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  • 301.
    Lindmark, Per
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Jord- och vattenförorening vid avfallsupplag1989Licentiatavhandling, monografi (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 302.
    Lindskog, Staffan
    et al.
    Swedish Radiation Safety Authority.
    Labor, B.
    Badania Dydaktycne.
    Sjöblom, Rolf
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Sustainability of nuclear energy with regard to decommissioning and waste management2013Inngår i: International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, ISSN 1743-7601, E-ISSN 1743-761X, Vol. 8, nr 2, s. 246-264Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Sustainability aspects of nuclear power are analysed with regard to such environmental liabilities that are associated with decommissioning of nuclear facilities and with nuclear waste management. Sustainability is defined and evaluated based on information searches that also include energy from combustion of coal. It is concluded that the claims on sustainability put forward by different parties are inconsistent and that coherent methodologies for evaluation are needed together with appropriately structured knowledge bases. Examples are presented from the perspective of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority. It is found that nuclear power can qualify as sustainable only if the nuclear liability associated with protection of health and the environment - now and in the future – is appropriately managed. Sustainability awareness is analysed in a historic perspective, and it is found that it has been around for at least as long as agriculture, and that at least some of the shortcomings are actually modern inventions. Comprehensive perspectives are essential, since sustainability awareness may appear as trends. It is a historical fact that planning for decommissioning and estimation of associated costs are frequently treacherous exercises. However, costs must be relatively accurately estimated already at early stages so that adequate funds are available at the time when they are needed. Thus, the timing of the technical planning is often governed by the needs for financial planning. It is the duty of the present generation to assess what is adequate and to find responsible solutions. But the next generation should also be asked to carefully consider the perspective that they provide to us.

  • 303.
    Lindskog, Staffan
    et al.
    Swedish Radiation Safety Authority.
    Sjöblom, Rolf
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Division of nuclear liabilities between different license holders and owners2011Inngår i: Proceedings of the ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management: ICEM2011 : September 25-29, 2011, Reims, France., New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers , 2011, Vol. PARTS A AND B, s. 985-994Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Sweden was one of the first six countries to build and operate a nuclear power reactor. Thus, there exists a corresponding legacy in terms of liabilities for decommissioning and waste management of the historic facilities. Compliance with the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) and its corollary on equity between generations implies that plans for decommissioning must be made and funds set aside for its execution. The need for precision in the cost estimates often governs the timing of the technical planning. Cost estimates are treacherous since cost raisers may be identified and evaluated only after considerable efforts have been made. Further complications and challenges arise as a result of changes that take place between construction and decommissioning of facilities in terms of the entities involved as owners, operators, license holders, Authorities and financiers. From this perspective, the present paper summarizes the general legislation as well as the legislation that applies particularly to nuclear activities. It also summarizes the relation between the nuclear decommissioning fund system and financial reporting. Three examples are provided that wholly or partially fall under the Studsvik act (that specifically covers old facilities): The Ågesta nuclear power plant The Ranstad uranium mining and beneficiation facility The Neutron Research Laboratory at Studsvik The findings include the following: It is important that the legislation be clear as to what is included and not. The rationale for the legislation should also be clear and well communicated. Old agreements can be significant for the assessment of liabilities, even in cases where a party may no longer exist. Support for assessment of when activities are continuing or not (which may have a strong significance for the liability) can be found in court cases on chemically contaminated soil. Analysis of facilities and the work carried out at different times can be very helpful in determining whether or not a facility is auxiliary. In order to be essentially correct, annual reporting must be coherent with the declarations of the funding system and in compliance with the IAR/IFRS standards. Keeping of searchable records is essential Research is essential, not only to provide bases for high quality decisions, but also to promote consensus based on agreement on factual circumstances

