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  • 1.
    Shiraghaee, Shahab
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Sundström, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Raisee, Mehrdad
    Hydraulic Machinery Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
    Cervantes, Michel J.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Extending the operating range of axial turbines with the protrusion of radially adjustable flat plates: An experimental investigation2024Ingår i: Renewable energy, ISSN 0960-1481, E-ISSN 1879-0682, Vol. 225, artikel-id 120232Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The implementation of hydropower to stabilize electrical grids dictates more frequent off-design operations of these renewable energy resources. Flow instabilities under such conditions reduce the efficiency of hydro turbines. Part-load operation is particularly detrimental since the development of a rotating vortical structure termed rotating vortex rope (RVR) in the draft tube leads to periodic pressure pulsations that jeopardize turbine performance. This paper experimentally explores a novel solution involving the protrusion of flat plates into the turbine draft tube. Three flat plates equally separated by 120° were vertically installed on the draft tube wall. The plates were protruded up to 83% of the draft tube local radius under four different part-load conditions. Their impact was observed through time-resolved pressure measurements in the draft tube and vaneless space, as well as efficiency measurements. The results demonstrated successful RVR mitigation, achieving a maximum 85% reduction in pressure oscillation amplitudes. Protruding flat plates disrupted RVR periodicity and coherence, confining its orbit to the draft tube center. This approach proved particularly effective at lower part-load conditions, enhancing turbine hydraulic efficiency by increasing torque extraction. Reducing the adverse effects under part load, the proposed method appears promising in extending the operational range of hydraulic turbines.

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  • 2.
    Shiraghaee, Shahab
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Sundström, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Mehrdad, Raisee
    Hydraulic Machinery Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran.
    Cervantes, Michel J.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Characterization of The Rotating Vortex Rope Pressure Oscillations in a Kaplan Model Turbine Draft Tube2023Ingår i: International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems, ISSN 1882-9554, Vol. 16, nr 2, s. 204-218Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
  • 3.
    Shiraghaee, Shahab
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Sundström, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Raisee, M
    Hydraulic Machinery Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
    Cervantes, Michel J.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    An experimental investigation on the effects of cylindrical rods in a draft tube at part load operation in down-scale turbine2022Ingår i: 31st IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems 26/06/2022 - 01/07/2022 Trondheim, Norway, Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2022, artikel-id 012007Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The present work examines the effects of the radial protrusion of four cylindrical rods at different lengths within the flow field of a down-scaled turbine draft tube under part-load operating conditions. Four rods were placed on the same plane 90 degrees apart. The protrusion length was varied from zero to approximately 90 % of the draft tube radius. Time-resolved pressure measurements were performed to quantify the effect of the rod protrusion, using two pressure sensors at the same vertical level 180 degrees apart. Such sensor configuration enabled the decomposition of the signals into rotating and plunging components of the rotating vortex rope (RVR). The results show that different levels of mitigation are achieved for the rotating and plunging components depending on the protrusion length. The effects on the plunging component differ from the ones on the rotating component. The RVR plunging pressure pulsations slightly increase with the initial rod protrusion and then significantly drop after a certain length. On the contrary, the rotating component of the pressure pulsation amplitudes immediately decreases with the onset of rod protrusion. However, an optimum length is obtained in both cases where the highest mitigation occurs before reaching the maximum protrusion. This observation falls in line with the previous investigations conducted for oscillatory rod protrusions, further approving the point that a closed-loop controller should accompany the mitigation technique to achieve optimum mitigation.

