Non-oxidative acid leaching of pyrrhotite from Kevitsa’s Ni-concentrate and methods to recover by-products, have been investigated. Selective dissolution of pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS, 0<x<0.25) can enrich the content of the valuable metals, such as Ni and Co, in the final concentrate and will reduce the amount of Fe and S sent to the smelters. The pyrometallurgical smelting of leached concentrate will thus give less formation of smelter by-products in form of slag and SO2. The leaching was studied through an experimental design plan with parameter settings of 38.8% to 57.8% H2SO4 and temperatures from 60 to 100°C. The best results were obtained in experiments carried out at the lower experimental range. Leaching at 60°C with an initial acid concentration of 38.8% H2SO4 was found sufficient to selectively dissolve most of the pyrrhotite; leaving an enriched solid residue. A QEMSCAN analysis of the solid residue confirmed that most of the pyrrhotite had been dissolved and showed that pentlandite was still the main Ni-mineral. Chemical assays showed that more than 95% of the Ni, Co, and Cu remained in the final residue.
The utilized leaching process generates by-products, in the form of large quantities of Fe2+ in solution and gaseous H2S. To recover Fe2+, crystallization of iron(ii) sulfate (FeSO4∙nH2O) from leach solution through cooling have been studied. The crystallized crystals were further dehydrated into the monohydrate (FeSO4∙H2O) through a strong sulfuric acid treatment (80%H2SO4). XRD analysis confirmed that FeSO4∙H2O was the main phase in the final crystals, and a chemical analysis showed a Fe content of about 30%, 1.5% Mg, 0.4% Ca, and 0.2% Ni.
The possibility to leach the concentrate by circulating the acidic solution from the crystallization stage has been tested. The recirculation of the solution showed no negative effects, as the recoveries of elements and chemical assays of the final solid residue were found to be similar to the obtained assay when the concentrate was leached in a fresh solution.
The purpose of this study was to create understanding for how comparable sustainability reports are. The study has focused on the environmental aspect within the Swedish industry of clothing, footwear and wholesale. A content analysis has been executed, with a selection of 73 companies. After a shortfall there remained 21 companies and the study has performed 59 unique observations. The authors have developed a model to systemize the information collected in the content analysis. The study’s model focuses on four factors that affects the comparability of the sustainability reports. The four factors are guidelines, environmental indicators, measurements and absolute and relative numbers. The study emanated from the stakeholder and legitimacy theory. The theories say that companies should treat their stakeholders equally and that they should sustain a social contract with the community that creates legitimacy.
The study showed that sustainability reports have a relatively high comparability within the companies. The Companies tend to report the same environmental indicators from year to year, which contributes to the comparability within the company. The comparability between companies is slightly lower, which is due to companies reporting information that is considered relevant for their own operations. This results in differences between companies in which environmental indicators are being reported as well as which measurements are used, this affects the comparability negatively.
I förskolans uppdrag ingår det att barn med annat modersmål än svenska ska ges möjlighet att utveckla både det svenska språket och sitt modersmål. Med denna studie vill vi synliggöra de språkliga utmaningarna som pedagogerna ställs inför i en gränskommun i Sverige. Kommunen gränsar mot Finland och är i stor utsträckning tvåspråkig där majoriteten av befolkningen pratar både svenska och finska. Situationen blir på så vis unik vilket också yttrar sig i förskolan. Syftet med denna studie är att lyfta fram de utmaningar pedagoger står inför när de arbetar med språkutveckling hos flerspråkiga barn i kommunen. Studien belyser vilka svårigheter som kan uppstå när pedagoger och barn inte delar modersmål. Det är en kvalitativ studie med enkätundersökningar och intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetoder samt ett sociokulturellt perspektiv som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Studiens resultat tyder på att vissa modersmål får mer utrymme än andra och att det är en utmaning för pedagogerna att tillgodose alla olika modersmål. Resultatet visar också att det skiljer sig avdelningar emellan i hur stor utsträckning modersmålsstöd erbjuds och under vilka former. Slutligen visar resultatet att det råder en osäkerhet bland pedagoger i vilken omfattning och på vilket sätt modersmålsstödet ska utformas samt att det saknas struktur samt riktlinjer kring detta.
Sport sponsorship has grown to be an important part of the marketing communication mix for companies over the past decades and it is also an important source of income for sports entities. This thesis aims to look at sports sponsorship as marketing communication tool, regarding the issues of the objectives with the sponsorship, selection of sports entity to sponsor and effect measuring of the sponsorship.
Internet and the use of web sites has grown during the past decade to become more and more important as a marketing communication tool, in today’s rapidly changing business environment. Furthermore it is also an important source of income. This thesis aims to investigate how web sites are used as an integrated marketing communications tool regarding issues such as objectives, reaching and communicating with target audiences, what types of integrated marketing communication tools used and how to measure the effectiveness of using web sites as an integrated marketing communications tool.