  • 304.
    Lundeberg, Simon
    et al.
    Svenska Renhållningsverksföreningen.
    Ecke, Holger
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Biologisk behandling av avfall i Borås1998Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 305.
    Lundmark, Carina
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, Samhällsvetenskap.
    Dahlén, Lisa
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Fokusgrupper för förbättrat samarbetsklimat mellan landstingets politiker och tjänstemän: en pilotstudie i Västernorrlands, Västerbottens och Norrbottens läns landsting2010Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Under hösten 2009 genomfördes en pilotstudie, där tjänstemän och förtroendevalda från Norrbottens och Västerbottens läns landsting samt Landstinget Västernorrland fick diskutera rollfördelning och samarbetsklimat i fokusgrupper, under ledning av två forskare från Luleå tekniska universitet. Syftet var att inventera deltagarnas erfarenheter och bidra till bättre förståelse för respektive parts arbetssituation och problembild. I rapporten redovisas de olika upplevelser och tolkningar som framkommit under diskussionerna, med särskild betoning på de förslag som deltagarna själva lyft fram som möjliga strategier att göra rollerna tydligare och förbättra samarbetsklimatet. Fokusgruppsdeltagarna var överens om att det behövs fler tillfällen att diskutera rollerna. Förståelsen för rollerna behöver fördjupas i en ständigt pågående process. Det är viktigt för både politiker och tjänstemän att förstå sin egen roll och att ha respekt för varandras roller. Det behövs också en medvetenhet om det gränsland som alltid kommer att finnas, där politik och förvaltning överlappar. Studien visar att heltids- och fritidspolitiker har helt olika förutsättningar att arbeta politiskt. Heltidspolitiker är med och sätter dagordningen, har täta kontakter med tjänstemännen och får god inblick i de ärenden som är på väg upp till beslut. Fritidspolitiker, särskilt de som enbart sitter i fullmäktige, kan uppleva beslutsförslagen som både svåra att förstå och svåra att påverka. Fokusgruppsdiskussionerna visade att fritidpolitiker i allmänhet och oppositionen i synnerhet behöver bättre förutsättningar för att kunna arbeta politiskt på ett meningsfullt sätt, till exempel föreslogs att överväga organisationsförändringar (Oppositionen med i beredningar? Tjänstemannatid reserverad för oppositionen? Politiska sekreterare?). Förbättrad måluppföljning lyftes fram som en förutsättning för att politiker ska kunna arbeta med mål på ett meningsfullt sätt. De förtroendevalda önskade också mer nyanserade beslutsunderlag samt tydligt medborgarperspektiv i beslutsunderlagens konsekvensanalyser. Tjänstemännen önskade en större politisk tydlighet och målinriktning hos de förtroendevalda. Fokusgruppsmetoden har fungerat bra, både för att inventera erfarenheter av relationen och för att förbättra deltagarnas förståelse för den andra gruppens situation.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 306.
    Lundqvist, Mikael
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Lösningsmedelsåtervinning i Norrbotten1987Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 307.
    Lundqvist, Mikael
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Återvinning av putsdukar1987Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 308.
    Luthbom, Karin
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Uncertainty in environmental decision-making: effects of defined or undefined guidance in the decision process2004Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Decision-making in environmental issues often includes uncertainty in the input data and the resulting uncertainty when the data is used. Some spatial decisions are however taken without any formal analysis, meaning that the decision-makers have a mental map and preconceived notions about the decision options before the final decision actually is taken. An example of such decision situation is siting of new landfills, where there is no standard method to aid in the decision-making process today. In other decision situations, the methods and criteria may be well developed. A commonly used method for investigation contaminated sites in Sweden is called "MIFO"- Method of Surveying Contaminated Sites. In MIFO investigations start at a superficial level and after each phase, efforts are focused further on the brownfields with highest priority. A strict model has advantages as resources are prioritized at the most polluted sites. But having a static model with strict guidance also leads to problems as the sampling approach suggested by the model is not optimally adapted to individual sites. The risk is that contamination is overestimated or underestimated, leading to unexpected costs as well as waste of resources in a remediation situation. Variability of the data, uncertainty in the data quality and the consequences in having no versus strict guidance in a decision situation are discussed in two cases; a regional landfill siting project, and a local investigation of a contaminated site. Future research involves how to include uncertainty modelling as a standard in all environmental decision-making processes. Tools are needed to aid decision-makers in expressing the maximum accepted uncertainty in the outcome. Guidance for selecting and weighing of criteria in decision- situations must be developed, as well as models that consider the case specific demands and conditions.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 309.
    Luthbom, Karin
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Tools for landfill siting2003Inngår i: Sardinia 2003: Ninth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium. CISA. 6 - 10 October 2003, S. Margherita di Pula (Cagliari), Sardinia, Italy, Cagliari, 2003Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 310.
    Marklund, Erik
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Treatment oriented waste characterization2019Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    New types of materials and products are developed every day, and subsequently, new types of wastes. At the same time, new regulations are put forth to protect human health and the ecosystems from the negative impacts of wastes. Often, the waste management industry is responsible to deal with these problems, and hence, good knowledge about wastes and their treatment is crucial. Waste is normally characterized in order to determine a treatment; however, this usually implies a known treatment method.

    This thesis aims to provide a structured approach about how to describe different treatments, and to provide guidance on how to characterize wastes in a solution oriented manner. A distinction is made between two types of treatments: those based on separation processes and those based on transformation processes, as well as combinations of the two. Separation processes are common in mechanical treatment such as sieving or air-classification. Transformation processes are common in such treatments as shredding, electroporation, radiation treatment, and stabilization. Most treatments consist of both a transformation and a separation process, such as incineration, in which the organic carbon is oxidized (transformed) into CO2,that then is separated from the remaining solids. Other examples of combined processes are composting and anaerobic digestion.

    A framework is presented that enables a quantitative description of different waste treatments such as anaerobic digestion and incineration in the same context. All transformation processes take place in an environment that can be described by environmental factors such as temperature, pH, redox, radiation etc. By relating different treatments or observations to each other in an n-dimension matrix, it is possible to not only locate the currently known treatments, but also to locate unexplored areas, i.e. combinations of environmental factors that could be used to treat wastes in new ways.

    The addition of the n-dimensional framework to the general characterization model, together with the “top down” strategy for characterization provide valuable insights useful for dealing with new types of wastes in an efficient manner.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Appendix
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 311.
    Marklund, Erik
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Andreas, Lale
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Characterization and mechanical separation of organic matter in construction and demolition waste finesManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Construction and demolition waste (CDW) amounts to a large fraction of produced waste. 37 %-58 % was found to be fines. Wood is a common building material in the Nordic countries, so CDW fines have a high organic content. Typically, CDW fines are landfilled, but due to the high content of total organic carbon (TOC), this is not allowed. In order to investigate potential treatments or uses of these fines, they were characterized, with focus on their organic content. The potential for mechanical separation was tested by sieving and by float-sink separation in water. The organic content is higher in the larger and lighter particles. Mechanical separation by particle size using a 10 mm screen is not likely to consistently produce an under sieve fraction with low TOC content (<10 %). After float-sink separation, the sink fraction still contains 9-42% volatile solids (VS). However, based on tests of biogas potential and respiration activity, the biological activity of the sink fraction can be considered low. This is confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, showing an organic carbon (OC) content of only 1-2 %. The TOC (measured by CO2 formation) is up to nine times higher than the OC, indicating that the TOC is not a reliable assay to measure organic carbon. Further studies will show if screening up to 10 mm, or screening in combination with density separation can yield a low TOC fraction for landfilling.

  • 312.
    Marklund, Erik
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Andreas, Lale
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Float-sink separation of C&D waste: a case of treatment oriented waste characterization2017Inngår i: Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium: 2 -6 October 2017 S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, Italy, 2017Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Landfilling and waste incineration are two major waste management options. However, some wastes can,due to their carbon content,be unsuitable for neither of these systems. Therefore, there is aneed for methods to remove organic carbon from wastes. One of these wastesis the construction and demolition fines. In this paper, we investigate using water for separating the waste by density, to see if this is a suitable method for separating carbon-containingmaterials, both in lab and field scale tests. Results show that halfof the carbon (measured as volatile solids) can be separated. However, this method cannot be said to reliably produce a sink fraction that is suitable for landfilling, as it still contains too much organic materials.