  • 4.
    Sotoudeh, Nahale
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Shirghaee, Shahab
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Andersson, L. Robin
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Sunstrom, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Raisee, M.
    School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
    Cervantes, Michel J.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    PIV Measurements in the Draft Tube of a Down-Scale Propeller Turbine: Phase-Averaged Analysis2022Ingår i: Svenska Mekanikdagar 2022 / [ed] Pär Jonsén; Lars-Göran Westerberg; Simon Larsson; Erik Olsson, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2022Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
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  • 5.
    Sotoudeh, Nahale
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Shiraghaee, Shahab
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Andersson, Robin
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Sundström, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Raisee, Mehrdad
    Hydraulic Machinery Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    PIV measurements in the draft tube of a down-scale propeller turbine: uncertainty analysis2022Ingår i: 31st IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems 26/06/2022 - 01/07/2022 Trondheim, Norway, Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2022, nr 1, artikel-id 012065Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, the flow in the conical section of the draft tube of a propeller turbine has been investigated at the best efficiency point and part-load operating conditions using 2D and stereoscopic 3D particle image velocimetry. Since the flow in the turbine is periodic, it is necessary to study the mean flow field rather than the instantaneous one to identify the flow characteristics from a statistical standpoint. However, the statistical convergence of the obtained mean velocity is questionable. Thus, the current work proposes a methodology for investigating the convergence of mean velocity profiles based on the central limit theorem. The methodology is applied to the best efficiency point and part-load results. The results show that 3D PIV results have lower uncertainty than 2D PIV results because measuring the tangential velocity component affects uncertainty, only measured in 3D PIV. The uncertainty difference is more significant, especially in part-load operation, due to the presence of the rotating vortex rope, and therefore a more accurate measurement is necessary to produce a reliable mean flow field. Furthermore, the convergence of the mean velocity profile is faster, with lower uncertainty for best efficiency point results since, at the part-load condition, the tangential velocity component of the flow is higher. In addition, the converged mean velocity profiles show a backflow region with minor rotation in the center, surrounded by a high rotational axial flow during the part-load operation of the turbine.

  • 6.
    Holmström, Henrik
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Sundström, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel J.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Vortex rope interaction with radially protruded solid bodies in an axial turbine: a numerical study2022Ingår i: 31st IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems 26/06/2022 - 01/07/2022 Trondheim, Norway, Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2022, nr 1, artikel-id 012055Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Radially protruded solid rods and their interaction with the rotating vortex rope at part load condition are investigated numerically on an axial model turbine. The commercially available software ANSYS CFX was used to perform the simulation, and the test case was the Porjus U9 Kaplan turbine model operating at a fixed runner blade angle at part load condition. Four rods, with a rod diameter equal to 15% of the runner diameter were evenly distributed in a horizontal plane in the draft tube cone and protruded to a length set to intercept the RVR in its unperturbed trajectory. It is shown that the RVR plunging (synchronous) mode is completely mitigated upstream and downstream of the protruded rods. The RVR rotating (asynchronous) mode is reduced by 47% and 63% at the two monitor positions located upstream of the protruding rods, while only a minor reduction occurs to the first RVR harmonic at the monitor positions located downstream of the protruded rods. The perturbed RVR experiences an increased angular velocity due to the flow area decrease caused by the protruding rods, thus increasing the RVR frequency by approximately 53% compared to the unperturbed value. Investigation of the swirling flow indicates a locally increased swirl in the center of the draft tube downstream of the protruded rods which could explain the reduction of the RVR pressure amplitude. The overall turbine efficiency with solid rods protruded causes a marginally efficiency reduction of 0.85%. However, as the RVR pressure pulsations are reduced significantly, a more comprehensive investigation of the rods impact on the turbine performance and life time should be performed to elucidate the suitability of using solid rod protrusion for RVR mitigation.