The objective with the thesis was to make a comprehensive review of scientific articles and other studies on the potential of woody biomass in Sweden. Furthermore, the impact different approaches, restrictions and type of study have had on the reported outcome from the different studies have been examined. The method is based on a meta-analysis using ordinary least square (OLS) regression estimations. The theoretical framework is based on optimal harvesting rates of renewable resources and a supply and demand model of woody biomass, identifying the factors that affect the supplied amount of woody biomass. The results imply that the choice of restrictions (economical, technical, ecological and theoretical), as expected, had a large impact on the estimated potential of woody biomass. However, the result for using economical restrictions suggests an increased potential, which was unexpected. Conclusively, the thesis suggests that there is further potential to increase the utilization of woody biomass in Sweden.
In (traditional) radio there are three types of information carriers/channels speech, sound and music. The purpose of this thesis is to examine which type of information that is best suited for the channels speech and sound. This was achieved through measuring the information loss during a listening test where we used the channels speech and sound. We also took noise (auditive information which competes with the message, for example sounds that occurs while driving) into consideration and measured which media had the biggest noise tolerance.The result showed that there are differences between the channels and different types of information, generally it might be said that speech had a higher efficacy while sound was more tolerant to noise. The central point of our study is that the channels contribute with different attributes, speech is the essential information carrier whilst sound adds feeling. Our conclusion is thereby that despite the higher demands on the production that sound means, it is worth the effort.
All young persons in Sweden have to complete 9 years of basic compulsory schooling. More than 95 percent opt for an additional 2 or 3 years of upper secondary school, after which they have free access to further education. The system of adult education is designed to bridge the gaps between generations and to provide opportunities for recurrent, lifelong education. The traditionally strong position of adult education is partly tied to the large number of providers. Formal adult education comprises basic education operated by authorities through government grants and municipal adult education. Popular adult educational activities are studies at folk high schools or under the aegis of adult educational associations. Labor market training takes the form of specially organized vocational training or uses the regular educational system. Personnel education and inservice training are educational activities aimed at employees and organized on the employers' terms and at their expense in companies and national or local authorities. The government has tried to establish the necessary preconditions for adult educational activities, including adult education in all municipalities, educational financing, educational leave, studies as part of the renewal of working life, and adult education as an expression of general welfare policy
Swedish adult education can be divided into three major periods. The concept of self-education symbolizes the first period. Study circles and folk high schools provided alternative learning options for adults. The second period can be characterized by a diversified system of publicly organized adult education. Special attention was given to broadening the options for adults with short prior educaiton to study during working hours. In the third period policy decisions were taken to open up for a more flexible organization of adult education. Parliament decided to create so-called renewal funds and 6 billion kronor were used for corporate learning strategies during five years starting from 1986. The next decade will be a crossroads for swedish adult education. To-day the main proposal is to change the legal status of the employment training board from a public agency to a free enterprise in the competence market.
Cooperative education, experiential learning, and personal knowledge are addressed in nine conference papers. Kenneth Abrahamsson considers the nature of experiential learning, the recognition of prior learning, educational design and the assessment of quality, and policy and practice for integrating learning and experience. Harry Hienemann considers the history of cooperative education, the evaluation of outcomes integrating classroom and work experience, and mandatory cooperative education at Laguardia Community College, New York. What is known about the educational effects and economic consequences of programs that recognize prior learning is reviewed by Alan P. Wagner. Solomon Arbeiter examines a model that can be used to evaluate students in programs recognizing prior learning, as well as the award of credit or advanced standing. Douglas M. Windham evaluates the economic effects of recognizing prior learning and considers the implications for institutional policy. The nature and value of relevant work experience in the education of primary school teachers is considered by Hannu Perha, followed by Staffan Larsson's review of five qualitatively different conceptions of experience as viewed by teachers. Maureen L. Pope suggests that a cultural transmission approach to teaching and knowledge dominates science education and that this has neglected the role of personal experience in the construction of knowledge. Erich Leitner examines the implications of cooperation between the University of Klagenfurt, Austria, and the Austrian Workers Union. Implications for the university pertain to the philosophy of higher education and innovations
It is necessary to develop some comparative indicators in order to describe and compare the systems of education in countries other than one's own. Access to higher education is an important indicator. Currently, 50 percent of the Swedish adult population takes part in some organized learning activity every year and 50 percent of the student population in higher education is composed of adults 25 years old or older. Two principal channels through which adults prepare for higher education are the residential college for adults called the Swedish Folk High School and, most important, the system of municipal adult education called Kumvux. About 13 percent of the Kumvux students begin studies at levels of higher education. The National Board of Education provides an orientation course for adult students and a national education admission test, which gives potential adult students a chance to take university courses. Compulsory school ends at age 16, but more than 90 percent of students continue to the upper secondary level and two-thirds of them take vocational programs for 2 years. A few programs aim at increasing access to higher education for "earmarked" groups of adult students, such as trade union members, women, technicians, and disabled students. Sweden faces a strategic decision about whether to renew the system of higher education as it is or concentrate on developing recruitment strategies for neglected or underrepresented learners.