  • 313.
    Marklund, Erik
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Andreas, Lale
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Float-sink separation of construction and demolition waste fines2018Inngår i: Detritus, ISSN 2611-4135, Vol. 3, s. 13-18Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Landfilling and waste incineration are two major waste management options. However, due to their carbon content, some wastes may be unsuitable for these systems. Therefore, methods capable of removing organic carbon from wastes should be identified. One of these wastes is represented by construction and demolition fines. In this paper, we investigate the use of water in separating the waste by density, to verify the suitability of this method in the separation of carbon-containing materials, both in lab and field scale tests. The results obtained show that half of the carbon (measured as volatile solids) can be separated. However, this method fails to reliably produce a sink fraction suitable for landfilling, as it continues to be characterized by an excessively high organic material content.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 314.
    Marklund, Erik
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Andreas, Lale
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    The impacts of environments on waste: Part 1: The influence of thermal environments on organic wastesManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 315.
    Maurice, Christian
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Bioindication and bioremediation of landfill emissions2001Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis investigates the use of plants, fungi, and microorganisms to assess and treat landfill gas, leachate and contaminated soils. As landfill emissions can occur over extended time periods, it is a practical strategy to develop passive and economical methods for emission control i.e., requiring little human involvement. Organisms can play an important role in such methods if their living requirements can be met, e.g., adequate temperature or moisture content. A broader understanding of how organisms respond to and are affected by pollution may be used to develop landfill design strategies and engineering technologies that favour bioremediation. A secondary benefit is that a greater knowledge of organism response may be used to determine the pollution state of a site. Methanotrophic bacteria in the soil can be used to identify methane emission areas. An assay method was developed, based on the pressure change induced by methane oxidation. The fungus Telephora caryophyllea accumulates arsenic.The method could be sufficient to delimit arsenic contaminated areas. Landfill vegetation is exposed to pollutants and can indicate their presence. Despite high species diversity, no damages to the vegetation, due to the presence of pollutants,could be observed. The oxidation capacity of the studied soil is sufficient to completely oxidise the methane emissions at old and small landfill sites. Even though the oxidising capacity is sufficient, non-optimal conditions result in methane emission peaks. Wetlands can reduce the nitrate concentration in leachates. In the cold climate regions studied at least four years are needed to have a fully established vegetation cover and degraded organic material. A 30% reduction of nitrate was attributed to denitrification. However a precise mass balance is needed to accurately evaluate the treatment capacity. Vegetation at the investigated site may used to immobilise soil contaminants such as Cu, Zn, Pb, and As. However, the application of soil amendments is recommended to reduce foliar accumulation of contaminants.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 316.
    Maurice, Christian
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Landfill gas emission and landfill vegetation1998Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 317.
    Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Bergman, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Ecke, Holger
    Vegetation som biologisk indikator för deponigasavgång: en bakgrundsstudie1996Inngår i: Symposium om svensk upplagsforskning / [ed] Anders Lagerkvist, Malmö: Svenska renhållningsverks-föreningens Service AB , 1996, s. 169-179Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det finns ett behov av att kunna uppskatta gasavgången från ett helt upplag och under en längre period. Växtligheten som finns på plats året runt och som påverkas kontinuerligt skulle kunna användas som indikator eftersom deponigas kan ha en skadlig inverkan på växterna. I projektet har hypotesen att vissa arter skulle vara "typiska" för en viss avgångsnivå prövats.

  • 318. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Bergman, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Ecke, Holger
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Utilization of ashes in landfill constructions2004Inngår i: The 3rd Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium November 29th - December 2nd, 2004 in Toya, Hokkaido Japan / [ed] Morton Barlaz; Anders Lagerkvist; Toshihiko Matsuto, Hokkaido: Center for Applied Ethics and Philosophy, Hokkaido University, 2004, s. 133-Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 319.
    Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Bergman, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Ecke, Holger
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Vegetation as a biological indicator for landfill gas emissions: initial investigations1995Inngår i: Sardinia 95: 5th International landfill symposium : Papers / [ed] Thomas H. Christensen, Cagliari: CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre , 1995, Vol. 3, s. 481-494Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 320. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Ecke, Holger
    Kumpiene, Jurate
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Todorovic, Jelena
    Road runoff water treatment in road ditches2003Inngår i: International conference on urban drainage and highway runoff in cold climate / [ed] Maria Viklander; J. Marsalek; P.-A. Malmqvist; W. E. Watt, IWA Publishing, 2003Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 321. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Ettala, M.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Effect of leachate irrigation and LFG on short rotation tree plantations1997Inngår i: Sardinia 97: proceedings ; [13 - 17 October 1997, S. Margherita di Pula - Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy] / [ed] Thomas H. Christensen, Cagliari: CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre , 1997, Vol. Vol. 4, s. 343-352Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 322.
    Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Ettala, M.
    Kuopio University, Helsinki, Finland.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Effects of leachate irrigation on landfill vegetation and subsequent methane emissions1999Inngår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, E-ISSN 1573-2932, Vol. 113, nr 1-4, s. 203-216Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Short-rotation tree forests are irrigated with landfill leachate to reduce both leachate volume and nutrient content. It is of interest both for leachate treatment and energy recovery to optimise the productivity of such plantations. This study's aim was to investigate the effects of irrigation on soil quality, tree growth and on emissions of landfill gas (LFG) produced in the wastes. Soils irrigated with leachate had a higher average nutrient and organic matter contents, and a lower dry solids content. Larger trees occur on plots irrigated with leachate, presumably due to the positive effect of water and nutrient supply. The willows used in this experiment seemed to be tolerant of high carbon dioxide concentrations, as no statistically effect arising from LFG emissions could be linked to tree growth. Methane oxidation levels between 50 and 950 mol m(-2) yr(-1) were observed. The positive correlation between soil methane oxidation capacity and tree presence is an interesting perspective on reduction of methane emissions by landfill's top cover vegetation type. Optimising methane oxidation using vegetation as a 'cover crop' could reduce the amount of methane discharged into the atmosphere.