  • 7.
    Shiraghaee, Shahab
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Sundström, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Raisee, Mehrdad
    Hydraulic Machinery Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran .
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Mitigation of Draft Tube Pressure Pulsations by Radial Protrusion of Solid Bodies into the Flow Field: An Experimental Investigation2021Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,: 30th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems (IAHR 2020), Institute of Physics (IOP), 2021, Vol. 774, artikel-id 012004Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    An experimental investigation of frequential protrusion of four solid rods into the draft tube of a propeller turbine operating under partial discharge has been undertaken. The effectiveness of mitigating the pressure fluctuations associated with the rotating vortex rope (RVR) has been quantified using pressure measurements on the wall of the draft tube cone. Three azimuthal configurations of the phase difference between the rods, and four protrusion lengths were investigated. It is shown that the rotating component of the RVR decreases, irrespective of the azimuthal configuration and protrusion length, with imposed phase differences in the same direction as the runner rotation being the most effective, reducing the amplitude of the rotating component by a maximum of 62%. However, for each azimuthal configuration, the plunging mode of the RVR is amplified for large protrusion lengths, with the smallest amplification occurring for the case of 180 degrees phase difference between protrusions. Therefore, to quantify the most efficient configuration in mitigating the harmful effects of the RVR, an overall assessment of its effects on the entire turbine must be made before a conclusion can be drawn.

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  • 8.
    Holmström, Henrik
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Sundström, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel J.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Vortex rope mitigation with azimuthal perturbations: A numerical study2021Ingår i: 30th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems (IAHR 2020), Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2021, Vol. 774, artikel-id 012144Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A novel method to mitigate the rotating vortex rope is investigated numerically on a propeller turbine using ANSYS CFX. Pulsating momentum is injected in a horizontal plane in the diffuser cone from four evenly spaced jets. Three mitigation strategies are tested; M1 in which the momentum is injected perpendicular to the axial flow direction, M2, which exhibit a 12 degree angle against the tangential velocity in the diffuser cone, and finally M3, which exhibit the same horizontal angle as M2 but at a 15 % higher flow rate. It is shown that mitigation attempts M1, M2 and M3 decrease the amplitude of the rotating mode by 51%,96% and 97%, respectively. The amplitude of the plunging mode, on the other hand, increase for all mitigation attempts. However, the amplitude of the plunging mode of the unperturbed RVR is an order of magnitude smaller than the rotating mode, and thus, the overall amplitude of the pressure fluctuations in the diffuser decreases significantly. The more efficient mitigation using attempt M2 and M3 are explained using velocity contour in the diffuser cone, which show that the RVR is significantly reduced downstream of the injection plane in between injections, which is not the case for attempt M1.

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  • 9.
    Saemi, Simindokht
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik. School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
    Sundström, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Raisee, Mehrdad
    Hydraulic Machinery Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
    Evaluation of transient effects in the pressure-time method2019Ingår i: Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, ISSN 0955-5986, E-ISSN 1873-6998, Vol. 68, artikel-id 101581Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The pressure-time is a method for measuring the flow rate in closed conduits and is typically used in hydropower applications. The scope of the present paper is to examine the flow physics in the pressure-time method using experimental measurements and two-dimensional numerical simulations. The Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations and the low-Re k-ω SST turbulence model are employed for the simulations. The contributions of inertia, pressure gradient, viscous and turbulent shear stresses are investigated in the flow during a pressure-time measurement. It is shown that away from the wall and at the first times, the turbulent shear stress balances with the pressure gradient. By increasing the time, the inertia effect becomes dominant and balances with the pressure gradient and turbulent shear stress. Close to the wall, both viscous and turbulent shear stresses are the dominant terms which are decreasing by increasing the time. It is also shown that the prediction of the friction losses can be improved by modeling the dependence of the friction factor on the dimensionless parameter instead of the Reynolds number.

  • 10.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Saemi, Simindokht
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik. School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
    Raisee, M.
    Hydraulic Machinery Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Improved frictional modeling for the pressure-time method2019Ingår i: Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, ISSN 0955-5986, E-ISSN 1873-6998, Vol. 69, artikel-id 101604Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The pressure-time method is classified as a primary method for measuring discharge in hydraulic machinery. The uncertainty in the discharge determined using the pressure-time method is typically around ±1.5 %; however, despite dating back almost one hundred years in time, there still exists potential to reduce this uncertainty. In this paper, an improvement of the pressure-time method is suggested by implementing a novel formulation to model the frictional losses arising in the evaluation procedure. By analyzing previously obtained data from CFD, laboratory and full-scale pressure-time measurements it is shown that the new friction model improves the accuracy of the flow rate calculation by approximately 0.1–0.2% points, compared to currently utilized friction models. Despite being a small absolute improvement, the new friction model presents an important development of the pressure-time method because the relative improvement is significant.

