and have been criticised for high waste of construction materials (plasterboards, windows, doors, toilet equipments etc, even organised thefts must be suspected); low quality (e.g. mould in new houses); very conservative management and also conservative trade unions. All this ending up and creating low efficiency. Investigations show that the Construction Industry has a lower productivity and efficiency than the ordinary manufacturing industry. We show a short overview of the administrative systems used in Construction Industry (in the Nordic countries). Traditional ERP-systems (like SAP/R3, Oracle etc) are not used in the construction processes. Planning and scheduling of a construction project is to a high extent still done without help from a computer system (compared to ordinary manufacturing companies). We present and discuss arguments why traditional ERP-systems not are used; e.g. a traditional work centre does not exist in a Construction project!? We then argue how a construction project should be notified, in what stages; and what in what stages of the project. Such that plans for purchase, supply and other necessary resources can be created; such that the "critical line" continuously can be followed, studied and overruns avoided. Necessary ingredients are prescriptions (e.g. how a wall is built from plasterboards, which is not the same but something similar to ‘routings' in traditional manufacturing); tasks (e.g. building an inner wall at a special work location); resources (people and machines with special skills that perform the different tasks); items (construction materials, a task to be performed requires resources, items and tools). For the tasks immediate predecessors must be determined. 3D-presentations are necessary and the work locations, place, are much more important and necessary than in a traditional ERP-system. Subcontractors are much more common also compared to traditional ERP-systems and a resource that must be well considered in the planning and scheduling of the construction project.

  • 12.
    Wallström, Peter
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Vennström, Anders
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Structural and Construction Engineering.
    Mätning och uppföljning av byggprojekt med fokus på produktivitet, resurs- och materialflöden2011In: PLANs Forsknings- och tillämpningskonferens 2011 – Logistik i praktisk tillämpning / [ed] Fredrik Persson; Martin Rudberg, Stockholm: Logistikföreningen Plan , 2011, p. 81-93Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Byggbranschen beskrivs ha begränsade möjligheter att utveckla av materialoch produktionsstyrningsstrategier på grund av temporära projektorganisationer och försörjningskedjor. Operativa strategier, som exempelvis val av produktionsmetod och material, kan ge betydande konkurrensfördelar. Idag mäts det emellertid inte i så stor utsträckning på aktivitets- eller processnivå där mått som ledtid och produktivitetsnivå kan bidra till utveckling. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förutsättningarna för att mäta materialflöden på byggplatsen. Avslutade och pågående byggprojekt har studerats med avseende på olika byggmaterial för att undersöka om skillnader i materialstyrning fanns. Ett problem med informationshanteringen var den bristfälliga dokumenteringen och spårbarheten, exempelvis saknades dokumentation för flera ton armering. Olika typer av mått inom organisation, tillverkande industri och byggprojekt presenteras. Dessutom presenteras ett alternativt mått, lagerperioder, som mäter tiden material ligger på byggarbetsplatsen innan inbyggnad. Datainsamling är ofta tidskrävande och fokus bör läggas på att kunna registrera tidpunkter för den operativa rapporteringen av händelser som sker kontinuerligt under ett byggprojekt framför att mäta och beräkna specifika mått. Avslutade projekt bör sparas i en databas med så låg aggregering som möjligt av projektdatan för att i efterhand kunna avgöra önskat aggregeringsnivå. Detta för att möjliggöra analyser på aktivitets- och processnivå.

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