  • 323. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Gustavsson, Björn
    Kumpiene, Jurate
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Lidelöw, Sofia
    Stabilization of CCA-contaminated soil with iron products: a field experiment2005Inngår i: Kalmar ECO-TECH '05: conference on waste to energy, bioremediation and leachate treatment : the Second Baltic symposium on environmental chemistry : the First Kalmar nanotechnology workshop / [ed] William Hogland, Högskolan i Kalmar, 2005Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Chemical stabilization of metals is lately considered as a possible pretreatment for soil contaminated with average levels of trace elements. The element mobility in soil can be altered by adding soil amendments that can adsorb, complex, or co-precipitate trace elements. As a consequence, pollutant spreading from the contaminated soil and effect on the recipient can be reduced. The different contaminants originating from wood impregnation chemicals, e.g. Cu, Cr, and As limit the choice of amendments because e.g. large pH fluctuations and consequent mobilization of Cu or As should be avoided. The results show that the leaching of arsenic is lowest in the lysimeter with 15% Fe3O4. In both lysimeters with untreated soil and with 1% Fe0, the arsenic leaching seems to decrease with the sampling depth. The leaching of copper is generally low. Further the addition of iron seems to increase the leaching of manganese and nickel but to reduce the leaching of zinc. Results from the laboratory experiment show that the arsenic content in the leachate is lowest with the highest mixture of magnetite. Mixing is one of the key issues when discussing the treatment efficiency and possible use of the treated soil. The results so far indicate that magnetite can be used for treatment of CCA contaminated soil also at a large scale. Reduction of both arsenic and copper using a single amendment is challenging as they behave opposite. Magnetite seems to be a promising amendment even though a high amount of amendment needs to be added. Moreover, the potential establishment of reducing conditions at larger depths in the soil is of concern since this might lead to a rapid increase in arsenic leaching.

  • 324.
    Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Gustavsson, Björn
    Ragnvaldsson, Daniel
    Department of Threat Assessment, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI).
    Rydvall, Björn
    Pelagia Miljökonsult AB.
    Berglind, Rune
    Swedish Defence Research Institute (FOI), Department of Threat Assessment, Toxicology.
    Haglund, Peter
    Department of Chemistry, Umeå University.
    Johnson, Torbjörn
    Pelagia Miljökonsult AB.
    Leffler, Per
    Swedish Defence Research Institute (FOI), Department of Threat Assessment, Toxicology.
    Luthbom, Karin
    Ramböll Sverige AB, Luleå.
    von Heijne, Patrik
    Ramböll Sverige AB, Luleå.
    Improving soil investigations at brownfield sites using a flexible work strategy and screening methods inspired by the US Environmental Protection Agency's Triad approach2007Inngår i: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 36, nr 6, s. 502-511Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Investigations of polluted brownfield sites and sample analyses are expensive, and the resulting data are often of poor quality. Efforts are needed, therefore, to improve the methods used in investigations of brownfield sites to both reduce costs and improve the quality of the results. One approach that could be useful for both of these purposes is the triad strategy, developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, in which managing uncertainty is a central feature. In the investigations reported here, a field study was conducted to identify possible ways in which uncertainties could be managed in practice. One example considered involves optimizing the uncertainty by adjusting the sizes of samples and the efforts expended in analytical work according to the specific aims of the project. In addition, the potential utility of several toxicity assessment methods for screening sites was evaluated. As well as presenting the results of these assessments, in this contribution we discuss ways in which a flexible work strategy and screening methods inspired of the triad philosophy could be incorporated into the Swedish approach to remediate brownfield sites. A tiered approach taking advantage of field and screening methods is proposed to assess brownfield sites focusing on the response and acceptable uncertainty that are required for the task.

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  • 325. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Kylefors, Katarina
    LTU.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Denitrification in constructed wetlands in cold climate regions: review2001Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This literature study focuses on the feasibility of using constructed wetlands (CW) for denitrification of leachate at a local leachate treatment facility, in cold climate. Constructed wetlands have the advantage of requiring less maintenance and control compared with more sophisticated systems. They are also cheaper to run. Finely they are part of the natural nutrient cycle. The environmental factors identified as limiting factors for the constructed wetlands considered in this literature study, e.g. the leachate salinity and the climatic conditions, governed the design of the wetland and the choice of the vegetation. Denitrification is done by heterotrophic microorganisms living in the soil, in anaerobic conditions. They use decaying organic material as carbon source. The role of the plants in the constructed wetlands is to provide substrate to the microorganisms as well as the root system increases the surface available to bacterial colonisation. The cold and long winter sets high requirements on the constructed wetlands. It shortens the period when the bacteria are most efficient i.e. when the water is warm. It will lead to a short period of high activity and the load will have to be reduced during winter and eventually stopped. Subsurface flow systems filled with gravel appeared to be the best alternative. Baffles should be installed to force the water transport around the in constructed wetlands. To reduce the risks for short cuts of the water flow the inlet and outlet of the systems were placed at the bottom to avoid risks for freezing. A design with edges is also recommended to increase snow accumulation on the top of the constructed wetland. Local species were selected for their tolerance to salt and high nutrient content in the water.

  • 326. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Kylefors, Katarina
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Results from a pilot constructed wetland for denitrification2001Inngår i: SARDINIA 2001: proceedings ; [1 - 5 October, S. Margerita di Pula - Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy] / [ed] Thomas Christensen; Raffaello Cossu; Rainer Stegmann, Cagliari: CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre , 2001, Vol. 2: Leachate and landfill gas, s. 303-309Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 327. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Assessment of methane oxidation capacity of soils2004Inngår i: Waste Management & Research, ISSN 0734-242X, E-ISSN 1096-3669, Vol. 22, nr 1, s. 42-48Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Methane oxidation capacity of three soil matrices was assessed using a new method based on the pressure fall resulting from methane oxidation. The effects of incubation temperature, moisture and methane content on the oxidation capacity were studied. Parameters observed were non-methanotrophic oxygen consumption, methane assimilation, length of the lag period before steady pressure fall was reached, initial pressure fall and maximum pressure fall. Filling material taken from a biofilter was tested. The length of the lag period was an index of prior exposure of the soil to methane emissions. Incubation temperature of 30°C and soil moisture at the water-holding capacity were chosen to standardize the test. Oxygen depletion by non-methanotrophs varied between 40 and 60% of the total oxygen consumption while methane assimilation was at 40 to 50% of the total methane consumption.