  • 11.
    Sundström, L.R. Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik. Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
    Characteristics of the wall shear stress in pulsating wall-bounded turbulent flows2018Ingår i: Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, ISSN 0894-1777, E-ISSN 1879-2286, Vol. 96, s. 257-265Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A pulsating turbulent pipe flow has been investigated experimentally using hot-film anemometry and particle image velocimetry. Particularly, a `paradoxical phenomenon' that is known to occur for a range of forcing frequencies and time-averaged Reynolds numbers has been investigated in detail. The paradoxical phenomenon is that the oscillating component of the wall shear stress exhibits a smaller amplitude in a turbulent flow compared to in a laminar flow exposed to the same oscillation in the pressure gradient. In here, the phenomenon is explained by splitting the response of the wall shear stress into one contribution resulting from the imposed pressure gradient , and a second contribution resulting from the oscillating Reynolds shear stress, At the conditions of maximum reduction of the wall shear stress amplitude,  and  are nearly 136 degrees out of phase. The contributions are thus interfering destructively, this being the ultimate reason for the reduced amplitude. It is also shown that the level of reduction is dependent on the imposed forcing amplitude, this in turn residing from a dependence of the time-development of the oscillating Reynolds shear stress on the forcing amplitude.

  • 12.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Laminar similarities between accelerating and decelerating turbulent flows2018Ingår i: International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, ISSN 0142-727X, E-ISSN 1879-2278, Vol. 71, s. 13-26Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    An experimental study of a pipe flow ramping monotonically between two turbulent states has been undertaken. Ensemble-averaged mean and turbulent flow quantities obtained from two-component particle image velocimetry and hot-film anemometry measurements have been presented. It is shown that the initial developments of the mean and turbulence quantities in linearly as well as impulsively accelerating and decelerating flows are similar. Specifically, the mean perturbation velocity (defined as the surplus/deficit from the initial value) can be described using self-similar expressions. The duration of this initial stage, when normalized appropriately, is shown to be approximately invariant of the type of transient imposed on the bulk flow. Data from studies of linearly accelerating and decelerating flows as well as impulsively accelerating and decelerating flows have been used to validate the results, covering four orders of magnitude of the dimensionless parameter . The highest initial Reynolds number (31,000) is, however, relatively low thus requiring further studies at high Reynolds numbers to assure the universality of the results. We have also shown that the time-development of the mean and turbulent quantities between an accelerating and a decelerating flow looses their similarity as the transient proceeds beyond the initial stage. The departure was explained by the time-evolvement of the production of turbulence kinetic energy, which exhibit differences between the two types of transients.

  • 13.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik. Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    On the Similarity of Pulsating and Accelerating Turbulent Pipe Flows2018Ingår i: Flow Turbulence and Combustion, ISSN 1386-6184, E-ISSN 1573-1987, Vol. 100, nr 2, s. 417-436Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The near-wall region of an unsteady turbulent pipe flow has been investigated experimentally using hot-film anemometry and two-component particle image velocimetry. The imposed unsteadiness has been pulsating, i.e., when a non-zero mean turbulent flow is perturbed by sinusoidal oscillations, and near-uniformly accelerating in which the mean flow ramped monotonically between two turbulent states. Previous studies of accelerating flows have shown that the time evolution between the two turbulent states occurs in three stages. The first stage is associated with a minimal response of the Reynolds shear stress and the ensemble-averaged mean flow evolves essentially akin to a laminar flow undergoing the same change in flow rate. During the second stage, the turbulence responds rapidly to the new flow conditions set by the acceleration and the laminar-like behavior rapidly disappears. During the final stage, the flow adapts to the conditions set by the final Reynolds number. In here, it is shown that the time-development of the ensemble-averaged wall shear stress and turbulence during the accelerating phase of a pulsating flow bears marked similarity to the first two stages of time-development exhibited by a near-uniformly accelerating flow. The stage-like time-development is observed even for a very low forcing frequency; ω+=ων/u¯τ2=0.00073" role="presentation">ω+=ων/u¯¯¯2τ=0.00073 (or equivalently, ls+=2/ω+=52" role="presentation">l+s=2/ω+−−−−√=52), at an amplitude of pulsation of 0.5. Some previous studies have considered the flow to be quasi-steady at ls+=52" role="presentation">l+s=52; however, the forcing amplitude has been smaller in those studies. The importance of the forcing amplitude is reinforced by the time-development of the ensemble-averaged turbulence field. For, the near-wall response of the Reynolds stresses showed a dependence on the amplitude of pulsation. Thus, it appears to exist a need to seek alternative similarity parameters, taking the amplitude of pulsation into account, if the response of different flow quantities in a pulsating flow are to be classified correctly.