  • 328. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Carbonisation in fly ash and its effects on permeability1998Inngår i: Svenskt symposium om upplagsforskning 1998: Third Swedish landfill research symposia 1998, 1998, s. 147-148Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 329. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Establishing vegetation in a pilot scale wetland in a cold climate region1999Inngår i: Sardinia 99: Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, [4 - 8 October 1999, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy]. / [ed] Thomas H. Christensen, Cagliari: CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre , 1999, Vol. 2, s. 231-237Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 330. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Landfill gas properties and effect on green plants: litterature review1997Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 331. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    LFG emission and methane oxidation in cold climate conditions1998Inngår i: Svenskt symposium om upplagsforskning 1998: Third Swedish landfill research symposia 1998, 1998, s. 79-80Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 332. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    LFG emission measurements in cold climatic conditions: seasonal variations and methane emissions mitigation2003Inngår i: Cold Regions Science and Technology, ISSN 0165-232X, E-ISSN 1872-7441, Vol. 36, nr 1-3, s. 37-46Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Landfill gas (LFG) emissions were measured at three landfills in Northern Sweden and Northern Finland. Several strategies for measuring gas emissions in winter conditions (i.e., a snow-covered surface and frozen ground) were tested. Static chambers appeared to be the most suitable measurement technique. The study results showed that winter measurements should be done directly at the soil surface and that any snow cover should be removed beforehand. A seasonal variation of the emissions was observed. Methane emissions were measured during late winter at the three sites and during late summer at two of the same three sites. Monitoring performed during the different seasons yields a better estimation of the annual LFG emissions. Variations in methane oxidation are likely sources of any differences as low temperature and low soil water content both reduce methane oxidation activity. At low emission rates, the main methane emission may occur during wintertime because of the mitigation effect landfill cover has on methane oxidation during summertime. A reduced methane oxidation activity was observed during the late summer at two of the sites. A combination of summer dryness and heat from methane oxidation is believed to have dried the soil, which then caused a subsequent decrease in methane oxidation. To use landfill covers for the management of methane emissions in cold climates, special consideration must be given to the moisture and extreme low temperature factors.

  • 333. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Pilot scale tests of leachate denitrificatin in constructed wetlands2000Inngår i: Modern landfill technology and management: proceedings of the Asian Pacific Landfill Symposium organized by Japan Society of Waste Management Experts and held at Fukuoka, Japan on October 11 - 13, 2000 / [ed] Masataka Hanashima, Tokyo: JSWME , 2000, s. 132-138Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 334. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Seasonal variation of landfill gas emissions1997Inngår i: Sardinia 97: proceedings ; [13 - 17 October 1997, S. Margherita di Pula - Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy] / [ed] Thomas H. Christensen, Cagliari: CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre , 1997, s. 87-93Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 335. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Using Betula pendula and Telephora caryophyllea for soil pollution assessment2000Inngår i: Journal of soil contamination, ISSN 1058-8337, E-ISSN 1878-5956, Vol. 9, nr 1, s. 31-50Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The concentrations of available arsenic, copper, lead, and zinc in the soil, and the concentration of these elements in vegetal tissues were measured. The most common species at the sites were studied. All the species that were analyzed took up pollutants and could indicate polluted soil. However, all the studied species did not fit to map pollution. The birch (Betula pendula) and most of the fungi species had still quite low concentrations in their tissues compared with the available concentrations in the sail. No direct correlation between the pollution content in the soil and in the vegetation tissues could be observed. Specimens of Thlaspi caerulescens were accumulating zinc Of the four fungi species collected: only Thelephora caryophyllea seemed to accumulate actively in the studied pollutants. Moreover, it was possible to use an arsenic test with the fungi, which is also interesting from the perspective of preliminary assessment of the degree of pollution. A qualitative judgement of the soil pollution is possible by examining the plant material. To obtain a more quantitative and complete mapping, the method has to be developed further and completed with other investigations when vegetation is missing.

  • 336. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Using vegetation to assess distribution of pollutants in soil1998Inngår i: Svenskt symposium om upplagsforskning 1998: Third Swedish landfill research symposia 1998, 1998, s. 149-150Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 337. Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Lagerkvist, Anders
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Utveckling av bottentätning för avfallsupplag baserad på vedaska1998Rapport (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 338.
    Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Lidelöw, Sofia
    Assessment of redox-sensitive element mobility: discrepancy between laboratory and field data2009Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Leaching tests have become popular tools to assess the environmental effect of materials containing pollutants e.g. wastes, construction materials, soils. Batch (EN 12457-3) and column (prEN 14405) leaching tests are both standardised. The standardisation regulates how the test should be performed i.e. the procedure, the amount of material to be used and how to handle the leachate. However, standardisation is often misinterpreted as quality insurance that the results of the test are relevant for any type of material and application. The EN 12457-3 test has thanks to the standardisation and its relatively low price become the most popular tests used to assess if waste material could be used in constructions. Basically waste materials fulfilling acceptance criteria for landfill for inert waste are often regarded as acceptable to reuse in the society.The aim of the presentation is to discuss the risk of using tests without a critical assessment of their relevance and limitations. Materials containing sulphides, iron and arsenic are specially challenging to assess as the standard batch leaching test underestimates the risk for leaching.The leaching of arsenic was underestimated by the EN 12457-3 test and the effect of open filtration, sample preparation and test conditions are discussed. The results showed that a material fulfilling criteria for landfill for inert waste leached more arsenic than was acceptable at a landfill for hazardous waste. In the second example, the documented generation of acidic leachate from blast furnace slag in field conditions has never been observed in the laboratory. The main hypothesis is that the development of unsaturated conditions caused the oxidation of sulphidic minerals in the blast furnace slag heap and generation of acid leachate.The selection of appropriate leaching tests should be done with regard to the real conditions that are to be assessed. Standardisation does not mean that the test is automatically adapted to the need. A relevant assessment requires therefore understanding of the geochemical process controlling the pollutant mobilisation and immobilisation in the actual material and its application. Such comprehension is a prerequisite to the selection of appropriate leaching procedures.

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  • 339.
    Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Lidelöw, Sofia
    Gustavsson, Björn
    Lättström, Anders
    Umeå university.
    Ragnvalssson, Daniel
    Swedish Defence Research Agency.
    Leffler, Per
    Swedish Defence Research Agency.
    Lövgren, Lars
    Umeå university.
    Tesfalidet, Solomon
    Umeå university.
    Kumpiene, Jurate
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Techniques for the stabilization and assessment of treated copper- chromium- and arsenic-contaminated soil2007Inngår i: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 36, nr 6, s. 430-436Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Remediation mainly based on excavation and burial of the contaminated soil is impractical with regard to the large numbers of sites identified as being in need of remediation. Therefore alternative methods are needed for brownfield remediation. This study was conducted to assess a chemical stabilisation procedure of CCA-contaminated soil using iron-containing blaster sand or oxygen scarfing granulate. The stabilisation technique was assessed with regard to the feasibility of mixing ameliorants at an industrial scale and the efficiency of the stabilisation under different redox conditions. The stability was investigated under natural conditions in 1-m3 lysimeters in a field experiment and the effect of redox conditions was assessed in a laboratory experiment (10 l). The treatments with high additions of ameliorant (8 and 17%) were more successful in both the laboratory and field experiments, even though there was enough iron on a stochiometric basis even at the lowest addition rates (0.1 and 1%). The particle size of the iron and the mixing influenced the stabilisation efficiency. The development of anaerobic conditions, simulated by water saturation, increases the fraction of AsIII and, consequently, arsenic mobility. The use of high concentrations of OSG under aerobic conditions increased the concentrations of Ni and Cu in the pore water. However, under anaerobic conditions, it decreased the arsenic leaching compared to the untreated soil and Ni and Cu leaching was not critical. The final destination of the treated soil should govern the amendment choice, e.g. an OSG concentration around 10% may be suitable if the soil is to be landfilled under anaerobic conditions. Alternatively, the soil mixed with 1% BS could be kept under aerobic conditions in a landfill cover or in situ at brownfield site. In addition, the treatment with BS appeared to produce better effects in the long term than with OSG.

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  • 340.
    Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Mácsik, Josef
    Ecoloop, Stockholm.
    Environmental conditions affecting mobility of redox sensitive elements2006Inngår i: Abstract proceedings of the 4th Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium, [June 14th to 16th 2006, Gällivare, Sweden] / [ed] Anders Lagerkvist, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 2006, s. 133-Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 341.
    Maurice, Christian
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Máscik, Josef
    Ecoloop, Stockholm.
    Mossakowska, Agnes
    Pilot study with fly ash stabilised sewage sludge (FSS) as hydraulic barrier layer in top cover constructions2006Inngår i: WASCON 2006: 6th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials, Science and Engineering of Recycling for Environmental Protection ; Belgrade, Serbia & Montenegro, May 30 - June 2, 2006 ; [proceedings] / [ed] Marina Ilic, Belgrade: ISCOWA , 2006, s. 723-734Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 342.
    McCloy, John S.
    et al.
    School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shefeld, Shefeld, UK; Pacifc Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
    Marcial, José
    School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Pacifc Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
    Clarke, Jack S.
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shefeld, Shefeld, UK.
    Ahmadzadeh, Mostafa
    School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
    Wolf, John A.
    School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
    Vicenzi, Edward P.
    Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA.
    Bollinger, David L.
    Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
    Ogenhall, Erik
    The Archaeologists, National Historical Museums (SHM), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Englund, Mia
    The Archaeologists, National Historical Museums (SHM), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Pearce, Carolyn I.
    Pacifc Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
    Sjöblom, Rolf
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Kruger, Albert A.
    US Department of Energy, Richland, WA, USA.
    Reproduction of melting behavior for vitrified hillforts based on amphibolite, granite, and basalt lithologies2021Inngår i: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 11, artikkel-id 1272Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    European Bronze and Iron Age vitrified hillforts have been known since the 1700s, but archaeological interpretations regarding their function and use are still debated. We carried out a series of experiments to constrain conditions that led to the vitrification of the inner wall rocks in the hillfort at Broborg, Sweden. Potential source rocks were collected locally and heat treated in the laboratory, varying maximum temperature, cooling rate, and starting particle size. Crystalline and amorphous phases were quantified using X-ray diffraction both in situ, during heating and cooling, and ex situ, after heating and quenching. Textures, phases, and glass compositions obtained were compared with those for rock samples from the vitrified part of the wall, as well as with equilibrium crystallization calculations. ‘Dark glass’ and its associated minerals formed from amphibolite or dolerite rocks melted at 1000–1200 °C under reducing atmosphere then slow cooled. ‘Clear glass’ formed from non-equilibrium partial melting of feldspar in granitoid rocks. This study aids archaeological forensic investigation of vitrified hillforts and interpretation of source rock material by mapping mineralogical changes and glass production under various heating conditions.