  • 14.
    Sundström, Joel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Studies of Transient and Pulsating flows with application to Hydropower2018Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    The rotational motion of a hydraulic turbine runner makes pulsating flows ubiquitous in different locations of the machine. The cyclic loading thus induced may generate large pressure forces acting periodically on both stationary and rotating parts. In addition to the presence of pulsating flows in a turbine runner, transient flows are encountered at an increasingly higher rate due to the continual installation of intermittent sources of renewable energy, such as wind and solar power. To mitigate the imbalance that these unpredictable sources induce on the frequency of the electrical grid, hydropower turbines are enforced to regulate their power production, and consequently flow rate, thus leaving them to operate under transient conditions. In terms of wear and fatigue, a startup or shutdown of a hydraulic turbine corresponds to 10-20 hours of steady state operation at the design point. Transient operation of a hydraulic machine can, however, also be used in favour for measuring the discharge through the turbine using the pressure-time method. A better understanding of pulsating and transient flows thus has the potential both to mitigate problems associated with them, and to increase the accuracy with which the turbine flow rate can be measured; two great merits for the hydropower community. In light of this observation, the following work constitutes a fundamental investigation of transient and pulsating flows performed in a straight pipe.Studies have been performed experimentally using particle image velocimetry, hot-film anemometry, laser Doppler velocimetry and pressure sensors.

    A chief finding is that the time-development of the wall shear stress and near-wall turbulence fields exhibit significant similarity between transient and pulsating flows, despite the different conditions of the mean flow. Whereas the former is initiated from a statistically steady state, the latter is constantly subjected to a time-varying forcing. Both types of unsteady flows have previously been investigated in detail; however, any potential similarity between them has, largely, been unexplored. An important implication of this finding, then, is that knowledge acquired in one type of unsteady flow can be used, if not interchangeably, at least as a guidance for the expected behaviour in the other type of flow. An example is the development of unsteady turbulence models. Another important finding is that the frictional losses arising during the late stage of a pressure-time flow rate measurement can be accurately modelled using an analytical laminar formulation of the wall shear stress, despite the bulk of the flow being turbulent. The formulation of the wall shear stress has potential to be further improved by incorporating a damping-function.

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  • 15.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    The self-similarity of wall-bounded temporally accelerating turbulent flows2018Ingår i: Journal of turbulence, ISSN 1468-5248, E-ISSN 1468-5248, Vol. 19, nr 1, s. 49-60Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    From the study of viscous flow it is known that certain time-dependent laminar problems, such as the impulsively started flat plate and the diffusion of a vortex sheet, possess self-similar solutions. Previous studies of turbulent channel and pipe flows accelerating between two steady states have shown that the flow field evolves in three distinct stages. Furthermore, recent direct numerical simulations have shown that the perturbation velocity, i.e. the surplus velocity from the initial value, in an impulsively accelerating turbulent channel and pipe flow also possesses a self-similar distribution during the initial stage. In here, these results are developed analytically and it is shown that accelerating flows in which the centreline velocity develops as Uc(t) = U0(t/t0)m will possess a self-similar velocity distribution during the initial stage. The displacement thickness of the perturbation velocity is shown to be dependent only on the type of acceleration, and not on the initial Reynolds number, the acceleration rate or the change in Reynolds number. The derived formulas are verified with good agreement against measurements performed in a linearly accelerating turbulent pipe flow and with data from channel flow simulations.