  • 343.
    Mench, Michel
    et al.
    University of Bordeaux 1.
    Puschenreiter, Markus
    BOKU - University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences.
    Ruttens, Anna
    Hasselt Universiteit.
    Kumpiene, Jurate
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Müller, Ingo
    Saxon State Agency for Environment & Geology.
    Cundy, Andrew
    University of Brighton.
    Friesl-Hanl, Wolfgang
    Austrian Research Centers GmbH – ARC.
    Renella, Giancarlo
    University of Florence.
    Tlustos, Pavel
    Czech University of Life Sceinces Prague.
    Bert, Valérie
    INERIS.
    Marschner, Bernd
    Ruhr-University Bochum.
    SUMATECS - SUstainable MAnagement of Trace Element Contaminated Soils: a SNOWMAN-ERANET funded project2008Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 344.
    Morgan-Sagastume, Fernando
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik. AnoxKaldnes – Veolia Water Technologies AB, Lund.
    Biofilm development, activity and the modification of carrier material surface properties in moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) for wastewater treatment2018Inngår i: Critical reviews in environmental science and technology, ISSN 1064-3389, E-ISSN 1547-6537, Vol. 48, nr 5, s. 439-470Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In the last decades, moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) have found a niche in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters due to advantages of compactness, simplicity, stability and increased reaction rates. Recently, the material surface properties of MBBR carriers and their modification have been investigated, as reviewed herein, in order to enhance the control of microbial attachment and biofilm development, and MBBR performance by faster reactor startups or increased specific activity per surface area. Biofilm formation is a complex process influenced by the solid substratum surface properties and microbial composition and characteristics. MBBR carriers can be made to facilitate biofilm formation by modifying their physico-chemical surface characteristics using blended polymers, mixed materials, coatings and incorporating different chemical functional groups. The chemical modification of the substratum polymeric surface for biofilm treatment reactors has comprised plasma oxidation treatment, radiolysis in a gas phase, liquid-phase oxidative treatment and polymer grafting. This review focusses on carrier material surface properties, the modification of such properties and carrier material choices relevant to biofilm development and functionality of MBBRs, in order to identify opportunities and challenges in future biofilm carrier development.

  • 345.
    Morgan-Sagastume, Fernando
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Characterisation of open, mixed microbial cultures for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production2016Inngår i: Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, ISSN 1569-1705, E-ISSN 1572-9826, Vol. 15, nr 4, s. 593-625Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Viable processes have emerged for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) via open, mixed microbial cultures (MMC). MMC PHA production is increasingly integrated into process technologies for the biological management of organic waste residuals and wastewaters. Herein, the literature has been systematically and comprehensively reviewed in order to establish the current knowledge about the characterisation of microbial communities engineered for PHA production. Despite the numerous descriptions of the microbial structure of PHA-storing MMC, the microorganisms actively storing PHAs are rarely identified. The microbial community structure and population dynamics in both the biomass enrichment and the PHA accumulation process have not been equally analysed. PHA-storing bacteria have been identified predominantly within the classes of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Molecular techniques and microscopy have been preferentially used to characterise microbial diversity, abundance and activity in PHA-storing MMC. Fluorescence in situ hybridization remains relevant for the spatial identification and quantification of PHA-storing bacteria, and in tandem with Nile blue A staining helps identify actively PHA-storing bacteria. 16S rRNA-based fingerprinting is useful for describing dynamics in microbial community structure rather than diversity, and new generation sequencing provides a high-throughput characterisation of microbial diversity, dynamics and relative abundance. The dominant bacteria and their dynamics in bioreactors enriching for MMC with PHA-storage capacity and actively accumulating PHA are further covered with respect to the operating conditions used to select microbial communities for the PHA-storage phenotype. The specification of the PHA-storage phenotype and metabolic activity in identified bacteria remains a challenge in the study of PHA-storing MMC.

  • 346.
    Morgan-Sagastume, Fernando
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik. AnoxKaldnes – Veolia Water Technologies AB, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47, Lund, Sweden.
    Bengtsson, Simon
    Promiko AB, Briggatan 16, 234 42, Lomma, Sweden.
    De Grazia, Giulia
    AnoxKaldnes – Veolia Water Technologies AB, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47, Lund, Sweden.
    Alexandersson, Tomas
    AnoxKaldnes – Veolia Water Technologies AB, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47, Lund, Sweden.
    Quadri, Luca
    AnoxKaldnes – Veolia Water Technologies AB, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47, Lund, Sweden.
    Johansson, Peter
    AnoxKaldnes – Veolia Water Technologies AB, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47, Lund, Sweden.
    Magnusson, Per
    AnoxKaldnes – Veolia Water Technologies AB, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47, Lund, Sweden.
    Werker, Alan
    Promiko AB, Briggatan 16, 234 42, Lomma, Sweden. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
    Mixed-culture polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production integrated into a food-industry effluent biological treatment: A pilot-scale evaluation2020Inngår i: Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, E-ISSN 2213-3437, Vol. 8, nr 6, artikkel-id 104469Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Production of a mixed microbial culture (MMC) biomass for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production was integrated into the wastewater treatment (WWT) of a potato-starch factory. A pilot-scale on-site evaluation was conducted over ten months, with inherent water quality variations including organic composition, temperature, and pH. The wastewater was rich in acetate and the organic matter content fluctuated from 50 to 90 % with respect to volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The PHA accumulation potential (PAP) of the surplus biomass, nevertheless, remained from 0.40 to 0.70 gPHA/gVSS. Biomass PAP characteristics were benchmarked at both pilot and laboratory scales using different feedstocks and accumulation methods. The resultant co-polymer type could be readily shifted by changes in feedstock VFA content. Selected polymer batches were recovered at pilot scale as commercial-quality prototype materials for development of PHA-based wood-fibre composites. WWT performance with 98 % organic contaminant removal remained consistent throughout. The good settleability of the pilot-scale biomass was in contrast to the poorly settleable biomass from the factory’s full-scale activated sludge. Metered nitrogen and phosphorus addition ensured stable WWT without major nitrification levels. Successful robust outcomes of both feast-famine selection principles and WWT can be translated and integrated into the full-scale WWT by a proposed adaptation to existing infrastructure. Analogous aerobic feast enrichment is proposed to be achievable with continuous or intermittent flow through a process selector/zone. This pilot-scale experience under actual field conditions of industrial WWT provides further evidence for the technical viability to produce biomass for PHA production while maintaining standards in effluent water quality.

  • 347.
    Morgan-Sagastume, Fernando
    et al.
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik. Veolia Water Technologies AB.
    Valentino, Francesco
    Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome.
    Hjort, Markus
    Veolia Water Technologies AB.
    Zanaroli, Giulio
    Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna.
    Majone, Mauro
    Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome.
    Werker, Alan G.
    Veolia Water Technologies AB .
    Acclimation Process for Enhancing Polyhydroxyalkanoate Accumulation in Activated-Sludge Biomass2019Inngår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization, ISSN 1877-2641, E-ISSN 1877-265X, Vol. 10, nr 4, s. 1065-1082Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A strategy was evaluated for conditioning activated sludge biomass to a new substrate whereby the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulation capacity of the biomass was enhanced based on a series of aerobic feast–famine acclimation cycles applied prior to PHA accumulation. Different biomass types enriched during the treatment of municipal wastewater at laboratory, pilot, and full scales were exposed to aerobic feast–famine acclimation cycles at different feast-to-famine ratios with an acetate–propionate mixture (laboratory scale), acetate (pilot scale), and fermented waste–sludge centrate (pilot scale). A sevenfold increase in specific PHA storage rates and 20% increase in substrate utilization rates were observed during acclimation cycles (laboratory acetate–propionate). Biomass acclimation led to more than doubling of the specific substrate utilization rates, PHA storage rates, biomass PHA contents, and specific PHA productivities (per initial biomass) during PHA accumulation. The biomass PHA contents were found to increase due to acclimation from 0.19 to 0.34 (laboratory acetate–propionate), 0.39 to 0.46 (pilot acetate) and 0.19 to 0.25 gPHA/gVSS (pilot centrate). A similar bacterial community structure during acclimation indicated that a physiological rather than a genotypic adaptation occurred in the biomass. The physiological state of the biomass at the start of PHA accumulation was deemed significant in the subsequent PHA-accumulation performance. Positive acclimation trends can be monitored by measuring the relative increase in feast substrate utilization or respiration rates with respect to those of the first acclimation cycle.

  • 348.
    Murby, Fredrika
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser.
    Phosphorus reduction in wastewater using microalgae with different phosphorus starvation periods2021Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    Anthropogenic induced nutrients in the Baltic Sea have led to 97% of it being eutrophic. Phosphorus is regarded the main regulating nutrient, and nearly 25% of the nutrients coming to the Baltic Sea originate from wastewater treatment plants. To reduce the nutrient concentrations in the effluents from treatment plants, tertiary treatment methods based on chemical dosing have been the principal answer. The chemicals create a sludge in addition to remediating the water, which needs disposal. Methods for remediating secondary wastewater with microalgae exist but are not common in conventional wastewater treatment. However, using microalgae could be beneficial, since they use inorganic carbon (from the atmosphere and wastewater) and inorganic nutrients, while producing biomass and oxygen. The biomass in turn has a potential to be used in production of bioenergy, food, and fertilizers. 

    This thesis investigated whether pre-phosphorus starvation of five different microalgae strains enhanced the removal rate of phosphorus from secondary wastewater. The aim was to determine the optimal starvation period of different algae strains and to achieve wastewater effluent concentrations below 0.1 mg/L at the shortest possible time. Algae were transferred to a phosphorus-free media for five, three, one and zero days before entering the wastewater in a batch reactor at a temperature of 27°C and a 16:8 hours light and dark regime. Phosphate and nitrate concentrations as well as biomass production were monitored during a period of ten days. The experiment was repeated three times using Chlorella Vulgaris and two times using Tetradesmus Obliquus, Ankistrodesmus Falcatus, Botryococcus Braunii and one time using Desmodesmus Communis. The secondary wastewater was obtained from a small wastewater treatment plant from the village Roja in Latvia. Prior to the experiments, it was filtered three times through filters with different pore sizes (the smallest pore size was 0.2 µm), and the average nitrate and phosphate concentrations were 21.3 ± 1.1 mg/L and 17.8 ± 0.56 mg/L, respectively. The nitrate to phosphate ratio was 1.8:1.

    It was possible to remove the inorganic phosphorus to concentrations below 0.1 mg/L within ten days, although it did not happen in all the reactors. It was found that in most cases pre-phosphorus-starvation increased the removal rate of phosphorus. For two of the strains, Chlorella Vulgaris and Ankistrodesmus Falcatus, the three-day of pre-starvation period was optimal, while two to three days was optimal for Tetradesmus Obliquus, compared to other pre-starvation periods. For Botryococcus Braunii the one-day and the zero-days starved batches removed the phosphorus most efficiently. For Chlorella Vulgaris and Ankistrodesmus falcatus nearly a 100% of the phosphorus was removed within seven days after three days of pre-starvation. Without pre-starvation, these strains achieved the same result after ten days.

    It was also found that the nitrogen was the limiting nutrient in the wastewater and that the different strains responded differently to the changes in environment brought on by the experiment. When using microalgae in wastewater treatment, the choice of strain greatly impacts the removal rate, as the likeliness for them to survive in a specific environment varies among strains. It was concluded that using microalgae as a wastewater treatment method could pose great benefits. However, more experiments with colder climate, non-pre-filtered wastewater, a less nutrient rich media, greater initial biomass concentrations and pilot tests are recommended. Another insight from this thesis was that the method for transferring algae between different media needs to be refined to reach the target concentration in a reactor (or other setup).

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 349. Mácsik, Josef
    et al.
    Maurice, Christian
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Mossakowska, Agnes
    Eklund, Caroline
    Pilotförsök med flygaskastabiliserat avloppsslam (FSA) som tätskikt2005Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det finns restmaterial som har tekniska och miljömässiga egenskaper som gör dem lämpliga att använda vid sluttäckning av deponier. Genom att stabilisera rötat avloppsslam med flygaska har ett tätskiktsmaterial utvecklats. Avloppslammet är biologiskt nedbrytbart men genom tillsats av flygaska reduceras nedbrytningshastigheten.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 350.
    Mácsik, Josef
    et al.
    Ecoloop, Stockholm.
    Maurice, Christian
    Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik.
    Mossakowska, Agnes
    Stockholm Vatten AB.
    Eklund, Caroline
    Econova.
    Erlandsson, Åsa
    Ecoloop, Stockholm.
    Uppföljning: Kontroll av tätskiktskonstruktionen på Dragmossens deponi2007Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This investigation shows that closure of a landfill with FSS as liner fulfils the requirements for landfills with non-hazardous waste. Further the investigation shows that permeability decreases with time, which gives a good prognosis that a construction with FSS is a long term solution

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
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