  • 16.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    The response of the wall shear stress in uniformly and nonuniformly accelerating pipe flows2017Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Wall shear stress measurements in an accelerating turbulent pipe flow have been performed. Four different imposed accelerations have been studied including one uniform and three nonuniform ones. The initial-to-final Reynolds numbers as well as the acceleration time were approximately the same for each case, thereby isolating the effect of the type of acceleration. Data have been taken using hot-film anemometry, and it has been established that the time-development for each case is qualitatively similar, although there are significant quantitative differences between each case. The previously established view that the time-development of an accelerating flow resemble a laminar-to-turbulent bypass transition is confirmed. An explanation for the transitional behavior is sought through the Poisson equation describing the pressure fluctuations. It is postulated that the fast pressure induces asymmetries in the time-development of the wall-normal velocity fluctuations thereby leading to a route to transition. Due to lack of data, however, the proposed explanation cannot be confirmed or rejected, for that, further experimental as well as numerical studies have to be performed

  • 17.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
    Transient wall shear stress measurements and estimates at high Reynolds numbers2017Ingår i: Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, ISSN 0955-5986, E-ISSN 1873-6998, Vol. 58, s. 112-119Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Transient wall shear stress measurements using hot-film anemometry have been performed in a large-scale laboratory setup at high Reynolds numbers. Starting from Reynolds numbers 1.7×1061.7×106 and 0.7×1060.7×106, the flow was brought to a complete rest by closing a knife gate thus replicating a pressure-time (also know as Gibson) flow rate measurement in a hydropower plant. Ensemble-averaged mean wall shear stresses obtained from 22 repeated runs have been compared with estimates obtained using the pressure-time method. The objective of the work has been to assess the accuracy of the frictional formulation entering the pressure-time integral. It is shown that both the standard method, a quasi-steady approach as well as the recently introduced unsteady method all reproduce the measured wall shear stresses quantitatively during most of the transient. The last phase, following the complete closure of the gate, which is characterized by a slow decay towards zero shear stress at the wall is, however, not captured by the available methods. In general, the unsteady formulation produces the smallest flow rate estimation error, which in turn, implies the best modeling of the frictional losses.

  • 18.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Mulu, Berhanu
    Vattenfall Research and Development, Älvkarleby.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Wall friction and velocity measurements in a double-frequency pulsating turbulent flow2016Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 788, s. 521-548Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Wall shear stress measurements employing a hot-film sensor along with laser Doppler velocimetry measurements of the axial and tangential velocity and turbulence profiles in a pulsating turbulent pipe flow are presented. Time-mean and phase-averaged results are derived from measurements performed at pulsation frequencies ω+ = ων/u¯τ 2 over the range of 0.003-0.03, covering the low-frequency, intermediate and quasi-laminar regimes. In addition to the base case of a single pulsation imposed on the mean flow, the study also investigates the flow response when two pulsations are superimposed simultaneously. The measurements from the base case show that, when the pulsation belongs to the quasi-laminar regime, the oscillating flow tends towards a laminar state in which the velocity approaches the purely viscous Stokes solution with a low level of turbulence. For ω+ < 0.006, the oscillating flow is turbulent and exhibits a region with a logarithmic velocity distribution and a collapse of the turbulence intensities, similar to the time-averaged counterparts. In the low-frequency regime, the oscillating wall shear stress is shown to be directly proportional to the Stokes length normalized in wall units ls + (=√2/ω+), as predicted by quasi-steady theory. The base case measurements are used as a reference when evaluating the data from the double-frequency case and the oscillating quantities are shown to be close to superpositions from the base case. The previously established view that the time-averaged quantities are unaffected by the imposition of small-amplitude pulsed unsteadiness is shown to hold also when two pulsations are superposed on the mean flow

  • 19.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Amiri, Kaveh
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Bergan, Carl
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Dahlhaug, Ole Gunnar
    Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Water Power Laboratory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim.
    LDA measurements in the Francis-99 draft tube cone2014Ingår i: 27th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, IAHR:: Montreal, Canada, 22-26 September 2014, IOP Publishing Ltd , 2014, artikel-id 22012Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Velocity measurements were performed in the draft tube cone of a 1:5.1 scaled model of the Tokke hydropower plant, Norway; also known as the Francis-99 model. Results from the laser Doppler anemometry measurements undertaken at three operating points will be used as validation data for an upcoming workshop on the state of the art of Francis turbine numerical simulation. With the turbine operating at the best efficiency point, a sensitivity analysis of the flow parameters head, flow rate and runner rotational speed shows that the effects on the dimensionless velocity profiles are small as long as nED and QED are held constant. The results indicate a well-functioning turbine at the best efficiency point and high load. At the part load operating point, a vortex breakdown occurs which distorts the velocity profiles and significantly lowers the turbine’s hydraulic efficiency. Frequency spectrums of each LDA signal at part load reveals a peak which is asynchronous to that of the runner angular speed. The peaks might be related to the precession of a rotating vortex rope but the characteristics of the LDA signals are different compared to previous studies involving rotating vortex ropes.

  • 20.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Mulu, Berhanu
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Wall friction and velocity measurements in multiple frequencies pulsating flow2014Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Turbulent pulsating flow in a 100 mm diameter pipe has been studied experimentally at a Reynolds number of 14,500. The work covers four different flow conditions; steady, pulsating flow at oscillation frequencies 0.08 and 0.4 Hz, and pulsating flow with simultaneous imposition of both frequencies. The amplitudes of the pulsations were 10 and 7.5% of the bulk flow at 0.08 and 0.4 Hz, respectively. Laser Doppler anemometry, hot-film and pressure measurements show that the mean values of velocity, wall shear stress and pressure gradient are unaffected by the imposed pulsations. In agreement with previous studies of pulsating flow, the phase averaged pressure gradient leads both the velocity and wall shear stress when a single pulsation is imposed on the mean flow. These phase leads remain virtually unchanged when the two frequencies are imposed simultaneously. The amplitude responses of the velocity, wall shear stress and pressure gradient in the combined pulsating flow is shown to be superpositions of the amplitudes from the cases of separate pulsations. There are no signs of non-linear interactions between the harmonics.

  • 21.
    Sundström, Joel
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Cervantes, Michel
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Strömningslära och experimentell mekanik.
    Evaluation of the volumetric methods with application to low head hydraulic machines2013Ingår i: 16th International Flow Measurement Conference 2013: Flomeko 2013 ; Paris, France, September 24 - 26, Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates, Inc., 2013, s. 278-281Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The introduction of electricity certificates has increased the interest in development of flow measuring techniques to verify efficiency improvements after refurbishments in Swedish low head hydraulic machines. At Luleå Univeristy of Technology Jonsson [1] and Lövgren [2] have been working with development of the pressure-time method. The present work presents an evaluation of a flow measuring method known as the volumetric method. The method consists in running a turbine at a constant load during an extended period of time which depends upon the reservoir geometry. The flow rate through the turbine is determined from the volume change in the reservoir(s) by measuring the water level change. Through a pilot study in a full scale machine it is shown that the method reproduces reasonable results. The measured flow rate deviates by less than 3% from the value reported in the hydropower plant. The accuracy of the reported flow rate and the one measured in here is however difficult to determine and left unconsidered in this work. For future studies of the method it is recommended to more thoroughly investigate how accurately the rate of change of water level along with the reservoir area can be determined.

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